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1.
免耕播种机驱动圆盘防堵单元体的设计与试验 总被引：10，自引：8，他引：2
一年两熟区前茬残留物多为玉米残茬,连同杂草易使免耕播种机播种冬小麦时造成开沟器堵塞。针对该问题,提出了驱动圆盘刀嵌入组合式开沟器联合防堵原理,设计了一种驱动圆盘式防堵单元体,并分析和确定了其主要结构参数。田间试验表明,驱动圆盘防堵单元体能够有效解决秸秆堵塞问题,保证小麦免耕播种机的通过性。与条带粉碎式小麦免耕播种机相比,驱动圆盘式小麦免耕播种机根茬切断率提高了11.2%,土壤扰动量减少了58.8%。在小麦返青期的苗情监测表明,与条带粉碎式小麦免耕播种和传统耕作播种相比,利用驱动圆盘式防堵单元体播种的免耕地,0～20 cm土壤层含水率最高,小麦分蘖数和次生根数最多,较好地满足一年两熟区农艺要求。 相似文献
2.
螺旋刀型垄台清理装置的设计与试验 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
针对现有玉米垄作免耕播种机存在的堵塞,功耗大,播种后种带存有大量秸秆影响播种质量等问题,研究设计了一种与玉米垄作免耕播种机配套使用的螺旋刀型垄台清理装置。在玉米秸秆覆盖垄作地试验结果表明,该装置的土壤扰动量约为18.3%～26%,秸秆覆盖率降低了35%～53%,能够满足免耕播种要求,有利于提高播种质量。相比条带旋耕式垄台清理装置,免耕播种机单位面积耗油量降低了13.8%,能够减少拖拉机的动力消耗。因此螺旋刀型垄台清理装置不仅解决了条带旋耕式垄台清理装置动力消耗大的问题,而且能够创造清洁的种床,对垄作保护性耕作技术的推广具有重要意义。 相似文献
3.
多功能集成式播种开沟器的设计与试验 总被引：2，自引：6，他引：2
针对播种作业时土壤扰动大、种床土壤紧实度不足、播种深度均匀性差等问题,设计了一种集开沟、回土、镇压一体化的多功能集成式播种开沟器,其滑刀、挡土板、镇压轮相互配合能够实现开出种沟,种子落至沟底,湿土回流沟内,镇压轮镇压种沟,种子与土壤紧密接触。通过土槽试验,以土壤扰动量、土壤紧实度为试验指标进行三元二次回归正交试验得到开沟器各参数最优组合为滑刀滑切角44.6°、挡土板倾角3.2°、弹簧形变量11.8 mm。在最优参数下与双圆盘播种开沟器、尖角式进行田间对比试验,多功能集成式播种开沟器播深变异系数比双圆盘开沟器播深变异系数低了32.4%,比尖角式开沟器低了25.2%;集成式开沟器作业后的土壤紧实度比双圆盘开沟器紧实度高38.6%,比尖角式开沟器紧实度高62.9%;多功能集成式播种开沟器作业产生的土壤扰动量比双圆盘开沟器降低16.3%,比尖角式开沟器降低36.5%,其回土量比双圆盘开沟器提高29.9%,比尖角式开沟器提高61.5%。试验结果表明该开沟器可以改善种床环境,增强土壤紧实度,提高播种深度均匀性,可为播种开沟器的设计提供参考。 相似文献
4.
稻茬田小麦宽幅精量少耕播种机的设计与试验 总被引：4，自引：14，他引：4
为解决长江中下游稻麦轮作区稻茬田免耕播种小麦机具堵塞及土壤黏附严重等问题,结合当地稻茬田播种小麦需要开排水沟的农艺要求,提出了"种-肥-种"宽幅精量播种和带状旋耕相结合的防堵思路,设计了双翼铧式开沟器、宽幅精量排种机构、种沟双圆盘开沟器和浮动覆土板等关键部件,研究设计了一种稻茬田小麦宽幅精量少耕播种机。试验结果表明,宽幅播种方式与带状旋耕相结合较好解决了稻茬田播种小麦堵塞的问题,小麦播幅平均为74.6 mm,平均播深为39 mm,播深合格率为86.7%,施肥方式为侧下方深施肥,平均施肥深度为81 mm,施肥深度合格率为93.3%,均满足国家标准。厢沟平均深度为175 mm,沟面宽度为238 mm,满足排水要求。该研究为应用于稻麦轮作区稻茬田小麦少免耕播种机的设计提供了参考。 相似文献
5.
免耕播种机开沟防堵单元体设计与试验 总被引：8，自引：6，他引：2
为了解决华北一年两熟区玉米秸秆覆盖地免耕播种小麦存在的秸秆覆盖量大,开沟困难,机具堵塞、功耗大等问题,该文设计了一种伸缩拨杆式开沟防堵单元体。通过正交试验和结构分析相结合的方式,确定了开沟防堵单元体的主要参数,并在玉米秸秆覆盖地进行了田间试验。试验结果表明,伸缩拨杆式开沟防堵单元体开沟能力强,防堵效果好,能够创造良好的种床,改善作业质量;与带状旋耕式开沟防堵装置相比,表层土壤扰动量减少了21.5%;在开沟深度10 cm左右时,单位面积油耗量降低了23.65%,能够减少拖拉机动力消耗。该研究对免耕播种机的推广应用具有重要意义。 相似文献
6.
7.
基于离散元法的免耕深施肥分段式玉米播种开沟器研制 总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0
针对东北垄作深施肥免耕播种机上开沟器播种深度均匀性差、工作阻力大、土壤扰动大的问题,该研究利用离散元软件(EDEM 2.7)仿真分析不同类型破茬刀-施肥铲装置对土壤的作用机理,设计了一种分段式玉米播种开沟器。首先建立土壤-玉米根系-玉米秸秆离散元仿真模型,然后进行不同类型破茬刀-施肥铲装置离散元仿真试验,以回落土壤最大合外力的位置和方向为依据设计开沟器入土部分曲线,同时结合滑切原理设计开沟器未入土部分斜刃,最后根据土壤回落距离确定施肥铲和开沟器间距为374 mm。田间对比试验结果表明,分段式开沟器比尖角式开沟器、滑刀式开沟器、双圆盘式开沟器的播深变异系数分别降低了14.24%、27.31%、33.63%;工作阻力分别降低了27.56%、16.93%、1.23%;土壤扰动面积分别降低了11.67%、28.34%、49.34%。分段式开沟器播种深度均匀性高、工作阻力小、土壤扰动小,具有较优的作业效果。 相似文献
8.
针对长江中下游稻麦轮作区的稻茬地根茬量大韧性强、土壤黏度高不宜粉碎等问题，该研究基于仿真试验研制双轴破茬免耕装置。通过EDEM软件建立破茬开沟装置-秸秆-土壤离散元模型，采用正交试验得到破茬开沟装置的刀型、排列方式以及刀具数量，基于EDEM-ADAMS联合仿真，采用单因素试验、正交试验、二次回归正交旋转试验和响应曲面法对甩刀、粉碎装置以及双轴破茬免耕装置进行动力学分析，得到甩刀具参数、旋耕刀轴和粉碎刀轴转速以及双轴轴心水平与垂直高度，得到机具最佳参数：破茬装置选用30把旋耕刀采用双螺旋排列，刀轴转速为286 r/min；粉碎装置选用L型（32把）和直刀（8把）采用双螺旋排列，刀轴转速为605 r/min；双轴水平距离548 mm、垂直高度168 mm。根据最佳参数试制样机并进行田间性能测试。田间试验结果表明，秸秆和稻茬以0.93 kg/m2全量覆盖时，双轴破茬免耕装置对水稻秸秆、根茬的平均切断率以及切茬率分别为95.09%和95.16%，机具通过性良好，田间平均出苗率为95.29%，符合当地农艺要求，适用于秸秆覆盖量大的作业情况。所设计的双轴破茬免耕装置满足长江中下游稻麦轮作区小麦免耕播种作业要求，可为双轴旋转型耕作装置以及根茬不易粉碎、土壤黏度高条件下的免耕播种提供参考。 相似文献
9.
小麦根蘖发育和产量对耕作和追氮方式以及施氮量的响应 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
10.
小麦免耕播种机种肥分施机构的改进与应用效果 总被引：2，自引：6，他引：2
中国华北平原小麦－玉米一年两熟地区，玉米收获后免耕播种冬小麦时由于秸秆覆盖量大，免耕播种机播种部分易产生壅堵，播深一致性差，影响播种质量，针对这一问题，研发了尖角开沟器与双圆盘组合式种肥垂直分施装置，分别在玉米秸秆直立地和粉碎地进行了田间播种试验，结果表明：该组合装置中双圆盘播种机构实现了单体仿形，播种深度变异系数分别为19.8％、21.3％，种肥间距合格率达80％，提高了播种质量，同时解决了排种机构易产生壅堵的问题，通过性良好。因此本装置为小麦免耕播种机提供了技术支持，对一年两熟地区小麦免耕播种技术的推广具有重要意义。 相似文献
11.
Optimum emergence is necessary to attain maximum crop yields, particularly in reduced and zero-tillage systems. However, zero-tillage seeder performance under zero-tillage conditions is not always adequate, and thus may limit potential yield benefits from this soil and water conserving practice.
A study was conducted to measure the range of influence of zero-tillage openers on some soil physical properties of the soil-seed environment. Furrow opener design has direct consequences on soil surface disturbance, furrow compaction levels, and post-seeding soil water requirements in the seed row. While soil temperature and wheat cultivar differed between two distinct field trials, furrow opener designs conducive to adequate compaction of seed furrow with press wheels consistently resulted in better wheat emergence, when soil water potentials were not limiting.
This study demonstrates that seeding tool design has a quantifiable influence on seed furrow properties, and that this information can be used to develop precise guidelines for future designs of furrow openers and press wheels. 相似文献
12.
采用侧深施肥技术,施肥铲作业后播种带两侧土壤高度不一致,易加剧播种机横向偏摆,进而导致播种深度均匀性和播种横向一致性较差。为解决上述问题,该研究设计了一种直斜偏置式免耕播种开沟器。该开沟器主要由切土斜刃、挡土定位板、偏置推土板等组成,作业时滑切土壤并将其推移至肥沟一侧拓宽种沟,避免种子落至肥沟后位置过深,提高播种质量。通过离散元仿真试验,以前进阻力、肥沟回土深度、种沟回土深度为试验指标进行二因素五水平正交旋转组合试验,得到斜刃滑切角为37°、偏置角为15°时开沟器作业性能最好。在最优参数下与双圆盘式、尖角式开沟器进行田间作业性能对比试验,相对于双圆盘式和尖角式开沟器,直斜偏置式开沟器播种深度变异系数分别降低41.12%、19.41%;播种横向变异系数分别降低39.00%、28.41%;前进阻力分别降低7.26%、28.20%;作业后肥沟与种沟回土深度分别提高9.47%、13.68%和33.33%、7.14%。试验结果表明,该开沟器可以减小前进阻力,增加肥沟与种沟回土,提高播种深度均匀性和播种横向一致性,可为播种开沟器的设计提供参考。 相似文献
13.
疙瘩开沟器减粘降阻机理及试验研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
减粘降阻是改善开沟器工作性能的方法之一。根据表面改形和表面改性可减粘降阻的原理,设计出多种表面改形且表面改性的疙瘩开沟器。在含水量１２．９％～２８．１％范围内进行了试验。土壤含水量为１２．９％时,开沟器出现粘土现象;土壤含水量为２２％时,开沟器的粘土现象最严重,土壤含水量为２８．１％时,开沟器的粘土现象有所减弱。开沟器的牵引阻力随着土壤含水量的增加而增加,土壤含水量超过２２．０％时,开沟器牵引阻力有所下降。牵引阻力随开沟器牵引速度增加而增加,然后出现下降趋势。在牵引速度为７ｋｍ／ｈ时,牵引阻力最大。研究结果表明,Ａ０４２、Ａ１３２不锈钢焊条堆焊的疙瘩开沟器具有显著的减粘降阻效果。 相似文献
14.
《Soil & Tillage Research》1987,9(2):123-133
Two experiments, comparing the effects of direct-drilling openers and residue on barley seedling establishment in a saturated soil were conducted. One was in the absence of earthworms and the other in the presence of earthworms. In the absence of earthworms overall seed/seedling performance was poorer than that in the presence of earthworms. The absence of earthworms caused lower oxygen diffusion rates, higher soil bulk density and soil moisture content compared to the presence of earthworms and negated any effect of opener type or crop residue. By contrast, in the presence of earthworms opener type and crop residue conditions had significant effects on seed/seedling performance, with hoe and winged openers in residue recording the highest counts, and a triple disc opener in residue and winged opener without residue recording the lowest counts. 相似文献
15.
玉米秸秆粉碎还田+旋耕播种是晋西南小麦玉米一年两熟区小麦季的主要栽培模式,冬前灌水可塌实土壤、加快秸秆腐熟、确保小麦安全越冬。为探明合理运筹越冬水对培育冬前壮苗、增加小麦产量、提高籽粒水分利用率的影响,在山西省临汾市尧都区,设置4个冬小麦冬前灌水时间处理,分别为11月10日、11月25日、12月10日和12月25日,以冬小麦传统灌冬水时间(12月10日)为对照(CK),研究冬前灌水时间对冬小麦冬前群体茎数、根系、旗叶光合性能和土壤容重、酶活性影响。结果表明:与不灌冬水的处理相比,冬前灌水可塌实耕层土壤、调节土壤容重,利于小麦根系与土壤紧密接触,增强土壤酶活性、提高土壤肥力,促进冬小麦分蘖和次生根的发生。与传统冬前灌水时间(12月10日)相比,冬水前移对小麦生长有补偿作用,使冬前总茎数、单株茎数、次生根数、根干重增加,延长了旗叶的功能期,提高了叶绿素含量和光合速率,促进光合产物的合成转化,使成穗数增加1.66%~5.37%,千粒重增加0.55%~3.03%。玉米秸秆粉碎还田+旋耕播种条件下,小麦冬前灌水时间由传统昼消夜冻(12月10日)前移一个节气,即11月25日左右,主茎叶龄3叶到3叶1心的分蘖初期,可使小麦增产8.40%,水分利用效率提高5.76%,达22.05 kg·mm~(-1)·hm~(-2)。 相似文献
16.
小麦秸秆全量还田对水稻生长及稻田氧化还原物质的影响 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
以粳型水稻品系2645为材料,设小麦秸秆全量还田和不还田两个处理,研究小麦秸秆全量还田对水稻生长和稻田氧化还原物质的影响。结果表明,小麦秸秆全量还田提高了水稻穗粒数和产量,分别提高6.3%~6.9%和2.4%~10.0%,但使有效分蘖期(移栽后25 d)稻田水体含氧量降低了19.2%~68.4%,土壤还原物质总量和活性还原物质含量分别提高了6.2%~14.2%和15.1%~86.5%,水溶性Fe2+含量提高9.7%~30.1%,土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)和水稻根系活力分别下降3.6%~22.4%和13.5%~21.1%,拔节期分蘖数量和叶面积指数(LAI)分别减少9.5%和1.8%~4.3%。表明小麦秸秆全量还田增加了水稻生长前期稻田水体氧消耗量,促进了土壤还原物质积累,降低了土壤Eh和水稻根系活力,对水稻前期的群体发展有一定影响,但不影响最终产量。 相似文献
17.
《Soil & Tillage Research》1988,11(2):167-181
Six techniques of sowing seed in an untilled seedbed, which subsequently became wet, were compared in the presence and absence of earthworms and surface residue. In the absence of earthworms, surface broadcasting produced the highest seedling emergence (89%), followed by a 100-mm-wide power-till opener (42%). All other openers produced poor seedling emergence (mean 20%). Where earthworms were present, however, a winged opener under residue produced high seedling counts equivalent to surface broadcasting (mean 82%). Power-till and hoe openers also performed reasonably well (63%), but triple-disc and corer openers failed (19%). Surface broadcasting was not considered practical because of its reliance on regular rain for a long period.Surface residues in the presence of earthworms had beneficial effects on most of the openers which performed well and which separated the seed from the residue, but little effect on the other treatments, including the power-till opener. High seedling-emergence counts were associated with high numbers and activity of earthworms close to the sown groove, high soil oxygen diffusion rate regimes, low soil bulk densities and high root and shoot weights. 相似文献
18.
For a furrow opener of a seeder, the ability to place seed at a given sowing depth in the soil is an important factor in evaluating its performance. Furrow openers directly affect sowing depth and lateral seed scatter of seeds. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of furrow openers by characterizing the spatial distribution of seeds within the seedbed. A newly developed criterion, distribution area of seeds, characterized both sowing depth and lateral seed scatter (standard deviation from row centre) of seeds. A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of furrow opener type (shoe, hoe, single disc and double disc) on sowing uniformity according to conventional and developed evaluation criteria.Distribution area of seeds was calculated by ellipse and integral criteria. Ellipse criterion gave detailed information about the effectiveness of lateral seed scatter and variation in sowing depth on seed distribution area. Sowing uniformity was affected by furrow openers according to both conventional and newly developed evaluation criteria.The newly developed seed distribution evaluation procedures will better describe seed distribution in a two-dimensional way in a vertical plane. Therefore, these procedures will help improve furrow openers for effective seed placement. 相似文献
19.
According to the kind of opener applied, no-tillage seeders can variously modify soil physical properties in relation to soil and climate conditions, thus potentially affecting crop emergence and early growth.The technological evolution of seeders for direct drilling of arable crops, progressively achieved in recent years, has been considerable, but new improvements now available need to be individually tested. In a field trial at Udine (NE Italy), the effects of a new kind of wide-sweep opener (i.e., side coulters curved upwards in their final part and slightly angled towards the direction of work) on soil physical properties in the seed zone and on crop emergence and early root growth of maize were evaluated in four different soils over a 2-year period (2002–2003), in comparison with the widely used double-disk opener.With respect to the double-disk opener, in general the wide-sweep type led to higher soil–residue mixing—without excessive reduction of the soil-covering index being observed, −27 and −6%, respectively. The wide-sweep opener also showed lower bulk density and soil penetration resistance in the top 5-cm soil layer of the seed furrow, although no greater root length density was found in maize at the three-leaf stage, probably due to the smoothing effect caused by the side coulters at the seeding depth. A certain delay in plant emergence in some cases was also revealed for the wide-sweep opener, which may be related to the lower soil/seed contact.Deviations from this general behaviour in the various soils (texture and initial conditions) are discussed. 相似文献