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1.
In the present investigation 100 goats presented for slaughter were used to evaluate the 28kDa cathepsin l cysteine proteinase (FgCL3) dipstick-ELISA for the diagnosis of fasciolosis. Presence of Fasciola gigantica worms in liver at the time of slaughter was taken as a gold standard for the evaluation of the assay. Faeces, blood and liver were taken from all slaughtered goats. Biochemical parameters and coprological examinations using sedimentation technique were also taken into consideration. Total serum proteins, albumin, mean values of aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase of positive group were not significantly different from those of the negative group. The diagnostic sensitivity of dipstick-ELISA was higher than coprological detection of fluke eggs. However, specificity was equal for both the tests. The accuracy of dipstick-ELISA in detecting circulatory antibodies during the course of disease was higher than coproscopic examination. In conclusion, the FgCL3 antigen dependent dipstick-ELISA was more reliable and has better scope for field application in the endemic areas. 相似文献
2.
Larsen LE 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2000,41(1):1-24
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection is the major cause of respiratory disease in calves during the first year of life. The study of the virus has been difficult because of its lability and very poor growth in cell culture. However, during the last decade, the introduction of new immunological and biotechnological techniques has facilitated a more extensive study of BRSV as illustrated by the increasing number of papers published. Despite this growing focus, many aspects of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, immunology etc. remain obscure. The course and outcome of the infection is very complex and unpredictable which makes the diagnosis and subsequent therapy very difficult. BRSV is closely related to human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) which is an important cause of respiratory disease in young children. In contrast to BRSV, the recent knowledge of HRSV is regularly extensively reviewed in several books and journals. The present paper contains an updated review on BRSV covering most aspects of the structure, molecular biology, pathogenesis, pathology, clinical features, epidemiology, diagnosis and immunology based on approximately 140 references from international research journals. 相似文献
3.
Skálová L Krízová V Cvilink V Szotáková B Storkánová L Velík J Lamka J 《Veterinary parasitology》2007,146(3-4):254-262
Parasitic infections can modify the host's ability to metabolize drugs and other xenobiotics by altering the biotransformation enzymes; these changes may have various pharmacological, toxicological or physiological consequences. In our study, several activities of liver biotransformation enzymes and in vitro metabolism of albendazole (ABZ) were tested and compared in non-infected mouflons (Ovis musimon) and in mouflons infected by lancet fluke (Dicrocoelium dendriticum). Subcellular fractions of liver homogenates were isolated from 5+5 mouflon rams (1-year-old) parasitologically negative or naturally infected by fluke. From the eight enzyme activities that were assayed, only two activities significantly differ in the case of Dicrocoelium-infected versus non-infected animals. In infected mouflons, a significant increase (53%) of thiobenzamide-S-oxidase (TBSO) activity, corresponding mainly to the activity of flavine monooxygenase (FMO), and significant decrease (60%) of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was observed. In addition, dicrocoeliosis caused the enhancement of ABZ hepatic biotransformation. The velocity of the formation of (+)-ABZ sulfoxide and ABZ sulfone was significantly increased. However, the shifts in ABZ biotransformation were very mild that undesirable alterations in ABZ pharmacokinetic are not expected. From this point of view, the use of ABZ in the therapy of mouflon dicrocoeliosis in young animals can be recommended. The treatment of the same mouflons by other drugs that are mainly conjugated with glutathione, seems to be more problematic; hence, all consequences of documented reduced GST activity should be accounted. 相似文献
4.
Meat-inspection records in an abattoir located in the Fars province (southern part of Iran) from 20 March 1999 to 19 March 2004 were used to determine the prevalence and long-term trend of liver fluke disease in sheep, cattle and goats in the region. A total of 844,039 animals (cattle 131,716; sheep 577,090; goats 135,233) slaughtered in the 5-year period and overall 34,856 (4.1%) livers were condemned. Fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis were responsible for 54 and 21% of total liver condemnations, respectively. The prevalence of liver condemnations due to fasciolosis was decreased from 3.89, 3.20 and 2.63% in 1999-2000 to 1.07, 0.59 and 0.24% in 2003-2004 for cattle, sheep and goats, respectively. The corresponding features for dicrocoeliosis were similar, declining from 1.47, 1.76 and 2.10% in 1999-2000 to 0.69, 0.34 and 0.25% in 2003-2004, respectively. Drought climatic conditions in conjunction with a greater awareness among farmers could be responsible factors. 相似文献
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6.
Fairweather I 《Veterinary parasitology》2011,180(1-2):133-143
The liver fluke remains an economically significant parasite of livestock and is emerging as an important zoonotic infection of humans. The incidence of the disease has increased in the last few years, as a possible consequence of changes to the World's climate. Future predictions suggest that this trend is likely to continue. Allied to the changing pattern of disease, reports of resistance to triclabendazole (TCBZ) have appeared in the literature, although they do not all represent genuine cases of resistance. Nevertheless, any reports of resistance are a concern, because triclabendazole is the only drug that has high activity against the migratory and damaging juvenile stages of infection. How to deal with the twin problems (of increasing incidence and drug resistance) is the overall theme of the session on "Trematodes: Fasciola hepatica epidemiology and control" and of this review to introduce the session. Greater knowledge of fluke epidemiology and population genetics will highlight those regions where surveillance is most required and indicate how quickly resistant populations of fluke may arise. Models of disease risk are becoming increasingly sophisticated and precise, with more refined data analysis programmes and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data. Recent improvements have been made in our understanding of the action of triclabendazole and the ways in which flukes have become resistant to it. While microtubules are the most likely target for drug action, tubulin mutations do not seem to be involved in the resistance mechanism. Rather, upregulation of drug uptake and metabolism processes appear to be more important and the data relating to them will be discussed. The information may help in the design of new treatment strategies or pinpoint potential molecular markers for monitoring fluke populations. Advances in the identification of novel targets for drugs and vaccines will be made by the various "-omics" technologies that are now being applied to Fasciola. A major area of concern in the current control of fasciolosis is the lack of reliable tests for the diagnosis of drug (TCBZ) resistance. This has led to inaccurate reports of resistance, which is hindering successful disease management, as farmers may be encouraged to switch to less effective drugs. Progress with the development of a number of new diagnostic tests will be reviewed. 相似文献
7.
Over the last thirty years, several surveys referring to the gastrointestinal parasites in the dromedary have shown high infestation rates by Haemonchus longistipes. Certain other studies have pointed out the economic and clinical importance of the camel haemonchosis. The author presents an overview of established knowledge on this major disease for the dromedary, which has hitherto been underestimated. The known features belonging either to this species or inferred from sheep haemonchosis, as a much better studied illness, are then presented. They refer to the parasite and to its cycle, to epidemiology, pathogeny, symptoms, lesions, diagnosis and treatment not forgetting feasible prophylactic measures as a conclusion. The author insists upon the season characteristic of the disease, the factors favouring infestations, and the more or less severe anaemia/cachexy syndrome, according to the observed forms of the affection. Differential diagnosis is often difficult to ascertain and several effective drugs available for treatment are reviewed. Finally, the control of this illness needs to take into account the specific features of the dromedary rearing together with a necessary involvement of the camel owners. 相似文献
8.
Dubey JP Lindsay DS Saville WJ Reed SM Granstrom DE Speer CA 《Veterinary parasitology》2001,95(2-4):89-131
Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a serious neurological disease of horses in the Americas. The protozoan most commonly associated with EPM is Sarcocystis neurona. The complete life cycle of S. neurona is unknown, including its natural intermediate host that harbors its sarcocyst. Opossums (Didelphis virginiana, Didelphis albiventris) are its definitive hosts. Horses are considered its aberrant hosts because only schizonts and merozoites (no sarcocysts) are found in horses. EPM-like disease occurs in a variety of mammals including cats, mink, raccoons, skunks, Pacific harbor seals, ponies, and Southern sea otters. Cats can act as an experimental intermediate host harboring the sarcocyst stage after ingesting sporocysts. This paper reviews information on the history, structure, life cycle, biology, pathogenesis, induction of disease in animals, clinical signs, diagnosis, pathology, epidemiology, and treatment of EPM caused by S. neurona. 相似文献
9.
The concept 'liver disease' includes several pathological conditions affecting liver's functions. It can either consist of a temporary impaired functioning of the liver and/or it can progress to its failure. The purpose of this review is to update the knowledge on hepatobiliary diseases and in particular on equine hyperlipaemia. Hepatobiliary disease's aetiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and nutritional management are thus described in the first part of the review the second part being devoted to hyperlypaemia's lipid metabolism, epidemiology, clinical signs, post-mortem observations and nutritional management. Diagnosis of hepatic disease is usually based on the assessment of the serum activities while hepatic biopsy is considered as the golden standard of diagnosis of hepatic function. Nutritional management is often very useful in management of hepatic diseases: diet should be low in protein (of good biological value) and high in non-structural carbohydrates except for chronic hepatic disease (slightly high protein). Equine hyperlipaemia's mortality is around 70%. It consists of a disorder of lipid metabolism, characterized by increase in plasma triglycerides and deposition of fat on organs. From a nutritional point of view, hyperlipaemia in horses can be approached by maintaining positive energy balance, fighting dehydration and metabolic acidosis, and by the use of lipotropic factors. 相似文献
10.
F T Jordan 《British poultry science》1985,26(1):1-15
Man in managing poultry for human benefit has found that his methods may precipitate or exacerbate certain diseases: among which are the mycoplasmosis of fowls and turkeys. Control measures for these conditions have therefore been sought and to make them effective it has been necessary to study the epidemiology, diagnosis and pathogenesis of these conditions. Much is now known about their epidemiology although certain aspects still require investigation. More sensitive and specific methods of diagnosis are also required and although it is possible to control these conditions by eradication the mycoplasmosis are still an economic problem. Under existing management systems, therefore, development and use of effective vaccines and additional drugs are essential. It is noteworthy that the pathogenesis of at least one of the avian mycoplasmosis is similar to human immune-complex disease. In further elucidation of this complex the fowl may be a useful experimental animal. Thus the association of people, poultry and pathogenic mycoplasmas not only involves attempts to control the pathogens in order to attain maximum production by poultry but also could include the utilisation of poultry and the pathogen in an attempt to elucidate some of the diseases of people. 相似文献
11.
Phiri AM Phiri IK Siziya S Sikasunge CS Chembensofu M Monrad J 《Veterinary parasitology》2005,134(1-2):87-92
In order to establish seasonality of bovine fasciolosis in the Southern province of Zambia, 288 cattle were examined at slaughter at Turnpike slaughter slab for 1 year. The examination involved liver inspection and coprological examination. Liver condemnation rates were relatively high at the beginning of both the cold dry season and the rainy season (May/June and December, respectively). All cattle, regardless of age, had higher fluke abundances in the post-rainy season (39.1% young and 42.1% adult) while the lowest rates were in the hot dry season (13.3% young and 14.3% adult). On coprological examination, the highest abundance was in the post-rainy season (45.0%) and the lowest in the cold dry season (24.9%). From November (end of dry season) to February/March (end of rains), more fluke eggs were found than in any other period. The distribution of fluke eggs was significantly different (p<0.001) among the four seasons. Identified associations were: egg counts were highest in post-rainy (mean abundance=146) and lowest in cold dry season (mean abundance=118) at 95% confidence (CI 0.64-1.25). Differences in abundance observed according to origin, sex and age of cattle were not significant on both methods. Based on these results, it may be concluded that Fasciola gigantica was present throughout the year in cattle in Zambia but the abundance was highest in the post-rainy season and lowest in the cold dry season. 相似文献
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13.
The present study gives an overview about the knowledge and the diagnostic possibilities of the proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in fishes. This disease is responsible for economically significant losses in farmed fish and severe reductions in wild fish populations in Europe and North America. PKD is affecting mainly salmonid species. In Swiss rivers the proliferative kidney disease pictures the highest percentage of diseases among brown trouts. The main symptom of PKD is a massive proliferation of the interstitial kidney tissue which named the disease. Other unspecific symptoms are anemia, ascites, exophthalmus and apathy. The causative agent of the disease is Tetracapsula bryosalmonae (Myxozoa). Many aspects of the life cycle of this parasite remain unclear so far but it is known that the appearance of this parasite is linked to the presence of a range of freshwater bryozoans. PKD appears mostly in summer during high water temperatures (> or = 15 degrees C) and can lead to high mortality rates. A diagnosis can be made by using light-microscopic, lectinimmunhistochemical as well as molecular biological methods. Before we can develop successful management strategies the knowledge gaps in understanding the disease cycle and the exact pathogenesis of PKD need to be closed. 相似文献
14.
Walker SM Johnston C Hoey EM Fairweather I Borgsteede FH Gaasenbeek CP Prodohl PA Trudgett A 《Veterinary parasitology》2011,177(1-2):179-181
Hares (Lepus europeanus) sharing pasture with cattle from six locations in the Netherlands were examined for the presence of liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) and shown to have prevalences of infection ranging from 0 to 41%. The mitochondrial haplotypes of liver flukes present in the hare populations were determined and compared with those found in cattle from a farm where triclabendazole resistance has been reported. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the flukes present in the hares belonged to the same clades as those present in the cattle. A consideration of the life cycle of the liver fluke and the seasonal breeding pattern and ecology of hares supports the suggestion that hares may act as a refugia for liver fluke and as a vector for the spread of drug-resistant genotypes. 相似文献
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16.
B. C. Njau O. B. Kasali R. G. Scholtens N. Akalework 《Veterinary research communications》1989,13(1):67-74
As many ewes and lambs watered at concrete ponds in well-drained sites acquired fluke infection as those watered at natural ponds in areas suitable for the snail intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica. Fasciola transmission, as evidenced by the increasing number of seropositive hosts in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), occurred during the heavy rainy period of July–September and declined with the onset of the dry season, being succeeded by the emergence of faecal positive hosts. This indicates the superiority of ELISA over coprological techniques in the early diagnosis and seroepidemiology of this parasitic infection. Host productivity, as reflected in weight gains and haematological parameters, was not significantly affected by the fluke infections. 相似文献
17.
Ashley L. Ayoob DVM DACVIM ; Susan G. Hackner BVSc MRCVS DACVIM DACVECC Jennifer Prittie DVM DACVIM DACVECC 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2010,20(1):77-89
Objective – To review and summarize current information regarding epidemiology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology leading to the various clinical syndromes associated with canine babesiosis. Diagnosis, treatment, preventative strategies, and zoonotic implications are discussed.
Etiology – Babesiosis is caused by hemoprotozoa of the genus Babesia . Numerous species of Babesia exist worldwide. An increased incidence of babesiosis is described, especially in North America. The babesial organism spends the majority of its life cycle within the erythrocyte of the definitive host, resulting in hemolysis, with or without systemic complications.
Diagnosis – Definitive diagnosis depends on direct visualization of the organism on blood smear or polymerase chain reaction. A positive serologic antibody test indicates exposure with or without active infection.
Therapy – Antiprotozoal drugs, antimicrobials, and supportive care are the mainstays of babesiosis therapy.
Prognosis – Prognosis depends on the severity of disease, which in turn depends on both organism and host factors. Clinical syndromes associated with a poorer prognosis include red biliary syndrome, acute renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, neurologic dysfunction, acute pancreatitis, cardiac dysfunction, and hypoglycemia. 相似文献
Etiology – Babesiosis is caused by hemoprotozoa of the genus Babesia . Numerous species of Babesia exist worldwide. An increased incidence of babesiosis is described, especially in North America. The babesial organism spends the majority of its life cycle within the erythrocyte of the definitive host, resulting in hemolysis, with or without systemic complications.
Diagnosis – Definitive diagnosis depends on direct visualization of the organism on blood smear or polymerase chain reaction. A positive serologic antibody test indicates exposure with or without active infection.
Therapy – Antiprotozoal drugs, antimicrobials, and supportive care are the mainstays of babesiosis therapy.
Prognosis – Prognosis depends on the severity of disease, which in turn depends on both organism and host factors. Clinical syndromes associated with a poorer prognosis include red biliary syndrome, acute renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, neurologic dysfunction, acute pancreatitis, cardiac dysfunction, and hypoglycemia. 相似文献
18.
D H Knight 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》1987,17(6):1463-1518
Dirofilaria immitis is an epizootic filarial parasite that most often infects domestic dogs. This article provides information about the life cycle of Dirofilaria immitis as well as the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical signs, and treatment of heartworm infection. 相似文献
19.
Groups of sheep were infected with 100 viable metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. The efficiencies of clioxanide and rafoxanide were evaluated against infections aged 6 and 12 weeks, by using 3 dose rates of each compound by each of 3 routes of administration. Clioxanide, at 40 mg/kg, administered orally and intra-ruminally against 6-week-old liver fluke was 85 and 90% efficient respectively. At 80 mg/kg intra-abomasally its efficiency was 43%. Clioxanide at 20 mg/kg was 96% efficient against 12-week-old liver fluke when given orally or intra-ruminally and 82% efficient when given intra-abomasally. Because of its lower efficiency intra-abomasally, clioxanide may be unsatisfactory in a proportion of sheep, for use against immature liver fluke at a dose rate of 40 mg/kg. It may be expected to give a moderate to high efficiency against mature infections at 20 mg/kg. 相似文献
20.
Efficacy against Fasciola hepatica and the pharmacokinetics of triclabendazole administered by oral and topical routes 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Objective To determine the efficacy of triclabendazole (TCBZ) against 28-day-old, early immature liver fluke in cattle and its pharmacokinetics following administration by the oral or topical (pour-on) route.
Procedures Cattle (n = 18) were infected with 500 TCBZ-susceptible liver fluke metacercariae and randomly allocated to three groups. At 28 days after infection, the groups were: (1) untreated controls; (2) treated with oral TCBZ at 12 mg/kg in combination with oxfendazole and selenium (TOS); (3) treated with pour-on TCBZ at 30 mg/kg in combination with abamectin (TA). Blood samples were taken immediately prior to treatment and serially after treatment to assess the plasma profile of TCBZ metabolites. Ten weeks after treatment all animals were slaughtered and total liver fluke counts, fluke egg counts and liver pathology were assessed.
Results Both the TOS and TA treatments resulted in significant reductions of 28-day-old liver fluke, as assessed by fluke counts and fluke egg counts at slaughter, and the reductions following TOS treatment were significantly greater than those following TA treatment. The blood profile of TCBZ metabolites in TOS-treated animals showed a significantly greater area under the plasma concentration time curve and a higher maximum observed concentration than those treated with TA. There was significantly less liver pathology in TOS-treated animals than in the TA-treated animals.
Conclusion TCBZ administered orally at 12 mg/kg resulted in greater efficacy against 28-day-old, early immature liver fluke than was achieved by topical administration at 30 mg/kg. Plasma metabolites of TCBZ were higher and liver pathology was less in TOS-treated animals than in TA-treated animals. 相似文献
Procedures Cattle (n = 18) were infected with 500 TCBZ-susceptible liver fluke metacercariae and randomly allocated to three groups. At 28 days after infection, the groups were: (1) untreated controls; (2) treated with oral TCBZ at 12 mg/kg in combination with oxfendazole and selenium (TOS); (3) treated with pour-on TCBZ at 30 mg/kg in combination with abamectin (TA). Blood samples were taken immediately prior to treatment and serially after treatment to assess the plasma profile of TCBZ metabolites. Ten weeks after treatment all animals were slaughtered and total liver fluke counts, fluke egg counts and liver pathology were assessed.
Results Both the TOS and TA treatments resulted in significant reductions of 28-day-old liver fluke, as assessed by fluke counts and fluke egg counts at slaughter, and the reductions following TOS treatment were significantly greater than those following TA treatment. The blood profile of TCBZ metabolites in TOS-treated animals showed a significantly greater area under the plasma concentration time curve and a higher maximum observed concentration than those treated with TA. There was significantly less liver pathology in TOS-treated animals than in the TA-treated animals.
Conclusion TCBZ administered orally at 12 mg/kg resulted in greater efficacy against 28-day-old, early immature liver fluke than was achieved by topical administration at 30 mg/kg. Plasma metabolites of TCBZ were higher and liver pathology was less in TOS-treated animals than in TA-treated animals. 相似文献