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1.
Green acorns are known to contain high concentrations of pyrogallol. Here, we describe an extended case report of two pigeons found dead with a filled muscular stomach of acorns. The following pathologic findings were observed: irritation of mucosal membranes in the gastrointestinal tract, blackish discolored chyme, hyperemic organs, and general edemas. The muscular stomach (ventriculus) was filled with pieces of acorns, and the abdominal cavity contained bloody aqueous fluid. In order to uncover the cause of death, we determined pyrogallol in liver and kidney of one dead pigeon and in ventriculus contents of both pigeons by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A further aim of our study was to compare pathologic findings and pyrogallol concentrations in kidney, liver, and ventriculus of poisoned pigeons with those of healthy pigeons. The pyrogallol concentrations in samples of dead pigeons were 16-1200-fold higher than in control animals fed grass and maize-corn. Altogether, the acorn-filled ventriculus, the pathologic findings, the well nourished state, and the high pyrogallol concentrations in the dead pigeons suggest an acute pyrogallol poisoning by acorn. With respect to controls, we conclude that pyrogallol concentrations of 6 ng/g of kidney, 8 ng/g of liver, and 2 ng/g of gastric content do not affect the health of pigeons.  相似文献   

2.
Two 600-kg lactating cows were each given a single oral dose (0.5 mg/kg of body weight) of aflatoxin B1 (B1). Samples were obtained at postdosing hours 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 and thereafter every 12 hours for 10 days. Aflatoxicol (Ro), B1, and aflatoxin M1 (M1) were found in the milk, plasma, and RBC of both cows at postdosing hour 1. Maximum concentrations of the toxins were observed at 12 and 60 hours. The ratio of the concentrations for Ro, B1, and M1 was approximately 1:10:100. Both cows had clinical signs of distress at 24 hours; 1 cow died at 60 hours and the other cow recovered within 4 days. In the samples of liver, kidney, urine, bile, and rumen contents of the cow that died, the B1 concentrations were 5.1, 3.3, 4.1, 1.6, and 320 ng/g, respectively, and the M1 concentrations were 4.3, 20, 37, 16, and 8.6 ng/g. The Ro concentrations in the kidney were approximately equal to that of B1; however, liver, urine, bile, and rumen contents concentrations were 0.88, 0.10, 0.36, and 4.9 ng/g, respectively.  相似文献   

3.
Rapid solvent extraction combined with a radioimmunoassay using a monoclonal antibody raised against a derivative of zeranol has been used to measure the residues of the anabolic agent zeranol in the edible tissues (muscle, liver, kidney and fat) of cattle treated with Ralgro. Calibration curves, both with and without, tissue extracts exhibit good parallelism. Regression analysis for the extraction of zeranol from tissues dosed with standard amounts of zeranol have correlation coefficients of 0.979, 0.991, 0.986 and 0.985 for muscle, liver, kidney and fat, respectively. The limits of decision defined as the mean value + 3 SD for the concentrations apparently observed (noise) in tissues from animals not treated with Ralgro were 278, 121, 373 and 110 ng/kg for muscle, fat, liver and kidney, respectively. In the tissues of 4 cows implanted with Ralgro (36 mg), and sampled 70 days after implanting, the highest concentration of zeranol in each tissue was 232 ng/kg (muscle), 391 ng/kg (liver), 287 ng/kg (kidney) and 293 ng/kg (fat), and residues were detected in all samples of fat (4), 3 kidney samples and 1 liver sample.  相似文献   

4.
In September 1988, 100 of 300 yearling dairy heifers developed blindness, tachypnea, foaming at the mouth, chewing, and facial fasciculations. Twenty-five animals died. Lead toxicosis was diagnosed based on the clinical signs and the presence of excessive concentrations of lead in whole blood, liver, kidney, and rumen contents of affected animals. The source of the lead was sudan grass silage that had been contaminated by soil that contained up to 77,000 mg/kg of lead. Lead concentrations were determined approximately 7 months after the acute episode of lead toxicosis. Whole blood and milk samples were obtained from heifers and a group of control cows 2 weeks prior to (blood only), at the time of, and 2 and 4 weeks after freshening. No lead was found in any of the milk samples (detection limit = 0.055 mg/liter). Animals that had been severely affected by lead toxicosis experienced a transient increase in whole blood lead concentrations at freshening that was not high enough to be considered toxic. No similar increases in blood lead were observed for control cows or heifers that had experienced milder toxicosis. These findings suggest that at parturition lead is mobilized into the blood of cattle previously exposed to excessive lead.  相似文献   

5.
Hemochromatosis is rare in domestic mammals. Five clinical cases and one preclinical case of hemochromatosis were diagnosed in Salers and Salers-cross cattle. Clinical disease developed between 9 and 22 months of age. Animals were healthy until weaning but then lost weight, developed rough hair coats, and lost incisor teeth. In two animals, hemochromatosis was identified by liver biopsy, biochemical evidence of hepatic injury, and/or elevated transferrin saturation values. At necropsy, carcasses were thin, with firm dark brown livers and lymph nodes, soft bones, and brown-colored small bowel. The principal histologic changes were hepatocellular siderosis and periportal, bridging, and perivenular fibrosis. Siderocalcinosis involved collagen, elastin, reticulin, and basement membrane components in liver, lymph nodes, spleen, duodenum, and kidney. Hepatic iron concentrations in clinically affected cattle were 1,500-10,500 microg/g wet weight (reference range for cattle = <300 microg/ g). Ultrastructurally, the heaviest intrahepatic deposition was in hepatocytes, which contained large intracytoplasmic siderosomes. Iron deposition in bone was associated with osteopenia. Genetic analysis indicated a common ancestral bull in the pedigrees of five of six affected cattle; no pedigree was available for the remaining animal. Four dams of five affected animals were phenotypically normal and had histologically normal livers. Test mating of four cows to the ancestral bull resulted in a female calf that developed clinicopathologic and histologic evidence of preclinical hemochromatosis by 40 days of age. It was not possible to establish the pattern of inheritance because of the small number of pedigrees from affected cattle.  相似文献   

6.
The concentration of delta aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in the urine of dead heifers (n = 3), diseased cows (n = 13) and clinically healthy cows (n = 29) was determined in the course of acute mass intoxication with lead. At the same time, the content of lead was determined in kidney, liver, in rumen contents of dead heifers and in the beet pulp fed to the animals. The ALA concentrations were converted to values per uniform specific weight of urine and per gram of creatinine secreted with urine. As found, the determination of ALA concentration per gram of creatinine is diagnostically insignificant in the case of lead poisoning. The average ALA values in the urine of the dead and clinically diseased cows (221.0, 119.9 and 72.3 mumol per litre) markedly differed from the average values of ALA concentrations in the urine of the clinically healthy animals (41.2, 32.8 and 25.6 mumol per litre). Owing to the wide variability of the determined ALA concentration in urine it appeared useful in cases of suspicion of lead poisoning of cattle to determine ALA concentration in the urine of the group of clinically diseased animals and in the group of clinically healthy animals in order to compare ALA secretion with urine in the two groups. A 2.9-fold average increase of ALA in the urine of clinically diseased animals, compared with the ALA values in the urine of clinically healthy animals, already testifies to lead intoxication.  相似文献   

7.
A method is presented for the analysis of buffer systems in the rumen using the first derivation of titration curves. Bicarbonate and volatile fatty acids (VFA) are the main components of the buffering system in the rumen fluid of dairy cattle under widely different feeding conditions. Phosphate from saliva is of little importance as a buffer, but neutralizes acids produced in the rumen. After studying five cows during the peripartal period a spontaneous and transient increase in the concentrations of VFA and a soluble marker (PEG) as well as a drop in pH and in the bicarbonate concentrations not related to feeding was observed in two animals that were sampled several hours before parturition. The potential risk of provoking rumen disturbances upon feeding animals close to the time of parturition, when buffering capacity may be minimal, is stressed.  相似文献   

8.
A biochemical examination was made of the blood and rumen fluid of 111 heifers and cows suffering from caecal dilatation, with or without torsion. Haematological values were normal in the majority of cattle. Concentrations of chloride were normal in the rumen fluid of 83 per cent of the animals and higher in the remainder. Nine cows that had to be slaughtered had higher bile concentrations than those which recovered. Twenty-eight per cent had increased blood urea concentrations probably due to dehydration.  相似文献   

9.
建立了一种可准确定性定量检测4种牛可食性组织中莫昔克丁残留的液相色谱-三重四极杆/线性离子阱(LC-Qtrap)复合质谱分析技术.牛肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和脂肪样品经乙腈提取,高速离心去除蛋白质等杂质,C18柱净化.以0.1％甲酸水溶液和0.1％甲酸乙腈溶液为流动相进行洗脱,在BEH C18色谱柱上实现分离,在电喷雾正离子(...  相似文献   

10.
In a dairy herd of 21 cows which were on pasture during the day at the end of May 2002, four eight years old cows were suddenly inappetent and showed severe diarrhoea consisting of black discolorate feces. A few days after the onset of the disease, three affected cows exhibited neurological disorders. These cows were admitted to the IInd Medical Clinic of the University for Veterinary Medicine in Vienna. Following clinical signs were observed: circulatory weakness, anorexia, atony of the rumen, diarrhoea and in accordance with acute lead poisoning typical signs of the central nervous system. One cow died and the other two animals were euthanized. Results of blood testing were anaemia, basophil spotting of erythrocytes, increase of liver enzymes and CK, hypocalcaemia, decrease of potassium and phosphate. The cerebrospinal fluid of two cows showed increased CK-, LDH- and AST-values. The lead contents of whole blood samples were between 0.486 and 0.928 mg/kg, of liver samples 13.3 to 114.4 mg/kg, of kidney samples 172.2 to 448 mg/kg and of rumen content 59 mg/kg fresh matter. At necropsy, enteritis, liver fluke disease and severe interstitial and alveolar pulmonary emphysema were found. Pathohistologically typical ischaemic necrosis of neurons predominantly at the tips of the gyri, disseminated petechial hemorrhages and moderate diffuse neovascularisation, but no acid-fast intranucleolar inclusion bodies in the renal tubules were observed. As causative agent of the acute lead poisoning a residue on combustion, taken up by the cows on the pasture, was confirmed. The ash residue was formed by combustion of three tires which contained 450 g heavy weights of 96.5% lead for wheel balance. The lead content of the ash residue was between 2.9 and 28 g/kg dry matter.  相似文献   

11.
Three cows were given two rations, a silage diet (3 animals) and a green forage diet (2 animals). Samples of rumen content were collected and aliquots of these were separated in a fraction of feed particles and protozoa (FP-fraction) and a fraction of mixed bacteria, varying the conditions of differential centrifugation. The low speed centrifugation was practised at 100 X g/5 min, 400 X g/10 min, 1000 X g/10 min, and 2000 X g/10 min. High speed conditions were 30,000 X g/30 min 4 degrees C. The lyophylisated sediments were used for determination of N and DAP. The content of N gave similar results for all fractions of mixed bacteria, the mean value being 7.43 +/- 0.48% (n = 20), while the N-content of the FP-fractions being 5.68 +/- 0.37% (n = 19). The N:DAP-ratio gave similar values for the cows fed the silage diet, the values were 29.45 +/- 1.56 (n = 12). The values for the cows receiving the green forage diet differed, the mean values were 23.08 +/- 0.88 and 42.01 +/- 5.81 (n = 5), respectively. In all five experiments highest ratios were found at 100 X g. Further investigations showed that storage at -20 degrees C rumen fluid after isolation of feed particles and protozoa decreased both the N- and DAP- content without affecting the N:DAP-ratio. Centrifugation at low speed with 100 X g resulted in a markedly decreased contamination with DAP in all the FP-fractions. Optimal conditions for separation of feed particles and protozoa from rumen fluid to get a fraction best reflecting the rumen bacterial populations are 100 X g/5 min.  相似文献   

12.
A radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for hexoestrol using an antiserum against hexoestrol-carboxypropyl ether-BSA and H3-hexoestrol was used to measure the concentrations of residues of hexoestrol in 0.1 ml biological fluids and 1 g edible tissues of implanted cattle and sheep. A preliminary ether extraction of biological fluids was necessary before RIA. The ether extract from tissues was further purified by solvent partition and silica gel column chromatography before RIA. Conjugates of hexoestrol were measured after enzymatic hydrolysis to free hexoestrol. In untreated animals residues were either not detected or very low in all tissues except urine from sheep. The method has a lower limit of detection of approximately 0–10 pg/ml for biological fluids in cattle and 20–100 pg/g for tissues in both sheep and cattle but the lower limit of detection in sheep urine was 70–294 pg/ml urine. In two heifers implanted with 60 mg hexoestrol and slaughtered 2 and 7 days after implantation, residues of hexoestrol were detected in all tissues except muscle with highest concentrations between 2 - 17 ng/g in urine, bile and kidney. The concentration of residues in steers which had been implanted with 45 mg or 60 mg hexoestrol and slaughtered at 90 days after implantation were 0, < 50, 46–96 and 200 pg/ml or g of plasma, muscle, liver and urine, respectively. The concentrations of hexoestrol in sheep implanted with 15 ml hexoestrol and slaughtered after 60 days were 70, 0, 964, 3100 and 4074 pg/g or ml of muscle, fat, liver, kidney and urine, respectively. No hexoestrol was found in control untreated cattle and sheep. It was concluded that some residues of hexoestrol were present in the excretory fluids and tissues of cattle and sheep which had been implanted with hexoestrol at the recommended dose and slaughtered after the recommended withdrawal periods. However, the concentrations of hexoestrol in muscle and fat were extremely low or not detectable. The method could be used for the routine screening of animals for treatment with hexoestrol.  相似文献   

13.
This study was designed to evaluate serum bile acid measurements as indicatory, of liver function and/or hepatic fat infiltration in dairy cattle. Serum bile acid concentrations were measured in healthy dairy cattle at different stages of lactation after fasting or feeding. Bile acid concentrations were compared with liver fat content and sulfobromophthalein (BSP) half-life (T 1/2). Serum bile acid concentrations were higher in cows in early lactation and with higher daily milk production. Compared with prefasting values, bile acid concentrations were decreased at 8,14, and 24 hours of fasting. Blood samples from fed cows at 1 - to 2-hour intervals had wide and inconsistent variations in bile acid concentration. Because serum bile acids correlated well with BSP T 1/2, it is suggested that both measurements evaluate a similar aspect of liver function. Neither bile acids nor BSP T I correlated with differences in liver fat content among cows. Because of large variability in serum bile acid concentrations in fed cows and the lack of correlation of measured values with liver fat content, bile acid determinations do not appear useful for showing changes in hepatic function in fed cows with subclinical hepatic lipidosis nor serve as a screening test for this condition.  相似文献   

14.
A study was conducted to determine if pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Senecio jacobaea (tansy ragwort) are passed into milk of lactating cows. Four cows were given dried tansy ragwort via rumen cannula at a dosage of 10 g/kg/day for 2 weeks. Chemical assay of pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in the dried plants averaged 0.16% by weight. By use of thin-layer chromatography, 5 alkaloids were isolated from the plant materials. The only alkaloid isolated from the milk was jacoline. Condition of the cows and nursing calves was monitored via measurement of blood leukocyte count, and serum protein, albumin, and globulin content. Sorbitol dehydrogenase values and liver biopsy specimens were used to assess liver function. In the cows, marked changes were observed in blood leukocyte count, sorbitol dehydrogenase values, and liver biopsy findings. No changes of any type were observed in the calves. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid content of the milk ranged from 9.4 to 16.7 mug/100 ml of milk.  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVES: To develop a reliable method for measurement of cyanide concentrations in cattle, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and establish reference ranges of cyanide concentrations in cattle. ANIMALS: 52 Fleckvieh cattle. PROCEDURE: Cattle were allocated to 3 groups; 12 were fed leguminous grass and hay, 36 were fed whole-maize and corn-cob silages, and 4 were fed other feedstuffs. Samples of blood, rumen fluid, and liver were collected at time of slaughter. Serum, rumen fluid, and liver homogenate were assayed for cyanide content, using a derivatization procedure. A technique for analysis by GC-MS that used selected ion monitoring was developed. RESULTS: Compared with a spectrophotometric method, detection of cyanide in serum and rumen fluid by use of GC-MS was selective and sensitive, with a limit of detection of 0.7 microM. Spectrophotometric analysis yielded false-negative and false-positive results. Thus, the GC-MS method was used for subsequent analysis. In all cattle except 1, cyanide concentration ranged from < 0.7 to 35 microM in serum and from < 0.7 to 28 microM in rumen fluid; cyanide concentration in that 1 animal was 206 microM. Cattle fed clover, grass, grass hay, and clover hay had 8.3- to 8.6-fold higher mean cyanide concentrations in rumen fluid and serum than cattle fed whole-maize and corn-cob silages. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results of this study suggest a reference range that should be useful for aiding in the diagnosis of cyanide poisoning. Also, cattle can apparently accommodate a serum cyanide concentration of 206 microM without adverse effects.  相似文献   

16.
对海北8头成年牦牛的内脏中活性物进行了测定。结果为:海北牦牛肝脏中L-肉碱含量为30.45mg/g,比普通黄牛高7.33mg/g,且差异极显著(P0.01);肺脏L-肉碱含量为6.42mg/g,比普通黄牛高1.14mg/g,且差异显著(P0.05);心脏和肾脏中差异不显著。海北牦牛肝脏中含牛磺酸7.02mg/g,比普通黄牛高0.96mg/g,且差异极显著(P0.01);肺脏中含牛磺酸4.62mg/g,比普通黄牛高0.64mg/g,且差异显著(P0.05);心脏和肾脏中差异不显著。海北牦牛心脏和肺脏中分别含肝素钠74.33mg/kg和310.60mg/kg,比普通黄牛相应脏器高35.36mg/kg和111.12mg/kg,且差异极显著(P0.01)。海北牦牛肝脏中谷胱甘肽的含量为0.16mg/g,极显著的低于普通黄牛(P0.01);肾脏中含量为0.18 mg/g,显著的低于普通黄牛(P0.05)。  相似文献   

17.
Penicillin is one of the most commonly misused drugs in steers and dairy cows. In the US, at slaughter the tolerance is 50 ng/g in kidney and other edible tissues. If the tolerance is exceeded, the carcass may not be used for human food. A preslaughter test for penicillin in an easily accessible biological fluid is needed to predict if the concentration of penicillin is below tolerance in the kidney before the bovine is slaughtered. In this study, 12 steers were injected three times with the approved dose (7000 IU) of penicillin at 12-h intervals. Blood and urine samples were collected at intervals after the final dose of penicillin. At each sampling point, one kidney biopsy sample was collected by laparoscopic surgery in the live animal. Another kidney sample was collected at slaughter. Correlations between plasma and kidney concentrations and between urine and kidney concentrations were determined. These correlations predict with 95% confidence that 99% of the animals will have kidney tissue below penicillin tolerance when the plasma concentration of penicillin is below 0.4 ng/mL and/or the urine penicillin concentration is below 140 ng/mL.  相似文献   

18.
Chronic copper toxicity was diagnosed in a Jersey herd in the Waikato region of New Zealand following an investigation into the deaths of six cattle from a herd of 250 dry cows. Clinical signs and post-mortem examination results were consistent with a hepatopathy, and high concentrations of copper in liver and blood samples of clinically affected animals confirmed copper toxicity. Liver copper concentrations and serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activities were both raised in a group of healthy animals sampled at random from the affected herd, indicating an ongoing risk to the remaining cattle; these animals all had serum copper concentrations within normal limits. Serum samples and liver biopsies were also collected and assayed for copper from animals within two other dairy herds on the same farm; combined results from all three herds showed poor correlation between serum and liver copper concentrations.To reduce liver copper concentrations the affected herd was drenched with 0.5 g ammonium molybdate and 1 g sodium sulphate per cow for five days, and the herd was given no supplementary feed or mineral supplements. Liver biopsies were repeated 44 days after the initial biopsies (approximately 1 month after the end of the drenching program); these showed a significant 37.3% decrease in liver copper concentrations (P <0.02). Also there were no further deaths after the start of the drenching program. Since there was no control group it is impossible to quantify the effect of the drenching program in this case, and dietary changes were also made that would have depleted liver copper stores.Historical analysis of the diet was difficult due to poor record keeping, but multiple sources of copper contributed to a long term copper over supplementation of the herd; the biggest source of copper was a mineral supplement. The farmer perceived this herd to have problems with copper deficiency prior to the diagnosis of copper toxicity, so this case demonstrates the importance of monitoring herd copper status regularly. Also the poor correlation between liver and serum copper concentrations in the three herds sampled demonstrates the importance of using liver copper concentration to assess herd copper status.  相似文献   

19.
随着农业机械化不断地推广,二牛抬杠式的原始农业耕作方式逐渐退出了农业生产。取而代之的农业机械化耕作,以前用来耕地的黄牛用途逐渐变成了产犊为主,农田里不见了黄牛耕作的身影,山坡不见了放牛人。取而代之的是舍饲圈养,肉牛以集约化育肥为主的养殖方式。通过对兽医临床遇到的病例统计发现,母牛的异常发情病例逐渐增多,高达30%~40%。作者根据实际兽医临床工作发现一个规律,一到冬季产犊季,母牛难产增多;母牛产犊后农户就会天天用玉米糊糊饲喂,瘤胃积食也会增多,冬季青贮饲草料价格高,资源匮乏,担心母牛产犊后掉膘,乳汁分泌不足,在这个过程中,很多母牛就会出现虚胖,犊牛腹泻,母牛伤食泻瘤胃酸中毒,最主要的是产犊后的母牛长期大量精料饲喂导致母牛体质偏胖,在中兽医诊断上就属于一种寒湿瘀滞的体质,卵泡不发育或者是发育不良。再加上畜主长期不正确的使用各种兽药,造成滥用药,致使动物机体损伤养殖业是一个需要倾注大量心血的行业,天道酬勤,养殖场户的辛勤付出才能换来牛羊的牧草丰富,茁壮生长,动物防疫工作者的辛勤付出才能换来动物群体的健康稳定,畜牧兽医工作者与农户一起服务于动物从配种到出栏。  相似文献   

20.
This paper describes the pharmacokinetic profile of procaine penicillin G after intraperitoneal (IP) administration in eight lactating dairy cows. Procaine pencillin G (PPG, 21 000 IU/kg) was deposited into the abdominal cavity of each cow following an incision in the right paralumbar fossa. Blood and milk samples were taken over the following 10 days, at which point the cows were euthanized. Plasma, milk, muscle, liver, and kidney penicillin concentrations were determined by HPLC, with a limit of quantification of 5 ng/mL for plasma and milk and 40 ng/g for tissue samples. A noncompartmental method was used to analyze plasma kinetics. The mean pharmacokinetic parameters (±SD) were: C max, 5.5 ± 2.6 μg/mL; T max, 0.75 ± 0.27 h; AUC 0-∞, 10.8 ± 4.9 μg·h/mL; MRT , 2.2 ± 0.9 h. All milk from treated cows contained detectable penicillin residues for a minimum of three milkings (31 h) and maximum of five milkings (52 h) after administration. Concentrations of penicillin in all muscle, liver, and kidney samples taken 10 days postadministration were below the limit of quantification. Necropsy examinations revealed foci of hemorrhage on the rumenal omentum of most cows but peritonitis was not observed. Systemic inflammation as determined by change in leukogram or plasma fibrinogen was noted in one cow. The results of this study demonstrate that IP PPG is absorbed and eliminated rapidly in lactating dairy cows.  相似文献   

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