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1.
2002年5-10月,采用连续钻取土芯法对帽儿山实验林场的水曲柳人工林细根(直径＜1 mm)生物量、比根长(SRL)和根长密度(RLD)的季节动态,以及它们与土壤N的有效性、土壤10 cm深处月均温度和含水量的关系进行研究.结果表明:水曲柳细根生物量在春季和秋季分别具有1个明显的高峰,但比根长和根长密度只有1个高峰.在春季和夏季,比根长和根长密度较高,显示细根直径较小,而秋季,这2个参数显著下降,表明细根直径次生增厚或组织密度增加.细根的季节变化与土壤N的有效性、土壤温度和土壤含水量有重要关系.其中细根生物量与土壤铵态氮含量显著相关;硝态氮含量、10 cm深处土壤的温度和土壤含水量与细根的生物量、比根长和根长密度的季节变化正相关,但均不显著(P＞0.05).4种因子的综合作用对水曲柳细根各参数的影响均达到了显著水平.不同季节细根生物量、比根长和根长密度的变化,显示出细根在生长季不同时期具有不同的生理生态功能. 相似文献
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3.
【目的】随着森林的发育过程,林木个体的生长和生物量分配,以及林分水平的结构和功能均发生了明显的变化。然而,细根生物量与林分年龄的联系,目前仍然了解有限。本研究以黑龙江省帽儿山地区兴安落叶松人工林为研究对象,比较了同一林分在19年和32年生时林分水平(单位面积)和单株水平细根生物量的垂直分布和季节动态,分析了影响细根生物量变化的林分与土壤因子,旨在明确林分年龄对细根生物量的影响和潜在的机制。【方法】在生长季内的5月、7月和9月,采用土钻法获取土壤0~30 cm深度细根并测定生物量,同时测定林分特征和土壤养分和水分含量。【结果】随林龄增加,落叶松人工林单位面积细根生物量显著下降,而单株细根生物量变化不显著;与19年生林分相比,32年生林分土壤表层(0~10 cm)细根生物量占总细根生物量的比例明显下降,土壤亚表层(10~20 cm)和底层(20~30 cm)细根生物量所占比例增加,呈现出细根向深层土壤增生的趋势。土壤表层(0~10cm)单位面积细根生物量随林分年龄的变化趋势与林分密度和胸高断面积、土壤铵态氮浓度变化有关,但是单株细根生物量受林分和土壤因子的影响均不显著。【结论】林分发育过程中,落叶松细根生物量降低,细根的资源吸收策略发生了明显的改变。 相似文献
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Fine root dynamics and root architecture were studied in the organic and mineral soil layers of a Cryptomeria japonica plantation. Fine root biomass (<1 mm) showed seasonal changes whereas fine root biomass (1–2 mm) was unchanged over the study period. Root tips were grouped into size classes based on root tip diameter, including <0.5, 0.5–1, and 1–2 mm. Root tip density (<1 mm) was significantly correlated with fine root biomass (<1 mm). Root tip density and fine root biomass (<1 mm) increased in summer and decreased in winter, and both showed a similar seasonal pattern. Root tip dynamics influenced fine root dynamics. Root architecture as expressed by branching intensity changed with root tip production and mortality. Branching intensity also showed a similar seasonal pattern of root tip density dynamics. Root tips of both <0.5 and 0.5–1 mm were mainly produced in the organic soil layer, while root tips of 0.5–1 mm were mainly produced in the mineral soil layer. Because of the high RT1 root tip production in the organic soil layer, branching intensity was higher in the organic soil than in the mineral soil layer during summer. Root tip dynamics influenced fine root dynamics and the architecture of root systems in both organic and mineral soil layers. 相似文献
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We quantified ascorbate, glutathione and alpha-tocopherol in fine roots of mature Fagus sylvatica L. under free-air canopy ozone (O(3)) exposure (twice ambient O(3) concentration, 2x[O(3)]) during two growing seasons that differed in the extent of summer drought (exceptional drought year 2003, average year 2004). This design allowed us to test whether O(3) exposure or drought, or both, affected root antioxidants during the growing season. In both years, root ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol showed a similar relationship with volumetric soil water content (SWC): ascorbate concentrations on a root dry mass basis increased from about 6 to 12 micromol g(-1) when SWC dropped from 25 to 20%, and a-tocopherol increased from 100 to 150 nmol g(-1) at SWC values below 20%. Root glutathione showed no relationship with SWC or differences between the dry and the average year, but it was significantly and consistently diminished by 2x[O(3)]. Our results were inconclusive as to whether shoot-root translocation of glutathione or glutathione production in the roots was diminished. Phloem glutathione concentrations in the canopy remained constant, but reduced transport velocity in the phloem and, as a consequence, reduced mass flow of glutathione cannot be ruled out. 相似文献
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Li Mei Youzhi Han Shuiqiang Yu Jianwei Shi Zhengquan Wang 《Frontiers of Forestry in China》2007,2(3):298-304
Fine root turnover plays important roles in carbon allocation and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Seasonal dynamics
of fine roots is critical for understanding the processes of fine root turnover. From May to October 2002, soil core method
was used for estimating the seasonal pattern of fine root (diameter < 1 mm) parameters (biomass, specific root length (SRL)
and root length density (RLD)) in a Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) plantation located at the Maoershan Experiment Station, Heilongjiang Province, northeast of China. The relationships of
fine root biomass, SRL and RLD with available nitrogen in soil, average soil temperature per month in 10 cm depth and soil
moisture content were analyzed. Seasonal variation of fine root biomass was significant (P < 0.05). The peak values of fine root biomass were observed both in spring and in autumn, but SRL and RLD were the highest
in spring and lowest in autumn. Specific root length and root length density were higher in spring and summer, which means
that fine root diameter was thinner. In autumn, both parameters decreased significantly due to secondary incrassation of fine
root diameter or the increase of tissue density. Seasonal dynamics of fine roots was associated with available nitrogen in
soil, soil temperature in 10 cm depth and moisture content. Fine root biomass has a significant relationship with available
NH4
+-N in soil. Available NO3
−-N in soil, soil temperature in 10-cm depth and moisture content have a positive correlation with fine root biomass, SRL and
RLD, although these correlations are not significant (P > 0.05). But the compound effects of soil available N, soil temperature and soil moisture content are significant to every
root parameter. The variations of these three root parameters in different seasons show different physiological and ecological
functions in different growing periods.
Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(9): 7–12 [译自: 林业科学] 相似文献
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Dirk Gaul Dietrich Hertel Werner Borken Egbert Matzner Christoph Leuschner 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008
Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) is an economically important, but relatively drought-sensitive tree species that might suffer from increasing drought intensities and frequencies, which are predicted to occur in parts of central Europe under future climatic change. In a throughfall exclusion experiment using sub-canopy roofs, we tested the hypothesis that enhanced drought leads to an increase in fine root mortality, and also to a higher, subsequent fine root growth. Fine root production and mortality were assessed using two independent approaches, sequential soil coring (organic layer) and direct observations in minirhizotrons (organic layer plus upper mineral soil). Six weeks of throughfall exclusion resulted in mild drought stress, i.e. a reduction in average soil moisture from 20 to 12 vol.% during the treatment. Based on the sequential coring data, experimental drought did not result in significant changes in fine root biomass during the 6-week treatment period, but caused an increase in fine root mortality by 61% in the 6 weeks following the drought treatment. Remarkably, fine root production showed a synchronous increase in this period, which more than compensated for the loss due to increased mortality. The minirhizotron data confirmed that the drought treatment increased fine root loss in the organic layer. Based on this method, however, root loss occurred during the drought period and was not compensated by increased root production. The mild drought stress was mainly restricted to the organic layer and did not significantly influence fine root dynamics in the mineral soil. We calculated that the drought event resulted in an extra input of about 28 g C m−2 and 1.1 g N m−2 to the soil due to increased fine root mortality. We conclude that even periods of mild drought significantly increase fine root mortality and the associated input of root-derived C to the soil organic matter pool in temperate Norway spruce forests. 相似文献
8.
Javed Iqbal David A. MacLeanJohn A. Kershaw Jr. 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(6):1106-1114
Hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.)) is an economically damaging defoliator that undergoes periodic outbreaks in Newfoundland, Canada. It defoliates and causes extensive tree mortality to its primary host, balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.). We quantified tree survival using data from permanent sample plots (PSPs) and growth reduction or release using dendrochronology, and related these impacts to defoliation severity determined from annual aerial defoliation survey data. Such impact relationships are necessary as a fundamental input to a Decision Support System. Growth and survival of balsam fir, black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) were assessed from 1996 to 2008 in 48 Newfoundland Forest Service PSPs, selected based on four classes of defoliation severity. Two years of severe (71-100%) defoliation resulted in almost complete mortality for balsam fir, 10 years after defoliation, whereas survival was 70-80% for black spruce and white birch. Lower defoliation severity (1-2 years of moderate (31-70%) or 1 year of severe) resulted in approximately 60% survival for balsam fir and no reduction in survival for black spruce and white birch. Maximum growth reduction of balsam fir was 10-15% with 1 year of moderate-severe defoliation, 35-40% with 2 years of moderate defoliation, and about 50% with 2 years of severe defoliation. Growth recovered to pre-defoliation rates 5 years after defoliation ceased in all severity classes. Growth reduction and recovery of black spruce were more variable and lower than for balsam fir, and white birch exhibited only minor (<10%) growth reduction during the defoliation year or 1 year after defoliation. Control measures should focus on avoiding severe defoliation for two consecutive years. 相似文献
9.
Changing biotic and abiotic stress mediate in plant–plant interactions resulting in positive to neutral or negative effects,
and these effects can change with gradients of stress or through plant dynamics. Here we studied the variability in annual
grass production and composition induced by gradients of intercepted light by trees in years of contrasting precipitation
in Mediterranean holm oak open woodlands. Although trees reduce the light radiance received by the pasture community, the
presence of trees generally had a positive effect on pasture production in average climatic years where soil fertility was
low. However, the interaction changed with increasing abiotic water stress. In a dry year, the increase in fertility could
not be utilized and the effect of the crown was neutral. The effect of shade turned out to be beneficial for growth, contrary
to the situation in an average climatic year. Light insolation was positive for legume biomass. There was high variability
in functional components over the course of the growing period and from 1 year to another. Under low levels of other biotic
stresses such as livestock grazing or root competition, the limiting factor among light, soil moisture or soil nutrients may
determine whether facilitation or competition occurs. 相似文献
10.
The fine root dynamics of Populus euphratica forests in the upper section (Yingsu) and lower section (Alagan) habitats of the lower reaches of the Tarim River, southern Xinjiang, China, were investigated and compared by a sequential soil coring method during the growing season of 2008. Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, soil water content, fine root biomass, necromass, and production were significantly higher in Yingsu than in Alagan, suggesting better nutrient conditions for fine root growth in Yingsu than in Alagan. Fine root biomass, necromass, and production significantly increased from April until it peaked in August, and then it decreased. Fine root biomass, necromass, and production differed significantly among the soil layers, and their largest values appeared in the soil layer 40–80?cm deep. Mean turnover rates in the 0–120?cm soil layer were 1.60 and 1.52?year?1 in Yingsu and Alagan, respectively, and the fine root turnover rate did not differ significantly between the two habitats or among the soil layers. These results show that habitat change can significantly affect fine root biomass and the production of P. euphratica forests, leading to changes in plant primary production, nutrient cycling, and carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. 相似文献
11.
We investigated ecophysiological and growth responses of short (0.4 to 1.3 m in height) advance regeneration of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea L.) six years after removal of 0, 40, 50, 60 and 100% of the overstory basal area (BA) in two yellow birch-conifer stands. Partial cuts significantly increased stomatal conductance of red spruce only. Light-saturated photosynthesis (leaf-area basis) of both species increased with BA removal, but unlike red spruce, specific leaf area (SLA) of balsam fir decreased with increased cutting intensity. Partial cuts appreciably increased the concentration of N and Ca in red spruce and balsam fir foliage, respectively, and resulted in decreased foliar concentrations of K in red spruce and Mg in balsam fir. The height and lateral growth of both species increased with BA removal, although partial cuts were more beneficial to balsam fir. The data suggest that short advance regeneration of red spruce and balsam fir can coexist under partial overstory conditions, but balsam fir has physiological characteristics and a capacity for morphological adjustment (SLA) that places it at an advantage when in competition with red spruce. 相似文献
12.
Both hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.)) and balsam fir sawfly (Neodiprion abietis (Harris)) undergo periodic outbreaks in eastern Canada and cause significant growth and mortality losses to forests. Tree growth and mortality are closely related to cumulative defoliation estimates, which integrate annual defoliation over multiple years. Our objective was to determine a method to estimate cumulative defoliation of balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill) due to these insects in western Newfoundland, using aerial defoliation survey data, as an essential input to modeling impacts for Decision Support Systems. Interpretation of aerial defoliation survey data for hemlock looper and balsam fir sawfly is problematic because both insects feed upon multiple age classes of foliage. Current-year (2008) aerial defoliation survey data were compared with ground estimates of defoliation by age class from 45 plots (450 trees and 395 mid-crown branch samples), representing a range of defoliation severity classes for each insect. Cumulative defoliation was calculated using defoliation per foliage age class, weighted by relative foliage mass for a given age of foliage. Three significantly different severity classes were defined based on cumulative defoliation values derived from aerial defoliation survey: (i) 1-year moderate (30–70%) defoliation, (ii) 1-year severe (71–100%) defoliation with calculated cumulative defoliation values of 19 and 39%, respectively, for balsam fir sawfly, 21 and 34% respectively for hemlock looper; and (iii) 2–3 years of moderate–severe defoliation, with cumulative defoliation ranging between 59 and 64% for balsam fir sawfly and 49% for hemlock looper. Defoliation severity from aerial defoliation survey alone hence can be misleading if defoliation measurements are not converted to cumulative defoliation values. 相似文献
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[目的]探明广西不同栽培区江南油杉细根生物量的空间分布共性及其对土壤水分的响应机制.[方法]以广西3个栽培区江南油杉人工幼林为研究对象,采用根系全株分层挖掘和根系形态结构分析法,定量分析江南油杉幼树不同径级细根生物量密度、根长密度和表面积密度的空间分布特征.[结果]1)江南油杉幼林期细根生物量在垂直方向上主要分布在0～... 相似文献
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Ion Catalin Petri?an Burghard von Lüpke Any Mary Petri?an 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(5):813-828
In Central Europe, the conversion of pure Norway spruce stands (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) into mixed stands with beech (Fagus silvatica L.) and other species like e.g. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) is accomplished mainly by underplanting of seedlings beneath the canopy of overstorey spruce trees after
partial cutting treatments what means exposure to shade and below-ground root competition by the overstorey to the seedlings.
Particularly about the second factor, our knowledge is limited. Therefore, we carried out a below-ground competition exclusion
experiment by root trenching and investigated the effects on soil resources, growth, and biomass partitioning of underplanted
beech and Douglas fir saplings under target diameter and strip cutting treatments. The exclusion of overstorey root competition
by trenching increased the soil water potential in the second year that had a fairly dry growing season and led to significantly
higher foliar concentrations of most nutrients, particularly in Douglas fir, indicating an amended nutrient supply. Both improvements
were accompanied by an increase in length and diameter increment of the underplanted saplings, appearing in both species only
after having surpassed a species-specific threshold light value (Douglas fir 16% of above canopy radiation, beech 22%). We
also found significant interactions between trenching and light for specific fine root length and further biomass and morphological
parameters. Judged by the much steeper increase in height and diameter growth with increasing light after release from below-ground
competition, Douglas fir saplings appeared to be more sensitive to root competition than beech saplings what conforms to older
findings for beech. According to our results, a strip cutting seems to be more appropriate than a target diameter cutting
treatment to replace a pure spruce stand by a mixed stand with beech and Douglas fir. 相似文献
15.
Juniper species are noted for long-lived foliage, low and persistent gas exchange activity and drought tolerance. Because leaves and roots of the same species are thought to be similar in structure and life history, we hypothesized that Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little (Utah juniper) fine roots would reflect the persistent aboveground foliage characteristic of this species. We monitored fine roots, less than 1 mm in diameter, by minirhizotron imaging to a depth of 150 cm over two growing seasons from April 2002 to December 2003. We measured fine root numbers, lengths and diameters, and noted the time of birth and death of root segments. We correlated our root data with soil water potential measured by thermocouple psychrometry and ecosystem evapotranspiration measured by ecosystem eddy flux. Median fine root lifespan, determined by the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method, was about one year, much less than foliage lifespan estimates of more than five years. Yet, roots of juniper live much longer than those of other Great Basin species. The median survivorship of shallow and deep roots was 144 and 448 days, respectively. Production of new roots was observed during periods of favorable soil water potential and there was a seasonal progression of increased new roots and root length during the warm season toward lower soil depths with root loss in the upper soil layers. This was also reflected in water extraction which progressed to greater soil depths later in the warm season. Aboveground, rates of ecosystem evapotranspiration decreased with decreasing soil water potentials in a similar manner in both 2002 and 2003, reflecting the relocation of roots to available water at depth. Juniper exhibited a flexible root depth distribution throughout the 20 months of this study, indicating the potential to respond to shifting soil water resources despite long fine root lifespans. 相似文献
16.
细根在森林生态系统C平衡和养分循环中的重要作用已为大量研究所证实，树木有赖于细根吸收水分和养分，而细根对环境胁迫比较敏感，因此细根动态可指示环境变化，还可反映树木的健康状态，影响树木细根生产和周转的因子很多，本文在收集大量研究文献基础上，讨论了文献基础上，讨论了土壤养分，水分、pH值，温度等环境因子以及大气CO2增长对树木细根分布，生物量，生产和周转的影响，以期为我国开展细根生态学研究提供参考。 相似文献
17.
Fine root biomass in relation to site and stand characteristics in Norway spruce and Scots pine stands 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Variations in fine root biomass of trees and understory in 16 stands throughout Finland were examined and relationships to site and stand characteristics determined. Norway spruce fine root biomass varied between 184 and 370 g m(-2), and that of Scots pine ranged between 149 and 386 g m(-2). In northern Finland, understory roots and rhizomes (< 2 mm diameter) accounted for up to 50% of the stand total fine root biomass. Therefore, the fine root biomass of trees plus understory was larger in northern Finland in stands of both tree species, resulting in a negative relationship between fine root biomass and the temperature sum and a positive relationship between fine root biomass and the carbon:nitrogen ratio of the soil organic layer. The foliage:fine root ratio varied between 2.1 and 6.4 for Norway spruce and between 0.8 and 2.2 for Scots pine. The ratio decreased for both Norway spruce and Scots pine from south to north, as well as from fertile to more infertile site types. The foliage:fine root ratio of Norway spruce was related to basal area and stem surface area. The strong positive correlations of these three parameters with fine root nitrogen concentration implies that more fine roots are needed to maintain a certain amount of foliage when nutrient availability is low. No significant relationships were found between stand parameters and fine root biomass at the stand level, but the relationships considerably improved when both fine root biomass and stand parameters were calculated for the mean tree in the stand. When the northern and southern sites were analyzed separately, fine root biomass per tree of both species was significantly correlated with basal area and stem surface area per tree. Basal area, stem surface area and stand density can be estimated accurately and easily. Thus, our results may have value in predicting fine root biomass at the tree and stand level in boreal Norway spruce and Scots pine forests. 相似文献
18.
A. Montagnoli A. Di Iorio M. Terzaghi D. Trupiano G. S. Scippa D. Chiatante 《European Journal of Forest Research》2014,133(5):957-968
In tree species, fine-root growth is influenced by the interaction between environmental factors such as soil temperature (ST) and soil moisture. Evidences suggest that if soil moisture and nutrient availability are adequate, rates of root growth increase with increasing soil temperature up to an optimum and then decline at supraoptimal temperatures. These optimal conditions vary between different taxa, the native environment and the fine-root diameter sub-classes considered. We investigated the effects of seasonal changes of both ST and soil water content (SWC) on very fine (d < 0.5 mm) and fine-root (0.5 < d < 2 mm) mass (vFRM, FRM) and length (vFRL, FRL) in Italian Southern Alps beech forests (Fagus sylvatica L.). Root samples were collected by soil core method. Turnover rate was higher for the very fine (0.51) than for the fine (0.36) roots. vFRM, FRM, vFRL and FRL displayed a complex seasonal pattern peaking in summer when SWC was around 40 % and ST was around 14 °C. Above this temperature, under almost constant SWC, all above mentioned root traits decreased. vFRM, FRM, vFRL and FRL showed significant second-order polynomial relationship (p < 0.05) with SWC for both diameter classes, with the only exception of SRL. ST showed the same kind of relationship significant only with vFRM and vFRL, the latter within the 12–16 °C smaller range. Interpolation analysis between root mass and length for both diameter classes and investigated soil environmental characteristics (ST and SWC) showed a clear roundish delineation only for vFRM. In conclusion, these findings clarified the occurrence of a bimodal fine-root growth seasonal pattern for our beech forest. The optimal growth ST and SWC ranges were delineated only for very fine roots, giving further evidence on this root category as the more responsiveness to soil environmental changes. Furthermore, F. sylvatica seems to adopt an intensive strategy to cope with decreasing SWC. Finally, fine-root growth, mainly radial type, seems to be driven by SWC, whereas very fine-root growth, mainly longitudinal type, seems to be driven by ST. 相似文献
19.
The biomass of small and large fine roots (相似文献
20.
We determined fine root biomass and production of 15-, 35- and 100-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands during three growing seasons. Fine roots were sampled by the soil core method. Mean (+/- SE) annual fine root biomass of Scots pine in the 15-, 35- and 100-year-old stands was 220 +/- 25, 357 +/- 21 and 259 +/- 26 g m(-2), respectively. Fine root biomass of the understory vegetation was 159 +/- 54 g m(-2), 244 +/- 30 and 408 +/- 81 g m(-2), and fine root necromass was 500 +/- 112, 1,047 +/- 452 and 1,895 +/- 607 g m(-2) in the sapling, pole stage and mature stands, respectively. Both understory and Scots pine fine root production increased with stand age. Mean annual Scots pine fine root production was 165 +/- 131, 775 +/- 339 and 860 +/- 348 g m(-2) year(-1) in the sapling, pole stage and mature stand, respectively. The respective mean annual production of all fine roots (Scots pine and understory) was 181 +/- 129, 1,039 +/- 497 and 1,360 +/- 869 g m(-2) year(-1). The Scots pine and understory fine root biomass, necromass and production varied in relation to stand age, although the variation was not statistically significant. 相似文献