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1.
MNU诱发的水和稻巨大胚,甜胚乳两个突变体的RFLP鉴定 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用均匀分布于水稻１２条染色体上的７２个ＲＦＬＰ标记与８种限制性内切酶的不同组合,对化学诱变剂ＭＮＵ诱变产生的巨大胚、甜胚乳两个突变体及其原始品种金南风三者之间进行ＲＦＬＰ分析。结果表明：巨大胚突变体与金南风、甜胚乳突变化与金南风以及两突变体之间的多态性分别为８．３％、５．６％和１２．５％。巨大胚和甜胚乳两突变体基因突变频率分别为０．０２２７和０．００７０。根据揭示多态性的限制性内切酶的数量可将产 相似文献
2.
通过对大豆品种松浦和A_(1b)B_2基因突变体凡实的染色体DNA进行限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析,克隆了一个只存在于大豆品种松浦中,而不存在于大豆突变体凡实中的大小为2.2Kb的DNA片段,并利用pUC19为载体,对该片段进行了亚克隆,利用多种限制性内切酶进行了酶切分析,得到了该片段的酶切图谱。根据两个大豆品种在多种限制性内切酶酶切时都表现出显著差异,推断大豆球蛋白A(1b)B_2基因之所以不能在大豆品种凡实中表达,是由于该品种染色体DNA发生了倒位或缺失所致,而不仅仅是个别碱基对的突变。 相似文献
3.
水稻巨大胚基因的分子定位 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
应用粳稻金南风巨大胚突变体和籼稻南京11杂交F2群体58个植株构建了包含74个分子标记位点的遗传连锁图。 对巨大胚基因进行了分子定位, 结果发现巨大胚基因与第7染色体上RG678紧密连锁,两者之间的遗传距离为6.2 cM,与同一染色体上的另一探针RZ395之间的遗传距离为13 cM。根据巨大胚(ge)、褐色果皮(Rc)基因经典连锁图上的位置,将第7染色体分子图谱与经典图谱进行了整合 相似文献
4.
巨大胚等新性状稻米的遗传育种研究取得进展──“巨胚1号”水稻新品系育成 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
巨大胚、甜胚乳、暗胚乳是稻米的三种新性状突变体，由于其具有潜在较高的商用价值，日本、韩国、美国等的研究人员近年纷纷投入研究，以期尽早培育出可在生产上应用的水稻新品种。中国水稻研究所与中国科学院遗传研究所自1989年起，合作进行巨大胚等三种新性状米的遗传和育种利用研究，目前已取得较大进展。1996年9月27日，由顾铭洪、申宗坦等7位水稻遗传育种专家组成的评审委员会．对该项目进行了评审。评审委员会认为，该研究首先利用RFLP技术完成了巨大胚基因的分子定位，证明巨大胚基因与RG678分子标记紧密连锁，其所得结果比前人研… 相似文献
5.
水稻粉质胚乳突变体ws的表型分析及基因克隆 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
从甲基亚硝基脲(1-Methyl-1-Nitrosourea,MNU)处理的粳稻品种滇粳优1号突变体库中,筛选到一个稳定遗传的胚乳粉质突变体ws,其籽粒的千粒重、籽粒大小、总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量等指标均降低,淀粉在尿素溶液中的膨胀能力减弱。对成熟及发育中的胚乳淀粉结构进行观察,发现ws突变体的胚乳中产生大量小而不规则排布的单淀粉颗粒。利用F2群体中分离出的92个隐性极端个体将突变基因连锁在第8染色体近着丝粒位置,随后共用2025个极端个体将目标基因定位于95kb的区间。测序发现ws突变体中编码腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(Adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase,AGPase)小亚基S2的基因发生点突变,导致编码氨基酸的替换。基因表达分析发现,突变体胚乳中编码AGPase各亚基的相关基因表达量没有发生显著改变,而Western杂交分析显示突变体中AGPS2b的蛋白含量下降。同时,ws突变体的胚乳中AGPase活性下降为野生型的一半。研究结果表明,OsAGPS2的突变导致水稻胚乳中AGPase活性降低,从而影响了淀粉合成。 相似文献
6.
白燕2号EMS突变体的形态鉴定与遗传变异分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为促进燕麦的遗传改良,采用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(Ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS)处理裸燕麦品种“白燕2号”种子,构建燕麦EMS突变体库,对获得的M2代突变体的形态特征进行调查鉴定,估计突变效果并采用内含子切结点引物和长随机引物的PCR技术分析M2代突变体间的遗传多态性。结果显示,所创制的燕麦突变体库的M2代个体间表现出了丰富的遗传变异,变异的总频率为 7.17%。采用15个内含子切接点引物和长随机引物对其中39个突变体株系进行PCR检测,共扩增出99条谱带,其中多态性条带65条,多态性条带比率为65.7％。突变体株系间的遗传相似系数为0.667～0.973,表现出丰富的遗传变异。表明构建的燕麦EMS突变体库具有丰富的突变类型,可用于燕麦重要性状突变体的筛选和候选基因的功能分析。 相似文献
7.
【目的】研究两个水稻垩白突变体胚乳垩白的形成机制,为稻米品质改良提供理论基础。【方法】以从中花11的EMS突变体库中筛选出的两个稳定遗传的垩白突变体eb6、eb7为材料,对其进行农艺性状、稻米理化性质和遗传学分析,并利用eb6与南京11衍生的F2群体对控制垩白的基因进行图位克隆。同时对候选基因的表达模式及淀粉合成相关基因在突变体及野生型中表达情况进行了分析。【结果】与野生型相比,两个突变体胚乳中央部位呈现白色且不透明,淀粉复合颗粒形状不规则且排列疏松,而突变体胚乳边缘部位与野生型无异,都为半透明状,淀粉复合颗粒呈多面体且排列致密。相对于野生型,突变体eb6、eb7成熟种子中的直链淀粉含量和胶稠度显著降低,蛋白质含量显著升高。RVA谱分析显示突变体淀粉黏滞性明显低于野生型。同时,支链淀粉聚合度分析显示突变体eb6中聚合度(DP)小于16的短链显著增加,DP为16~23的中长链显著减少。遗传分析表明突变体eb6、eb7胚乳垩白表型由单隐性核基因控制,并且它们为一对等位突变体。利用突变体eb6与南京11杂交衍生的F2群体将突变体基因定位在第1染色体长臂上物理距离86.6 kb的区间内。该区间包含22个开放阅读框(ORF),其中ORF13编码腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶大亚基2(Os AGPL2)。序列分析发现eb6与eb7分别在Os AGPL2第3、第7外显子上发生1个单碱基替换,并分别导致一个氨基酸替换。RT-PCR及原位杂交结果显示,Os AGPL2主要在水稻发育中的籽粒中表达。同时Os AGPL2的突变导致了多个淀粉合成相关基因在水稻籽粒灌浆过程中的表达模式发生改变。【结论】突变体eb6、eb7籽粒胚乳出现严重垩白表型为Os AGPL2突变所致。本研究进一步证明了Os AGPL2在调控水稻籽粒胚乳中淀粉的合成、淀粉复合颗粒的形成及稻米理化性质的平衡中起着重要的作用。 相似文献
8.
采用限制性内切酶Sau3AI、MspI、TaqαI、AluI分别对获得的L16基因序列进行理论酶切。通过限制性内切酶酶切后,酶切片段大小相同的记为1,不同的记为0。相似系数和聚类分析应用NTSYS-pc2.01数据分析软件进行,采用Nei的方法计算相似系数,UPGMA方法聚类,绘制树状图。结果表明芭蕉属种间存在较为丰富的cpDNA PCR-RFLP多态性,种内差异性不明显,有些亚种间无法区分开。而M. acuminata 具有丰富的亚种和变种,遗传差异大,多样性丰富。 相似文献
9.
《中国水稻科学》2014,(5)
淀粉约占水稻胚乳干物质总量的80%,胚乳中淀粉的组分与含量以及颗粒结构决定了稻米品质。从粳稻品种日本晴(Nipponbare)组培后代中获得了一个稳定遗传的粉质胚乳突变体flo7(floury endosperm 7)。该突变体胚乳表现为白色不透明粉质状,同时突变体种子粒长有所增加,而粒宽、粒厚和千粒重均显著降低。与野生型相比,在灌浆过程中突变体flo7籽粒中干物质的积累量减少,而葡萄糖、果糖等游离糖含量增加。突变体flo7成熟种子的直链淀粉含量和胶稠度显著下降,而碱消值显著增加。胚乳横截面扫描电镜分析发现,突变体flo7胚乳中淀粉颗粒形状不规则,排列疏松。遗传分析表明flo7粉质状胚乳突变表型符合单隐性核基因控制的遗传分离规律。以突变体flo7和南京11杂交衍生的F2群体为材料,利用简单重复序列(SSR)和插入缺失(Indel)分子标记,将flo7定位在第12染色体长臂末端C2-11和C5-15之间,物理距离为95.1kb,该区间内包含13个开放阅读框(ORF)。在籽粒灌浆过程中利用实时荧光定量PCR分析淀粉合成相关基因的表达,发现在突变体中多个淀粉合成相关基因表现出不同程度的上调和下调,表明FLO7在水稻种子中淀粉的合成与调控中起着重要作用。 相似文献
10.
基于CRISPR/Cas9系统的OsbHLH116基因编辑及其脱靶效应分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以水稻OsbHLH116基因为编辑对象,根据基因编码区序列(CDS)在第一外显子区域设计长度为19bp的sgRNA,化学合成sgRNA的寡核苷酸序列,然后与CRISPR/Cas9系统表达载体pBUN411连接,再用农杆菌介导法获得水稻转基因株系,最后利用酶切和测序相结合的方法对OsbHLH116突变体进行了筛选鉴定和脱靶效应分析。结果表明,所构建的pBUN411-gRNA载体成功实现了对基因OsbHLH116的定向编辑。酶切分析表明在选取的10株T0代转基因苗中得到了6个OsbHLH116突变单株。对6个突变单株进行了TA克隆测序分析,发现了纯合突变、双等位突变和杂合突变3种类型。酶切分析表明2个潜在脱靶位点均未发生脱靶效应。 相似文献
11.
12.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
14.
15.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
16.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献
17.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
18.
Résumé
Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences
d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les
champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents
en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.
Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.
Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.相似文献
19.
Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
20.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献