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1.
Newton JR Verheyen K Talbot NC Timoney JF Wood JL Lakhani KH Chanter N 《Equine veterinary journal》2000,32(6):515-526
Previous use of repeated nasopharyngeal swabbing and culture of Streptococcus equi showed that healthy carriers developed in more than 50% of 'strangles' outbreaks. The guttural pouches were the only detectable site of S. equi colonisation on endoscopic examination of horses during one of these outbreaks and S. equi was sometimes not detected by culture of nasopharyngeal swabs from carriers for up to 2 or 3 months before nasal shedding resumed sporadically. A more sensitive way of detecting S. equi on swabs from established guttural pouch carriers was therefore required. Conveniently selected 'strangles' outbreaks were investigated in detail using endoscopy, in order to develop and assess a suitable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. We report here 3 protracted 'strangles' outbreaks on different kinds of establishments in which between 29 and 52% of sampled horses were infected as detected by culture and/or PCR. Of the infected horses, between 9 and 44% were identified as carrying S. equi after clinical signs had disappeared and the predominant site of carriage was the guttural pouch. Prolonged carriage of S. equi, which lasted up to 8 months, did not cease spontaneously before treatment was initiated to eliminate the infections. The detection and isolation of the carriers, in conjunction with strict hygiene measures, apparently resulted in the control of the outbreaks and allowed the premises to return to normal activity. Comparing PCR and culture, many more swabs were found to be positive using PCR (56 vs. 30% of 61 swabs). Similar results were obtained for guttural pouch samples from 12 established carriers (PCR 76% and culture 59%). These results from repeated samples from relatively few animals need confirming using more long-term carriers. PCR can also detect dead organisms and is, therefore, liable to yield false positive results. Despite this drawback, it is argued that PCR provides a potentially useful adjunct to culture of nasopharyngeal swabs in the detection of asymptomatic carriers of S. equi following outbreaks of 'strangles'. 相似文献
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Colette R. Elmas Judith B. Koenig Dorothee Bienzle Nicola C. Cribb Natalia Cernicchiaro Nathalie M. Coté J. Scott Weese 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2013,77(3):211-217
Septic synovitis is a potentially debilitating and life-threatening disorder in horses. We hypothesized that a universal bacterial real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay would have improved sensitivity and decreased turn-around time for detection of bacteria in synovial fluid (SF) samples. Forty-eight SF samples were collected from 36 horses that presented to two referral institutions with suspected septic synovitis. Universal RT-PCR, bacterial culture and SF analysis were performed on all samples, and an interpretation on the sample being septic or not was derived by three board certified specialists from the history, clinical assessment and SF characteristics. RT-PCR results were compared to a composite standard comprised of positive culture and interpretation by all three specialists of samples as “septic”. For 41 of 48 samples (85%), culture and RT-PCR results were concordant. Compared to the composite standard, 83% of samples were correctly classified by RT-PCR (turn-around time of approximately 4 hours). Relative sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR were 87% and 72% respectively, and 56% and 86% for culture. Hence, universal RT-PCR was a rapid and highly sensitive test, which may accelerate diagnosis and improve outcome for horses with septic synovitis. 相似文献
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Axon JE Carrick JB Barton MD Collins NM Russell CM Kiehne J Coombs G 《Australian veterinary journal》2011,89(6):221-225
Objective To evaluate if methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is present in the horse population in Australia. Design A two‐part retrospective study of laboratory submissions of microbial culture results from horses. Methods Part A: medical records of 216 horses that had MRSA screening performed on nasal swabs collected over a 30‐day period at admission to the Scone Equine Hospital Clovelly Intensive Care Unit were retrieved. Part B: laboratory records from 2004 to 2009 of culture submissions to the Scone Veterinary Laboratory were reviewed and cultures that grew MRSA were identified. The MRSA isolates from Parts A and B were genotyped over an 18‐month period. Results MRSA screening of 216 horses identified eight (3.7%) positive samples. MRSA was isolated from cultures of 80 (0.002%) clinical bacteriology samples over a 6‐year period. Genotypic analysis was performed on 36 isolates. All MRSA characterised had the same pulse field gel electrophoresis pattern (type 1), with eight closely related subtypes identified (subtypes A–F and H) and 66% of isolates classified as subtype D, which multilocus sequence and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing analysis identified as ST612‐MRSA‐IVa, a clonal complex (CC) 8 S. aureus strain. Antimicrobial resistance to more than two classes of antimicrobials was common. Conclusions MRSA was present in a population of horses in Australia. Genotypic analysis of the isolates identified the MRSA strain as CC8 S. aureus. Further research needs to be undertaken to evaluate MRSA infection and colonisation of horses and personnel in Australia. 相似文献
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Andrew T. Willis Samantha Barnum Nicola Pusterla 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2021,62(1):51
This study aimed to validate a point-of-care polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for detection of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi) in rostral nasal swabs from horses with suspected acute strangles and to compare the results against the molecular gold standard of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Two hundred thirty-two individual swabs of rostral nasal passages were characterized by qPCR as S. equi positive, S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) positive, or S. equi and S. zooepidemicus negative. The specificity and sensitivity of the point-of-care PCR assay were 89% and 84%, respectively. The limits of detection of the qPCR assay and the point-of-care PCR analyzer were 3 and 277 eqbE target genes of S. equi, respectively. Overall agreement and short turnaround time make the point-of-care PCR assay a potential molecular diagnostic platform that will enhance the capability of equine veterinarians to timely support a diagnosis of strangles and institute proper biosecurity protocols. 相似文献
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Ataseven VS Dağalp SB Güzel M Başaran Z Tan MT Geraghty B 《Research in veterinary science》2009,86(2):339-344
In this report we examined the presence of specific antibodies against equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), and equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4) in several equidae, including mules, donkeys, horses. The presence of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in respiratory diseases of equids, and ability of multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening in simultaneous diagnosis of horses acutely infected by EHV-1 and EHV-4 were also investigated. Sera from 504 horses, mules and donkeys sampled were tested for the presence of EHV-1 and EHV-4 specific antibodies. Blood samples taken from 21 symptomatic horses and nasal swabs taken from 40 symptomatic horses were tested for the presence of EHV-1 and EHV-4 by a multiplex nested PCR. A total of 14.3% (3/21) of buffy coat samples and 32.5% (13/40) nasal swab samples were found to contain EHV-1 DNA, while 19% (4/21) buffy coat samples and 22.5% (9/40) nasal swab samples were found to be positive for EHV-4 DNA. By species, 14.5% of horses, 37.2% of mules and 24.2% of donkeys tested were EHV-1 seropositive. EHV-4 specific antibodies were detected in 237 (81.7%) of 290 horse sera tested. Results from this investigation demonstrate that EHV-1 and EHV-4 are prevalent throughout the equid population, and that donkeys and mules might also represent an important source of infection for other equids. We also showed that the multiplex nested PCR assay might be useful for diagnosis of mixed respiratory infections in horses due to EHV-1 and EHV-4. 相似文献
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Laus F Preziuso S Spaterna A Beribè F Tesei B Cuteri V 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2007,30(4):247-260
An outbreak of strangle-like disease involving 26 horses farmed in central Italy was investigated by clinic examination, endoscopy, cytology, bacteriology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). At weekly interval, a total of three nasal swabs and one guttural pouches lavage fluid (GPLF) were collected, and no Streptococcus equi subsp. equi carrier was found. Some horses showed upper airways disease and endoscopic signs of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia of different grade and/or abnormal endoscopic appearance of guttural pouches. Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis was isolated from 14 horses while S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus was isolated from six horses. PCR confirmed the biochemical and serological identification of all isolates and was positive in 10 bacteriological negative samples. The absence of S. equi and the frequent detection of S. equisimilis and S. zooepidemicus suggest that beta-haemolytic streptococci other than S. equi could be the causative agent of strangle-like disease. 相似文献
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Lynelle R Johnson Nicole L Drazenovich Janet E Foley 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2004,16(4):347-351
Nasal flush samples were collected from 20 cats and submitted for Mycoplasma culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Nasal biopsy samples were also obtained from each cat and simultaneously evaluated for Mycoplasma by standard culture and PCR. Concordance of the test results was determined through calculation of the kappa statistic. In 6 cats, nasal flush samples were culture positive for Mycoplasma. PCR was positive in each culture-positive cat and also positive in 1 flush sample that was culture negative. DNA sequencing of the PCR product from the culture negative flush sample identified the organism as Mycoplasma arginini. All other flush samples that were culture negative were also PCR negative (kappa = 0.89). Nasal biopsy samples from 7 cats were culture positive for Mycoplasma, and all were PCR positive. Biopsy samples that were culture negative for Mycoplasma were also PCR negative (kappa = 1.0). Results of culture and PCR for both nasal flush and biopsy were concordant in 19 of 20 cats, and PCR was able to identify an unusual Mycoplasma species that did not grow in culture. In most cats, organisms could be detected in either nasal flush or biopsy samples. In this study, PCR provided rapid and sensitive detection of Mycoplasma species in nasal samples from cats and detected 1 organism that did not grow in culture. 相似文献
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M. Spohr J. Rau A. Friedrich G. Klittich A. Fetsch B. Guerra J. A. Hammerl B.‐A. Tenhagen 《Zoonoses and public health》2011,58(4):252-261
The objective of this study was to analyse the occurrence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in three dairy herds in the southwest of Germany that had experienced individual cases of clinical and subclinical mastitis associated with MRSA. The herds were identified by the detection of MRSA during routine resistance testing of mastitis pathogens. All quarters of all cows in the herds that were positive on California Mastitis Test were sampled for bacteriological analysis on two occasions. Bulk tank milk samples were also tested. Furthermore, nasal swabs were collected from people working on the farms and from cattle. Environmental samples were collected from associated pig holdings. Isolates were characterized using spa‐typing and testing for antimicrobial resistance. Our results revealed a substantial spread of MRSA in the three dairy herds. In the first of the two investigations carried out on all cows in the three herds, milk samples of 5.1–16.7% of dairy cows were found positive for MRSA. The respective proportions in the second herd level investigation were 1.4–10.0%. Quarters harbouring MRSA had higher somatic cell counts than quarters that were negative on culture. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus were also detected in nasal swabs of staff (7/9), cows (7/15) and calves (4/7), bulk tank milk samples (3/3) and environmental samples from pig premises (4/5) on the farm. Herds B and C had no contact to herd A. However, in all three herds MRSA of spa‐type t011 were detected in milk samples. Results show that MRSA of spa‐type t011 is a problem in dairy farms that needs urgent attention. 相似文献
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Amavisit P Browning GF Lightfoot D Church S Anderson GA Whithear KG Markham PF 《Veterinary microbiology》2001,79(1):63-74
A rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for detecting Salmonella in faeces of horses and assessed on samples from horses admitted to a veterinary hospital. Direct detection was achieved by amplification of part of ompC after extraction of DNA from faeces using a spin column method to reduce the amount of inhibitory substances in samples. An internal positive control was included to detect false negative results. While the sensitivity of the PCR assay was less than culture when assessed on faeces inoculated with Salmonella, its sensitivity on faecal samples obtained from horses was much greater than culture. Salmonella DNA was detected in 40% of faecal samples using the PCR assay while Salmonella were cultured from only 2% of the samples. The PCR assay has potential for use in either routine diagnosis or for detection of the carrier status in animals. 相似文献
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Minoru OHTA Manabu NEMOTO Koji TSUJIMURA Takashi KONDO Tomio MATSUMURA 《Journal of Equine Science》2011,22(3):53-56
A PCR assay for the diagnosis of respiratory disease induced by equine herpesvirus type 1
(EHV-1) was performed at the clinical laboratory in the Racehorse Clinic of the Ritto
Training Center of the Japan Racing Association from December 2007 to March 2008. The
assay was performed without the trouble of contamination throughout the study and its
turnaround time was approximately 6 hr. The PCR detection rates of EHV-1 among
seroconverted horses were 22.2% for nasal swabs and 33.3% for blood samples. However,
EHV-1 DNA was also detected in horses without seroconversion at a low rate. These results
indicated that the PCR assay should be used as an adjunct method, but would help to make
an early diagnosis of EHV-1 infection. 相似文献
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J. C. OUSEY L. PALMER R. S. G. CASH K. J. GRIMES A. P. FLETCHER A. BARRELET A. K. FOOTE F. M. MANNING S. W. RICKETTS 《Equine veterinary journal》2009,41(9):878-882
Reasons for performing study: Standard bacteriological methods for identifying Taylorella equigenitalis in cervical smears are time consuming. Therefore, a more rapid real‐time PCR assay was evaluated for its suitability in screening swabs. Objective: To compare the results of a commercially available real‐time PCR assay with routine microbiological culture for the identification of T. equigenitalis, the causative organism of contagious equine metritis, in equine genital swab samples, under ‘field trial’ conditions. Materials and methods: Routine prebreeding genital swabs (n = 2072) collected from Thoroughbred mares and stallions during 2009 were examined together with stored T. equigenitalis positive material. Swabs were cultured for T. equigenitalis using standard microbiological techniques. Bacterial lysates were isolated from the swabs and examined for the presence of a 16S DNA fragment of T. equigenitalis, using a commercial multiplex real‐time PCR assay system. Results: There was complete concordance between positive and negative results obtained by the 2 methods. Real‐time PCR also detected T. equigenitalis DNA from swabs that were negative using standard microbiological culture after 6 months' storage at +4°C but from which T. equigenitalis had been isolated following collection. The sensitivities of realtime PCR and bacterial culture were both 10?3 (equivalent to 3 colony‐forming units). Conclusion and clinical relevance: Routine bacterial culture of T. equigenitalis requires an incubation period of not less than 7 days before a conclusive negative result can be obtained, whereas bacterial extraction and real‐time PCR assay can be completed in less than 6 h. The commercially‐available PCR assay tested provided a rapid and reliable method for the identification of T. equigenitalis from equine genital swabs and could be usefully employed for the screening of mares and stallions for preseason Horserace Betting Levy Board (HBLB) Code of Practice and in other situations such as for bloodstock sales screening requirements, overcoming the current delays imposed by bacterial culture requirements. Its use could be quality assured by the existing HBLB biannual testing scheme for designated laboratories. 相似文献
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AIMS: To determine which viruses circulate among selected populations of New Zealand horses and whether or not viral infections were associated with development of respiratory disease. METHODS: Nasal swabs were collected from 33 healthy horses and 52 horses with respiratory disease and tested by virus isolation and/or PCR for the presence of equine herpesviruses (EHV) and equine rhinitis viruses. RESULTS: Herpesviruses were the only viruses detected in nasal swab samples. When both the results of nasal swab PCR and virus isolation were considered together, a total of 41/52 (79%) horses with respiratory disease and 2/32 (6%) healthy horses were positive for at least one virus. As such, rates of virus detection were significantly higher (p<0.001) in samples from horses with respiratory disease than from healthy horses. More than half of the virus-positive horses were infected with multiple viruses. Infection with EHV-5 was most common (28 horses), followed by EHV-2 (27 horses), EHV-4 (21 horses) and EHV-1 (3 horses). CONCLUSIONS: Herpesviruses were more commonly detected in nasal swabs from horses with respiratory disease than from healthy horses suggesting their aetiological involvement in the development of clinical signs among sampled horses. Further investigation to elucidate the exact relationships between these viruses and respiratory disease in horses is warranted. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Equine respiratory disease has been recognised as an important cause of wastage for the equine industry worldwide. It is likely multifactorial, involving complex interactions between different microorganisms, the environment and the host. Ability to control, or minimise, the adverse effects of equine respiratory disease is critically dependent on our understanding of microbial agents involved in these interactions. The results of the present study update our knowledge on the equine respiratory viruses currently circulating among selected populations of horses in New Zealand. 相似文献
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Maddox TW Clegg PD Diggle PJ Wedley AL Dawson S Pinchbeck GL Williams NJ 《Equine veterinary journal》2012,44(3):289-296
Reasons for performing study: The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and antimicrobial‐resistant Escherichia coli represents a significant problem. However, the carriage of such bacteria by horses in the UK has not been well characterised. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of nasal carriage of MRSA and faecal carriage of antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli amongst horses in the general equine community of the mainland UK. Methods: A cross‐sectional study of horses recruited by 65 randomly selected equine veterinary practices was conducted, with nasal swabs and faecal samples collected. Faecal samples were cultured for antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli. Nasal swabs were cultured for staphylococcal species; methicillin‐resistant isolates identified as S. aureus were characterised by SCCmec and spa gene typing. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to calculate prevalence estimates with adjustment for clustering at practice and premises levels. Spatial variation in risk of antimicrobial resistance was also examined. Results: In total, 650 faecal samples and 678 nasal swabs were collected from 692 horses located on 525 premises. The prevalence of faecal carriage of E. coli with resistance to any antimicrobial was 69.5% (95% CI 65.9–73.1%) and the prevalence of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing E. coli was 6.3% (95% CI 4.1–9.6%). The prevalence of nasal carriage of MRSA was 0.6% (95% CI 0.2–1.5%). Spatial analysis indicated variation across the UK for risk of carriage of resistant and multidrug‐resistant (resistant to more than 3 antimicrobial classes) E. coli. Conclusions and potential relevance: Carriage of MRSA by horses in the community appears rare, but the prevalence of antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli (including ESBL‐producing E. coli) is higher. A high prevalence of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria could have significant health implications for the horse population of the UK. 相似文献
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高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)气溶胶的发生与传播机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为深入认识猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)气溶胶的发生与传播机制,将35日龄无PRRSV抗体仔猪预饲1周后分为4组(PRSSV攻毒组、直接接触组、间接接触组和阴性对照组),饲养于正负压隔离器中。2个隔离器置于不同室内并通过管道相连,采用AGI-30收集器收集其空气样品。然后,将其接种Marc-145细胞,再用RT-PCR检测病毒;并检测血常规和抗体变化。结果发现,攻毒组于攻毒后4d开始形成气溶胶,并持续到试验结束。气溶胶高峰出现在攻毒后15d。气溶胶传播的间接接触组从临床症状、病理变化、提取病理组织核酸和抗体检测等多个方面都证明其感染了PRRSV,并经鼻腔向外排毒;直接接触组和间接接触组几乎同时感染PRRSV。试验表明,PRRSV不仅能形成气溶胶并且能够通过其迅速感染临近猪群。 相似文献