共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 375 毫秒
1.
利用由位于坡面上部的供水装置和坡面下部的试验土槽组成的试验装置系统,通过模拟降雨试验,研究了不同降雨强度(50、75和100 mm/h)和不同坡度(15°、20°和25°)条件下坡面侵蚀方式演变过程中汇水坡长对侵蚀产沙的作用.结果表明,黄土坡面片蚀-细沟侵蚀-切沟侵蚀方式演变过程中汇水坡长对侵蚀产沙具有重要作用,且受降雨强度、坡度和侵蚀方式演变过程的综合影响.汇水坡长增加,使坡面片蚀-细沟侵蚀-切沟侵蚀发育速度明显加快,侵蚀产沙量明显增加.在坡面侵蚀不同发育阶段,汇水坡长对坡面侵蚀的产沙作用也不尽相同.当坡面以切沟侵蚀为主时,汇水坡长对坡面侵蚀产沙的作用最大,其次是以细沟侵蚀为主时.而以坡面片蚀为主时,汇水坡长对坡面侵蚀产沙的作用最小.通过对坡面侵蚀产沙量与汇水坡长的相关分析表明,它们呈正线性关系. 相似文献
2.
面积高程积分(Hypsometric Integral,HI)是定量表征地形发育阶段及侵蚀趋势的重要指标。通过90mm/h雨强下4个典型坡度的人工模拟分段降雨试验,在三维激光扫描的基础上,利用点云数据生成DEM,对微地形坡面HI值的3种计算方法及其变化特征进行了分析,并根据细沟河网格网的HI值进行了验证。结果表明:1)HI方法可用于微地形坡面侵蚀发育的定量表征,HI值介于0.50-0.59之间。在不同坡度条件下,细沟出现之前坡面侵蚀量逐渐增加且HI总体呈现递减趋势,而细沟出现后侵蚀量在细沟中有所堆积且HI值有一定回增。2)河网格网HI值介于0.45±0.11之间。随着坡度的增加,HI值总体上表现出增加的趋势,潜在侵蚀能力有增大的趋势且侵蚀量和坡度之间存在一定的转折关系。3)对比3种不同HI计算精度来看,坡面HI与格网HI之间的RMSE和SAE值差别并不明显,但总体均表现为积分曲线法的计算精度要略优于体积比例法和起伏比法。研究结果对于丰富微地形尺度下HI的计算,深入认识坡面侵蚀发育过程及其机理具有重要的参考价值。 相似文献
3.
覆沙坡面微地形变化与侵蚀产沙的响应关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《干旱区研究》2020,(3)
坡面微地形的发育反映了侵蚀的强度及变化过程。为了定量研究不同覆沙厚度下坡面的微地形变化与侵蚀之间的响应,通过模拟1. 5 mm·min~(-1)雨强下的3场连续降雨试验,结合三维激光扫描仪技术,分析了坡面微地形与土壤侵蚀的空间变化特征,较好地拟合了微地形变幅与侵蚀量之间的关系。结果表明:坡面平均含沙量随着降雨场次的增加而减小。覆沙坡面主要产沙区的长度是黄土坡面的3倍左右,且坡段侵蚀量的峰值多分布在坡面4～6 m的位置,而黄土坡面侵蚀峰值分布在3～4 m的位置。随着降雨场次的增加,黄土坡面微地形因子显著增大(P 0. 05),覆沙坡面微地形因子总体呈增大趋势,但并不显著(P 0. 05)。与黄土坡面和覆沙坡面的侵蚀响应最强烈的微地形因子分别为地表切割深度和地表粗糙度,黄土坡面微地形变幅与侵蚀量的响应关系较强于覆沙坡面,覆沙坡面应寻找其他敏感的指标对方程进行优化。该研究为揭示风水复合侵蚀地区的侵蚀机理提供一定参考。 相似文献
4.
黄土丘陵区土壤侵蚀链各垂直带能量转化特征研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
黄土坡面各种侵蚀方式以水流能量、侵蚀物质及侵蚀微地貌相关联 ,水流能量是制约侵蚀物质和侵蚀微地貌的时空分异的本质原因。研究表明 ,雷诺数 (Re)、费罗德数 (Fr)及过水断面单位能量 (∈ )等复合参数为判别不同侵蚀方式的水动力学指标。根据二维多坡段组合模型实验结果 ,系统分析了土壤侵蚀链内细沟、浅沟及切沟发生的雷诺数、费罗德数及过水断面单位能量指标的变化特征 ,建立起各种侵蚀方式发生变化与侵蚀能量之间的联系。 相似文献
5.
黄土坡面土壤侵蚀过程试验研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
采用人工模拟降雨的方法对黄土坡面土壤侵蚀过程进行了试验研究,取得了如下结果:①坡面土壤侵蚀随降雨过程的变化可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,15 m in和35 m in是土壤侵蚀强度随降雨过程变化的转折点;②雨强对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,随着坡度的增大,土壤侵蚀强度随雨强的增大而增加的趋势更明显;③坡度对土壤侵蚀的影响可用抛物线相关方程进行描述,土壤侵蚀强度变化的临界坡度在25°附近;④坡长对土壤侵蚀的影响大体可用幂函数相关方程进行描述,但坡长对土壤侵蚀强度的影响比较复杂,随雨强大小的变化而表现为不同的形式;⑤坡度、坡长及雨强对坡面土壤侵蚀的综合影响可用多元线性相关方程进行描述,雨强对土壤侵蚀强度的影响远大于坡长及坡度因子,且坡度与土壤侵蚀强度的关系较坡长为密切。 相似文献
6.
文中利用室内模拟降雨技术,通过不同覆沙方式和不同降雨强度的组合试验,对坡面侵蚀产沙特性进行了研究。得到结果：坡面初始产流时间基本随雨强的增大而提前。坡面覆沙后侵蚀量增多,且侵蚀量随雨强的增大而增大,半覆沙坡面的产沙量是全覆沙坡面的1.06～2.48倍。0.5、1.0mm/min雨强时半覆沙坡面产沙高于无覆沙坡面,1.5mm/min雨强时低于无覆沙坡面,而半覆沙坡面产沙则均高于全覆沙坡面。全覆沙破面含沙量受雨强影响较小,减沙效果较稳定。试验结果表明,坡面覆沙可以有效延迟初始产流时间;坡面覆沙后侵蚀程度增强,且随降雨强度的增大而增大,半覆沙坡面侵蚀程度高于全覆沙坡面;无覆沙坡面受降雨强度影响较大。文中为研究风水复合侵蚀提供了数据支撑,以期为揭示黄土坡面侵蚀发生机理和水土流失规律提供一些参考。 相似文献
7.
黄土区坡沟系统容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量变化分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
切沟是黄土高原侵蚀沟的重要类型之一,对流域水文、植被、地貌和生态等地表过程具有深刻影响。为明确土壤物理参数对切沟地形、坡位和深度的响应,在陕北黄土高原选择典型切沟,根据其走向设置沟道、沟缘及坡面3条样线,对40个样点按照10 cm深度间隔采集0~30 cm各土层原状土样,利用定水头法和烘干法对土壤容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量进行测定并分析。结果表明:(1)地形对容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量具有显著或极显著影响,3个参数随坡位自下而上均呈波浪式变化趋势;沟缘和坡面位置容重随坡位上升总体呈微弱减小趋势,沟缘表层坡下土壤含水量较其他坡位明显偏低;(2)沟缘和坡面位置不同土层深度饱和导水率及容重的大小变化规律与沟道恰好相反;(3)对于各土层深度而言,沟缘和坡面土壤含水量均与沟道内差异显著,且沟缘土壤含水量总是低于坡面。以上结果表明,切沟分布改变了土壤容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量在坡面的空间格局,在黄土区坡沟系统内不同地形条件对相关土壤物理参数的影响不应忽视。 相似文献
8.
黄土丘陵区软埂梯田埂坡种草与土壤性状研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
该项研究以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区为背景,选择“接近自然”的技术对坡改梯进行了技术改进,在工程方面设计采用接近黄土自然休止角40-45°为梯田埂坡设计坡度,通过对土壤物理性状的监测和种植实验,初步筛选出3种适宜在埂坡面种植的牧草和作物品种。 相似文献
9.
黄土丘陵区坡面水土流失规律研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文研究分析了三年大气降水，径流、泥沙资料，初步探求了坡度、降水和不同利用现状与水土流失的关系，并建立了降雨侵蚀力，坡度与坡面土壤侵蚀的数学模型，为该地区进行水蚀预报和防治工作提供了科学的依据。 相似文献
10.
黄土丘陵沟壑区陡坡微地形分布研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
水分是黄土丘陵沟壑区植被建设的主要限制因素,而陡坡的水分条件差,导致坡面上水分空间差异的微地形成为陡坡坡面植被恢复的关键因素。利用三维激光扫描全站仪实测陕西省吴起县合家沟流域的地形参数,以Arc GIS 9.2为平台,对切沟、浅沟、缓台、塌陷和陡坎5种微地形在陡坡坡面的分布情况进行了研究。结果表明：陡坡坡面微地形占坡面面积比例介于18%～30%,平均为23.13%;各类微地形占坡面面积比例平均值从大到小依次为切沟8.44%、缓台6.66%、浅沟5.00%、陡坎1.53%、塌陷1.52%;坡面坡向和坡面坡度是影响浅沟、切沟和塌陷占坡面面积比例的主要地形要素,陡坎占坡面面积比例主要受坡面坡度的影响,而坡面坡向与坡面坡度对缓台占坡面面积比例均没有明显的影响;不同坡向陡坡微地形占坡面面积比例大小顺序为：阳坡＞半阳坡＞半阴坡＞阴坡,塌陷、浅沟和切沟占坡面面积比例为阳坡和半阳坡大于半阴坡和阴坡;陡坎、浅沟和切沟占坡面面积比例随着坡度的增大而减小、塌陷占坡面面积比例随着坡度的增大而增大。 相似文献
11.
坡耕地是保障粮食安全与经济发展的重要资源.本文利用承德市南山径流场资料对不同坡长下径流深、含沙量及侵蚀量进行对比分析,结果显示:坡长和降雨强度都对土壤侵蚀有影响,随着坡长变化,导致土壤侵蚀量变化的两个主导因素不断变换.雨强小于0.25 mm/min时,坡面土壤侵蚀模数随坡长的增加而增大;雨强大于0.25mm/min时,随坡长的增加先增大后减小,最大侵蚀量总是出现在22 m坡长范围内.径流深均值与侵蚀量增量随坡长变化趋势一致,含沙量均值变化与雨强关系密切.所以治理京津水源区坡耕地水土流失,应在22 m坡长以内采取等高植物篱等措施,既可降低工程投入,又减少坡面土壤流失,提高土地生产力. 相似文献
12.
坡度对黄土坡面径流溶质迁移特征的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过田间模拟降雨试验,分析了坡度对坡面物质迁移特性的影响.结果显示,坡度对坡面物质迁移的影响十分显著;降雨强度一定时,坡度达到15°左右时,径流量达到最大;坡度对径流养分流失量的影响是通过径流量起主导作用,径流量大相应径流携带养分流失总量增加.利用幂函数对径流溶质浓度变化过程进行了拟合,结果显示幂函数可以很好反映田间坡面溶质随地表径流变化过程,说明在侵蚀环境下径流溶质浓度变化过程符合幂函数. 相似文献
13.
Chaobo ZHANG 《干旱区科学》2020,12(4):666-675
Root pullout property of plants was of key importance to the soil reinforcement and the improvement of slope stability. To investigate the influence of soil moisture on root pullout resistance and failure modes in soil reinforcement process, we conducted pullout tests on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots at five levels (40, 30, 20, 10 and 6 kPa) of soil matric suction, corresponding to respectively 7.84%, 9.66%, 13.02%, 19.35% and 27.06% gravimetric soil moisture contents. Results showed that the maximal root pullout force of M. sativa decreased in a power function with increasing soil moisture content from 7.84% to 27.06%. Root slippage rate increased and breakage rate decreased with increasing soil moisture content. At 9.66% soil moisture content, root slippage rate and breakage rate was 56.41% and 43.58%, respectively. The threshold value of soil moisture content was about 9.00% for alfalfa roots in the loess soil. The maximal pullout force of M. sativa increased with root diameter in a power function. The threshold value of root diameter was 1.15 mm, because root slipping force was greater than root breaking force when diameter >1.15 mm, while diameter ≤1.15 mm, root slipping force tended to be less than root breaking force. No significant difference in pullout forces was observed between slipping roots and breaking roots when they had similar diameters. More easily obtained root tensile force (strength) is suggested to be used in root reinforcement models under the condition that the effect of root diameter is excluded as the pullout force of breaking roots measured in pullout tests is similar to the root tensile force obtained by tensile tests. 相似文献
14.
黄土区侵蚀对土壤内在性质的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过野外调查、定位监测及室内分析方法，研究了黄土区侵蚀对土壤内在性质的影响。结果表明：土壤中＜０．０１ｍｍ颗粒流失是造成耕地土壤“粗化”、结构恶化和养分降低的主要原因；耕地土壤结构的破坏程度随坡度、侵蚀强度增大而增大，养分流失总量随坡度增大呈幂函数增大，养分减少以氮素最快。 相似文献
15.
Anya Catherine C ARGUELLES ;MinJae JUNG ;Kristine Joy B MALLARI ;GiJung PAK ;Hafzullah AKSOY ;Levent M KAWAS ;Ebru ERIS ;JaeYoung YOON ;YoungJoon LEE ;SeonHwa HONG 《干旱区科学》2014,(6):647-655
Climate change can escalate rainfall intensity and cause further increase in sediment transport in arid lands which in turn can adversely affect water quality. Hence, there is a strong need to predict the fate of sediments in order to provide measures for sound erosion control and water quality management. The presence of microtopography on hillslopes influences processes of runoff generation and erosion, which should be taken into account to achieve more accurate modelling results. This study presents a physically based mathematical model for erosion and sediment transport coupled to one-dimensional overland flow equations that simulate rainfall-runoff generation on the rill and interrill areas of a bare hillslope. Modelling effort at such a fine resolution considering the flow connection between interrill areas and rills is rarely verified. The developed model was applied on a set of data gathered from an experimental setup where a 650 cm×136 cm erosion flume was pre-formed with a longitudinal rill and interrill having a plane geometry and was equipped with a rainfall simulator that reproduces natural rainfall characteristics. The flume can be given both longitudinal and lateral slope directions. For calibration and validation, the model was applied on the experimental results obtained from the setup of the flume having 5% lateral and 10% longitudinal slope directions under rainfall intensities of 105 and 45 mm/h, respectively. Calibration showed that the model was able to produce good results based on the R2(0.84) and NSE(0.80) values. The model performance was further tested through validation which also produced good statistics(R2=0.83, NSE=0.72). Results in terms of the sedigraphs, cumulative mass curves and performance statistics suggest that the model can be a useful and an important step towards verifying and improving mathematical models of erosion and sediment transport. 相似文献
16.
Effects of freeze-thaw on soil erosion processes and sediment selectivity under simulated rainfall 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The freeze-thaw(FT) processes affect an area of 46.3% in China. It is essential for soil and water conservation and ecological construction to elucidate the mechanisms of the FT processes and its associated soil erosion processes. In this research, we designed the control simulation experiments to promote the understanding of FT-water combined erosion processes. The results showed that the runoff of freeze-thaw slope(FTS) decreased by 8% compared to the control slope(CS), and the total sediment yield of the FTS was 1.10 times that of the CS. The sediment yield rate from the FTS was significantly greater than that from the CS after 9 min of runoff(P0.01). Both in FTS and CS treatments, the relationships between cumulative runoff and sediment yield can be fitted well with power functions(R20.98, P0.01). Significant differences in the mean weight diameter(MWD) values of particles were observed for washed particles and splashed particles between the CS and the FTS treatments in the erosion process(P0.05). The mean MWD values under CS were smaller than those under FTS for both washed and splashed particles. The ratio of the absolute value of a regression coefficient between the CS and the FTS was 1.15, being roughly correspondent with the ratio of K between the two treatments. Therefore, the parameter a of the power function between cumulative runoff and sediment yield could be an acceptable indicator for expressing the soil erodibility. In conclusion, the FTS exhibited an increase in soil erosion compared to the CS. 相似文献
17.
Seasonal freeze-thaw processes have led to severe soil erosion in the middle and high latitudes. The area affected by freeze-thaw erosion in China exceeds 13% of the national territory. So understanding the effect of freeze-thaw on erosion process is of great significance for soil and water conservation as well as for ecological engineering. In this study, we designed simulated rainfall experiments to investigate soil erosion processes under two soil conditions, unfrozen slope (UFS) and frozen slope (FS), and three rainfall intensities of 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 mm/min. The results showed that the initial runoff time of FS occurred much earlier than that of the UFS. Under the same rainfall intensity, the runoff of FS is 1.17-1.26 times that of UFS; and the sediment yield of FS is 6.48-10.49 times that of UFS. With increasing rainfall time, rills were produced on the slope. After the appearance of the rills, the sediment yield on the FS accounts for 74%-86% of the total sediment yield. Rill erosion was the main reason for the increase in soil erosion rate on FS, and the reduction in water percolation resulting from frozen layers was one of the important factors leading to the advancement of rills on slope. A linear relationship existed between the cumulative runoff and the sediment yield of UFS and FS (R2>0.97, P<0.01). The average mean weight diameter (MWD) on the slope erosion particles was as follows: UFS0.9 (73.84 μm)>FS0.6 (72.30 μm)>UFS1.2 (72.23 μm)>substrate (71.23 μm)>FS1.2 (71.06 μm)>FS0.9 (70.72 μm). During the early stage of the rainfall, the MWD of the FS was relatively large. However, during the middle to late rainfall, the particle composition gradually approached that of the soil substrate. Under different rainfall intensities, the mean soil erodibility (MK) of the FS was 7.22 times that of the UFS. The ratio of the mean regression coefficient C2 (MC2) between FS and UFS was roughly correspondent with MK. Therefore, the parameter C2 can be used to evaluate soil erodibility after the appearance of the rills. This article explored the influence mechanism of freeze-thaw effects on loess soil erosion and provided a theoretical basis for further studies on soil erosion in the loess hilly regions. 相似文献
18.
不同草地类型土壤有效态微量元素含量特征 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
以贺兰山西坡不同草地类型土壤为对象,研究了土壤中微量元素Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu有效态含量特征及土壤有机碳、pH值、黏粉粒含量与气候因素之间的相互关系。结果表明:土壤有效态Fe,Mn,Zn的含量随着海拔的降低而逐渐降低,有效态Cu含量的积累顺序为:山地草原>荒漠化草原>高山草甸>草原化荒漠。4种元素在各种草地类型的积累量变化为:高山草甸Fe>Mn>Zn和Cu;山地草原和荒漠化草原Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn,草原化荒漠土壤中Fe和Mn含量差异不大,并大于Zn和Cu。土壤有效态Fe,Mn,Zn的含量与年均降水量、土壤有机碳、<0.05 mm黏粉粒含量都呈显著正相关,而与年均温度和土壤pH值呈显著负相关。土壤有效态Cu含量与年降水量、年均温度、土壤有机碳含量和<0.05 mm黏粉粒含量基本呈二次多项式,而与土壤pH相关性不显著。影响土壤有效态Fe和Mn含量的关键因素,0~20 cm土层为有机碳、年降水量和年均温,而20~40 cm土层土壤有机碳是其最重要的影响因素。0~20 cm土层土壤有效态Zn主要受土壤pH、黏粉粒含量和年降水量的影响。 相似文献