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1.
砂质土壤不同粒径颗粒中有机碳、养分和重金属状况   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
用分散、筛分和悬浮相结合的物理方法,研究了砂质土壤中养分和重金属在不同粒径有机、无机颗粒中的分布。研究表明,砂质土壤中Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Mn在颗粒状有机质(POM)有明显的富集,富集程度以Cu和Zn最为明显。粒径较小(0.05~1 mm)的POM组分中重金属的平均富集高于粒径较大(>1 mm)的POM组分。POM中重金属的富集因土壤重金属污染水平和重金属类型而异,并与土壤重金属的积累呈正相关。分析数据表明,土壤POM中重金属的积累不完全是植物分解残留的结果,土壤POM对重金属有强吸持能力可能是POM中重金属富集的主要原因之一。  相似文献   

2.
土壤中颗粒状有机质对重金属的吸附作用   总被引:16,自引:2,他引:16  
章明奎  郑顺安  王丽平 《土壤通报》2007,38(6):1100-1104
为了解土壤颗粒状有机质(POM)对重金属富集机理,用室内分析方法研究了土壤POM对Cu、Cd、Co、Pb、Ni和Zn等6种常见重金属的吸附作用。研究表明,土壤中颗粒状有机质(POM)对重金属有较高的吸附潜力,吸附过程是一个快速反应,在100分钟内可接近平衡。POM对重金属的吸附强度随pH的变化而变化,在pH5 ̄7范围达到较高水平,pH<5和pH>8均可降低POM对这些重金属的吸附;POM对重金属的吸附明显高于相同粒径的矿物质,也高于或接近于细土(<0.053mm)。重金属元素共存时,POM对重金属的吸附强度由大而小顺次为Cu>Pb>Cd>Cr>Co>Zn>Ni。移去土壤颗粒态有机质将显著降低土壤对重金属的吸附,增加土壤重金属的淋失风险。POM对重金属的强吸附性能可能是土壤中POM重金属富集的主要机理之一。  相似文献   

3.
颗粒态有机质(POM)属于活性较高的有机碳库,为了解在长期再生水灌溉条件下,灌区土壤POM是否会富集更多的重金属而对作物生长造成不利影响,研究比较6个不同灌溉年限(2,3,5,8,10,12年)的再生水灌溉区紫色水稻土中POM分布规律及重金属铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)的富集特征,以探明再生水灌溉条件下POM中重金属的动态变化过程及影响因素。结果表明,灌区紫色水稻土中1~0.05mm是POM的主要分布粒级,该粒级POM所占比例超过78%,>1mm的POM所占比例较低。灌区紫色水稻土中POM对重金属有较明显的富集作用,对Cu、Pb和Cd的平均富集系数分别为6.58,5.78和4.03,富集的Cu、Pb和Cd分别占土壤重金属总量的8.22%,7.27%和7.65%。随着再生水灌溉年限的增长,灌区紫色水稻土的重金属含量未超出土壤重金属环境质量二级标准,土壤有机质含量显著提高,而POM中重金属的富集系数呈下降趋势。POM中重金属的富集系数与灌溉时间的关系可用Elovich方程表示。  相似文献   

4.
大同市矿区中学地表灰尘重金属粒级效应及健康风险评估   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以大同市矿区6所中学的地表灰尘样品为研究对象,分析不分粒径的混合样品中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的总量,并分别测定其>0.25mm,0.25~0.15mm,<0.15mm团聚体中4种重金属含量,采用EF法和HI法探讨灰尘重金属富集特征和评估中学生的健康风险。结果表明,灰尘中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量的平均值分别为74.67,401.19,68.16,9.46mg/kg,均超过山西省土壤背景值及全国表层土壤背景值;Cu、Zn主要富集在粗颗粒中,而Pd和Cd在不同粒级上的富集无明显差别,4种重金属在不同粒级中富集的质量百分数均不相同;手-口摄入灰尘是重金属暴露的主要途径,4种重金属的健康风险大小顺序为Cu>Pb>Cd>Zn,大同市矿区不同功能区的6所中学的地表灰尘均不存在重金属健康风险。  相似文献   

5.
肥料重金属含量状况及施肥对土壤和作物重金属富集的影响   总被引:61,自引:5,他引:56  
本文对肥料中重金属的含量状况以及施肥对土壤和农作物重金属累积影响的研究进展进行了系统分析和总结。过磷酸钙中锌(Zn)、 铜(Cu)、 镉(Cd)、 铅(Pb)含量高于氮肥、 钾肥和三元复合肥,有机-无机复混肥料中的Pb含量高于其他化肥。有机肥如畜禽粪便、 污泥及其堆肥中的重金属含量高于化肥,猪粪中的Cu、 Zn、 砷(As)、 Cd含量明显高于其他有机废弃物,鸡粪中铬(Cr)含量高;污泥和垃圾堆肥中Pb或汞(Hg)含量高。商品有机肥Zn、 Pb和镍(Ni)含量高于堆肥,Hg含量高于畜禽粪便。多数研究表明,氮磷钾配施与不施肥相比土壤Cd和Pb含量增加,施用有机肥比不施肥提高土壤Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cd含量。施用化肥对农作物重金属富集的影响不明确,而施用有机肥可提高作物可食部位Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb 的含量,影响大小与有机肥种类、 用量、 土壤类型和pH以及作物种类等有很大关系。在今后的研究中应着重以下几个方面, 1)典型种植体系下土壤重金属的投入/产出平衡; 2)不同种植体系下长期不同施肥措施对土壤重金属含量、 有效性影响的动态趋势; 3)典型种植体系和施肥措施下土壤对重金属的最高承载年限; 4)现有施肥措施下肥料中重金属的最高限量标准。  相似文献   

6.
为了解干旱风沙区路域柠条林地土壤重金属的分布特征,探究其与不同粒径土壤颗粒和土壤分形维数的相关关系,为公路旁柠条林地土壤污染评价提供参考。以青银高速旁人工柠条林地为研究样地,调查了距高速公路0,30,60,100,150,200m灌丛林下表层土壤重金属Pb,Cu,Cd,Zn含量,并对土壤重金属含量与土壤粒径分布及土壤分形维数进行了相关分析。结果表明:(1)0~200m,土壤重金属Pb,Cu,Cd,Zn变化曲线均呈"单峰"型,峰值分别出现在150,30,0,60m处。(2)随着距高速公路距离的增加,土壤黏粒含量呈上升趋势,而极细砂粒呈下降趋势;土壤分形维数呈缓慢上升趋势。(3)相关分析显示,土壤Cd和Zn在土壤黏粒中存在明显富集作用,而土壤Pb和Cu在各粒径颗粒中均无富集作用。土壤Pb,Cu,Cd,Zn与土壤分形维数间均未表现出相关性(p0.05),而土壤黏粒(r=0.71,p0.05)和极细砂粒(r=0.73,p0.05)与土壤分形维数间均表现出线性相关关系。研究表明,干旱风沙区路域柠条灌丛林不同种类土壤重金属空间分布变化较大,且存在阈值。土壤粒径较小的黏粒更容易吸附重金属,其分布特点对路域土壤重金属扩散范围的研究有重要的参考意义。并且,土壤分形维数变化能够反映该区土壤理化性状的变化特征,可以将其作为路域土壤结构、土壤退化恢复程度的一个定量指标。  相似文献   

7.
为探讨城郊污灌土壤-小麦体系中重金属Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb和Zn的迁移富集特征及潜在健康风险,选取北京城郊污灌区24块代表性小麦(Triticumaestivum)样地,运用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(HR-ICP-MS)测定了土壤及小麦籽粒中消解态Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb和Zn含量。结果表明,污灌土壤中Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb和Zn的均值含量分别为26.51、0.24、101.29、28.04mg.kg-1和85.59mg.kg-1,高于北京土壤元素背景值,已出现积累现象;小麦籽粒中5种重金属含量顺序为Zn(52.38mg.kg-1)〉Cu(6.09mg.kg-1)〉C(r4.62mg.kg-1)〉Pb(0.17mg.kg-1)〉Cd(0.04mg.kg-1),其中Cr、Zn含量超出国家标准限值,食品安全需引起关注。在以污灌区小麦粉为主要食源条件下,健康风险评价显示:北京城郊污灌区单一重金属风险系数(HQ)尚未达到显著水平,但是郊区成人和儿童的5种重金属综合健康风险均大于1,4种不同人群的风险系数(HQ)和风险指数(HI)有相同的影响顺序,即郊区儿童〉郊区成人〉城区儿童〉城区成人;5种重金属中,Cr所占风险比例最小,由Cu和Zn所引起的健康风险所占比例最高。表明对北京城郊污灌区小麦籽粒主要消费区域和流通渠道以及由此引发的居民(尤其郊区儿童和成人)重金属健康风险需要予以关注,预防食品安全危害的发生。  相似文献   

8.
通过向供试土壤中添加CuSO4、ZnSO4、Pb(Ac)2、HgCl2以模拟受污土壤,研究接种于其中的微小双胸蚯蚓对重金属的富集作用。以不加重金属盐类为对照,分别研究了不同培养时间和不同重金属浓度对富集量的影响。结果表明,蚯蚓对各种重金属的富集量随着培养时间的增加而变化,且对不同重金属最大富集量的出现时间也不相同。在第2周时蚯蚓对Cu、Pb富集量达到最大,而对Zn的富集量在第4周时达到最大。与Cu、Zn、Pb的富集量相比,蚯蚓对Hg没有明显的富集作用,且对Hg的最大富集量时间不明显。在其耐受浓度范围内,蚯蚓对重金属的富集量随着重金属浓度的增加而增加,且蚯蚓对重金属的吸收顺序为:Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Hg,说明了微小双胸蚯蚓对Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg4种元素有一定的忍耐和富集能力,但其对重金属的忍耐和富集能力是有选择性的,说明不同重金属表现出的毒性是不一样的。研究结果初步推断,影响蚯蚓对重金属富集作用的主要原因可能是体内酶的作用,不同重金属可以从多方面干扰了动物机体内的生理生化功能。  相似文献   

9.
窦磊  马瑾  游远航  蔡立梅 《土壤》2008,40(5):812-818
土壤中有毒污染物的生物有效性及其在土壤-植物系统的迁移富集是当前研究的热点问题。该研究对乡镇企业密集地——东莞地区常见的7种叶菜类蔬菜及其相应土壤样品中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Pb等重金属元素的全量和稀盐酸可提取态进行了分析。结果表明:研究区蔬菜存在明显的有毒金属元素(Ni、Pb)超标和有益金属元素(Cu、Zn)缺乏问题,蔬菜重金属含量与土壤重金属总量和可提取态重金属含量均无显著的相关性,但可提取态含量的富集系数与蔬菜重金属含量具有显著相关性,其可以较好地指示土壤可提取态重金属向蔬菜系统的转移规律。不同品种蔬菜对各重金属的富集系数随可提取态重金属含量增加呈幂函数形式递减,且递减趋势与土壤中可提取态重金属含量范围密切相关。当数据量有限时,利用富集系数与对应可提取态重金属含量之间的回归模型对富集系数定量估值,其准确性要高于取相应的均值或中值。  相似文献   

10.
污灌区土壤团聚体重金属含量分布特征研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
  目的  研究污灌区农田土壤团聚体重金属负载和分布特征,为受污染耕地风险评估和安全利用提供科学指导。  方法  以河南省新乡县某污灌冬小麦种植农田土壤为研究对象,通过干筛法对不同土壤团聚体进行筛分,采用重金属分布因子和质量负载因子法,分析了不同粒径土壤团聚体中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb全量及有效态含量特征。  结果  研究区土壤pH值、有机质、阳离子交换量和电导率分别为7.38 ~ 9.07、11.04 ~ 42.99 g kg?1、5.80 ~ 14.81 cmol kg?1和124.77 ~ 394.70 μS cm?1。pH变异系数为3%,属于弱变异性,而有机质、阳离子交换量和电导率的变异系数分别达到17%、15%和24%,为低变异性。Cr在1 ~ 0.50 mm粒径土壤团聚体中含量最高,达到253.98 mg kg?1,而Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量在0.50 ~ 0.25 mm粒级团聚体最高,分别为22.49、6.59、18.99、1.12和22.88 mg kg?1。不同粒径团聚体中Cr、Ni、Zn和Pb分布因子均小于1,Cu分布因子仅在0.5 ~ 0.25 mm粒径的团聚体大于1,而Cd在不同粒径团聚体上的分布因子均大于1,不同粒径中重金属质量负载因子表现为5 ~ 2 mm > 8 ~ 5 mm > 2 ~ 1 mm > ( < 0.25 mm) > 1 ~ 0.50 mm > 0.50 ~ 0.25 mm。Cr、Zn有效态含量在< 0.25 mm粒径团聚体中含量最高,而Ni、Cu、Cd和Pb有效态含量在0.50 ~ 0.25 mm粒径团聚体中含量最高,团聚体各粒级重金属全量与有效态含量显著正相关(P < 0.05)。  结论  小粒径团聚体重金属总量和有效态含量较高,且两者呈显著正相关关系,而大粒径团聚体负载因子较高;所有重金属中Cd分布因子最高。  相似文献   

11.
水稻子实对不同形态重金属的累积差异及其影响因素分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
在分析成都平原核心区土壤重金属(Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn)全量、各形态含量及相应点位种植的水稻子实重金属含量的基础上,通过统计分析、空间插值及线性回归方程的模拟,研究了土壤Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn全量的空间分布状况、各形态重金属含量统计特征,以及水稻子实对重金属各形态的累积差异及其影响因素。结果表明,成都平原水稻土重金属污染较轻,除Cd外,均低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准。土壤中重金属的可交换态含量均较低,Cd主要以铁锰氧化态存在,Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb主要以残渣态存在。水稻子实对5种重金属的累积效应顺序为:Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr。与水稻重金属累积关系密切的重金属活性形态(可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态)主要有:Cd的碳酸盐结合态、Cr的可交换态、Pb的有机物结合态和Cu的碳酸盐结合态含量;Zn各活性形态对水稻子实含量的影响不明显。土壤理化性质对不同活性形态重金属元素的影响效应各不相同。活性态Cd主要受有机质、pH和容重的影响;活性态Cr与pH、有机质、CEC和容重密切相关;活性态Pb与有机质、容重、中细粉粒、砂粒等均有密切的关系;Cu的活性主要受粘粒、有机质含量的影响;Zn的有效性主要受pH、有机质、砂粒、容重的影响。总的看来,对土壤Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn各活性形态含量影响效应较强的是有机质、pH、容重,而与土壤吸附性能密切相关的颗粒组成、CEC的影响不甚明显。  相似文献   

12.
引黄灌区是我国重要的农业生产基地,其土壤重金属赋存状况直接关系到农业的可持续发展。本研究以黑岗口引黄灌区开封北郊稻麦轮作下农田土壤为研究对象,采集了耕作层(0~15 cm与15~30 cm)与剖面(0~100 cm)土壤样品,对其土壤剖面主要性质与重金属Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的积累特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)长期引黄灌溉及稻麦轮作下,开封北郊农业土壤主要性质在剖面上表现出明显的分异特征:总有机碳(TOC)与全氮(TN)含量主要分布在耕作层土壤,而30 cm以下的土层其含量明显降低;全磷(TP)含量在各土壤层中无明显差异;在部分土壤剖面中CaCO3呈现出明显的淀积层。(2)耕作层(0~30 cm)土壤中重金属Pb、Cu、Zn的含量与研究区背景值相当,而Cd含量显著高于背景值。除少部分剖面含量超标外,Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的平均含量均未超出WHO限值,且远低于我国农业土壤环境质量标准。因子分析源解析表明:引黄灌区土壤中Pb、Cu和Zn具有相似的来源和迁移特性,而Cd的来源和迁移特性具有特殊性,它可能与当地的化肥施用等农业活动有关。(3)土壤剖面中Cu和Zn具有明显的表聚现象,Pb的表聚作用不明显,而Cd在剖面各层土壤含量具有较大变异性,这与重金属的自身属性、土壤剖面性质和当地的耕作条件有较大相关性。(4)Cu和Zn在土壤剖面主要以有机结合态和残余态形式存在;Pb的残余态、有机态以及铁锰氧化态含量也较高,且Pb的全量与有机结合态含量百分比变化呈现出一定的相似性;而Cd具有较高的碳酸盐结合态和离子交换态,表明Cd在土壤中具有较强的移动性,预示Cd的潜在健康风险较高。  相似文献   

13.
Particulate organic matter fractions (POM), defined as sand‐sized organic separates in soils, are known to be labile organic components with a rapid turnover. Recently, POM fractions were identified to be metal‐enriched in both metal‐contaminated and uncontaminated soils. However, mechanisms for such metal‐enrichment are poorly understood, because of the paucity of information on the chemical properties of POM. The aim of this study was to quantify the reactivity of POM towards Cu and to show a POM‐size effect on this reactivity. POM was isolated from soils with different organic amendment managements: straw (S), conifer compost (CC), and non‐amended (NA). Two POM size fractions were isolated by density‐fractionation in water: 50–200 μm and 200–2000 μm. These fractions were studied for their metal contents, acid‐base properties and affinity toward Cu. The buffer capacity and Cu affinity were modeled by FITEQL 4.0 software and compared between the two POM size fractions. Each POM size fraction provided a buffer capacity due to the presence of reactive sites, the greatest being for the 50–200 μm POM fractions. A signature of organic inputs as seen by the buffer capacities was observed for the 50–200 μm but not for the 200–2000 μm POM fractions. But Cu affinity was comparable between the coarse and fine POM fractions and no significant differences were found between NA, S and CC samples. We checked the hypothesis that decreasing POM size due to degradation processes generates more reactive surface sites. Results confirmed that soil POM plays a key role as a metal sink, due to its chemical properties.  相似文献   

14.
The present study investigated the impact of long‐term soil management on the metal retention capacity of soil. We examined the sorption behaviour of Cu, Cd and Zn in soils and in the various particle‐size fractions of these soils, which had been amended with farmyard manure, mineral fertilizers or were fallow for 38 years in a long‐term field experiment. The soils investigated contained different amounts and origins of organic matter and differed in soil pH, but the mineral phase showed less response to the different soil managements. Batch adsorption and desorption experiments as well as a sequential fractionation schema, which defines seven geochemical fractions, were used to investigate the retention properties of soil. Sequential extraction was conducted with original as well as with metal‐spiked soils. Results showed that amounts of Cu, Cd and Zn retained differed by a factor of more than 3 among the treatments in the long‐term field experiment, when a massive concentration of metal was added to soil. An increased sorption on smaller particle size fractions occurred (clay ≫ silt > fine sand ≥ coarse sand) due to the larger surface area as well as the greater carbon content in the smaller fractions. Soil sorption behaviour in another long‐term field experiment was estimated based on the present particle‐sorption data. Differences in the sorption behaviour were related to differences in soil mineralogy and amounts of Fe‐ and Mn‐oxides. Fractionation of the original and the metal‐spiked soil underlined the contribution of organic matter to sorption capacity (sequence: Cu ≫ Cd > Zn). Different organic matter contents and a different soil pH considerably changed the amounts of metals in the defined geochemical fractions. Freshly added Cu, Cd and Zn ions were found mainly in more mobile fractions. In contrast, metals in non‐spiked soils appeared in less‐mobile fractions reflecting their long‐term sorption behaviour.  相似文献   

15.

Purpose

Heavy metal distribution in soils is affected by soil aggregate fractionation. This study aimed to demons trate the aggregate-associated heavy metal concentrations and fractionations in “sandy,” “normal,” and “mud” soils from the restored brackish tidal marsh, oil exploitation zone, and tidal mudflat of the Yellow River Delta (YRD), China.

Materials and methods

Soil samples were sieved into the aggregates of >2, 0.25–2, 0.053–0.25, and <0.053 mm to determine the concentrations of exchangeable (F1), carbonate-bound (F2), reducible (F3), organic-bound (F4), and residual fraction (F5) of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn.

Results and discussion

The 0.25–2 mm aggregates presented the highest concentrations but the lowest mass loadings (4.23–12.18 %) for most metal fractions due to low percentages of 0.25–2 mm aggregates (1.85–3.12 %) in soils. Aggregates <0.053 mm took majority mass loadings of metals in sandy and normal soils (62.04–86.95 %). Most soil aggregates had residual Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and reducible Cd, Pb dominated in the total Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations. Sandy soil contained relatively high F4, especially of Cu (F4) in 0.25–2 mm aggregates (10.22 mg kg?1), which may relate to significantly high organic carbon contents (23.92 g kg?1, P?<?0.05). Normal soil had the highest total concentrations of metals, especially of Cu, Ni, and Pb, which was attributed to the high F3 and F5 in the <0.053 mm aggregates. Although mud soil showed low total concentrations of heavy metals, the relatively high concentrations of bioavailable Cd and Cu resulted from the relatively high Cd (F2) and Cu (F2) in the >2 mm aggregates indicated contribution of carbonates to soil aggregation and metal adsorption in tidal mud flat.

Conclusions

Soil type and aggregate distribution were important factors controlling heavy metal concentration and fractionation in YRD wetland soil. Compared with mud soil, normal soil contained increased concentrations of F5 and F3 of metals in the 0.053–0.25 mm aggregate, and sandy soil contained increased concentrations of bioavailable and total Cr, Ni, and Zn with great contribution of mass loadings in the <0.053 mm aggregate. The results of this study suggested that oil exploitation and wetland restoration activities may influence the retention characteristics of heavy metals in tidal soils through variation of soil type and aggregate fractions.
  相似文献   

16.
为探讨有机种植与常规种植两种不同种植方式对土壤重金属含量和污染特性的影响,本文在华北5个地区选取典型的有机蔬菜和有机小麦种植基地及附近相似条件的常规种植地块,比较了土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、As共6种重金属含量的差异,并采用不同评价方法对不同种植方式下土壤中重金属的污染程度进行了评价。结果表明:与常规种植相比,有机种植减轻了土壤酸化和盐渍化,提高了土壤有机质含量和阳离子交换量,在一定程度上有利于降低土壤中重金属的生物有效性。与土壤背景值相比,所有调查地区的土壤重金属均有不同程度的增加和积累。与常规种植相比,有机种植模式能有效降低土壤中Cd、Cr含量,有机小麦种植地块因长期施用大量有机肥导致土壤中Cu、Zn、As大量富集;而常规温室菜田同时施用大量的有机肥、化肥及农药,土壤中Cu、Zn、As富集的风险比有机种植模式高;露天蔬菜有机种植地块土壤中Cu、Zn、As含量与常规地块差异不明显。综合污染指数评价结果显示,调查地区土壤均属于轻污染程度,主要贡献因子为Cd、Cu、Zn,有机种植降低了土壤中重金属的综合污染水平;地累积指数法评价结果表明,调查地区处于无污染到中等污染水平,最明显的污染元素是Cd,有机种植降低了土壤中重金属污染的程度和风险;潜在生态危害指数评价结果表明,所调查地块存在轻微潜在生态风险,其中产生较大生态危害的是Cd,表现出轻微生态危害程度。本研究表明,有机种植减轻了土壤中重金属综合污染水平和污染风险,并减轻了土壤重金属的潜在生态危害。  相似文献   

17.
Mornag Plain is a coastal area of the Mediterranean basin, which has undergone an agricultural industrial boom. The aim of this study was to investigate the different water qualities used for irrigation on heavy metal mobility in these polluted agricultural soils. The geo-accumulation indices for heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) revealed that industrial activities and used treated wastewater (TWW) contributed to soil pollution, and water irrigation always decreased this contamination. After long-term use of different water types, high perturbation of heavy metal redistribution has occurred. Groundwater use altered all heavy metal redistributions in the irrigated soil among various soil-solid and soil-solution fractions, as compared to the unirrigated soil. Slight acid water use transferred some metals from different solid phase components into water-soluble and exchangeable fractions. However, TWW use transformed some Ni, Cr, Cd, Cu, and Zn from water-soluble and exchangeable fractions to less labile fractions, particularly into organically bound fractions. Reuse of conventional water within the same soil decreased the whole soil redistribution index values, indicating tendency to return to the pattern of distribution of groundwater-irrigated soil.  相似文献   

18.
The risk assessment of heavy‐metal contamination in soils requires knowledge of the controls of metal concentrations and speciation. We tested the relationship between soil properties (pH, CEC, Corg, oxide concentrations, texture) and land use (forest, grassland, arable) and the partitioning of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn among the seven fractions of a sequential extraction procedure in 146 A horizons from Slovakia. Using a cluster analysis, we identified 92 soils as representing background metal concentrations while the remaining 54 soils showed anthropogenic contamination. Among the background soils, forest soils had the lowest heavy‐metal concentrations except for Pb (highest), because of the shielding effect of the organic layer. Arable soils had the highest Cr, Cu, and Ni concentrations suggesting metal input with agrochemicals. Grassland soils had the highest Cd and Zn concentrations probably for geogenic reasons. Besides the parent material (highest metal concentrations in soils from carbonatic rock, lowest in quartz‐rich soils with sandy texture), pedogenic eluviation processes controlled metal concentrations with podzols showing depletion of most metals in E horizons. Partitioning among the seven fractions of the sequential extraction procedure was element‐specific. The pH was the overwhelming control of the contributions of the bioavailable fractions (fractions 1–4) of all metals and even influenced the contributions of Fe oxide‐associated metals (fractions 5 and 6) to total metal concentrations. For fractions 5 and 6, Fe concentrations in oxides were the most important control of contributions to total metal concentrations. After statistically separating the pH from land use, we found that the contributions of Cu in fractions 1–4 and of NH4NO3‐extractable Al, Cd, Pb, and Zn to total metal concentrations were significantly higher under forest than under grassland and in some cases arable use. Our results confirm that metal speciation in soils is mainly controlled by the pH. Furthermore, land use has a significant effect.  相似文献   

19.
大宝山矿区农田土壤重金属污染及其植物累积特征   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
张晗  靳青文  黄仁龙  林宁  贾珍珍  舒月红 《土壤》2017,49(1):141-149
对金属矿山选冶活动影响的农田土壤,不同灌溉水源会影响重金属的分布累积特征。根据实际情况将大宝山矿区农田土壤分为污水灌溉区、清水灌溉区、自然修复区和对照区,并进行土壤和植物样品采集,调查研究了土壤的基本理化性质,Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn 5种重金属的含量和化学形态分布,以及不同区域植物中重金属的含量。结果表明:污灌区Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的含量最高,是自然修复区和清水灌溉区的1.75倍~10.51倍,对照区最低;Mn在各采样点的含量无显著差别。土壤Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb含量两两之间显著正相关,Mn与Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb呈负相关关系;土壤pH与重金属环境有效态关系密切。残渣态是5种重金属的主要存在形态,有机态含量也较高;Cd的环境有效态含量占总量的比例是其他4种重金属的2倍左右。稻米中5种重金属在清水灌溉区的含量均比污水灌溉区低,其中Cu和Zn的含量在两区域均未超标(NY861-2004),而Pb和Cd的含量严重超标。重金属在自然修复区和清水灌溉区呈现较低的土壤污染和人体健康风险,该研究数据可为金属矿区土壤污染控制提供科学的依据。  相似文献   

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