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1.
The microsome-NADPH system of mouse liver oxidizes each of benthiocarb, butylate, cycloate, EPTC, molinate, pebulate, and vernolate herbicide chemicals to the corresponding thiocarbamate sulfoxide which is then cleaved by the liver soluble-glutathione system. These sulfoxides are also detected as transient metabolites in the liver of mice injected with EPTC, molinate, pebulate, and vernolate but not with the other three thiocarbamates. Thiocarbamate sulfones are not detected as metabolites of the thiocarbamates. Studies in vivo and in vitro with [14C]EPTC and -pebulate or their corresponding sulfoxides and/or sulfones further indicate that sulfoxidation is the initial metabolic step in cleavage of the thiocarbamate ester group. Sulfoxidation appears to be a detoxification mechanism for thiocarbamate herbicides in mammals.  相似文献   

2.
The rapid effects of the thiocarbamate herbicide S-ethyl dipropyl thiocarbamate (EPTC) and the herbicide protectant N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide (DDCA) on macromolecular syntheses and glutathione (GSH) levels in maize cell cultures were studied to determine whether stimulation of GSH could be the primary mechanism of action of DDCA. EPTC (0.5 and 1 mM) reduced incorporation of radioactive precursors within 1 hr after treatment, and affected incorporation of [3H]acetate into lipids more than incorporation of [3H]adenosine into acid-precipitable nucleic acids, or [14C]protein hydrolysate into protein. [14C]EPTC was rapidly biotransformed within 8 hr by maize cell suspensions. Measureable decreases in GSH levels following treatment with 1 mM EPTC occurred after 15 hr. DDCA stimulated incorporation of [3H]acetate into lipids within 4 hr but did not affect incorporation of [14C]protein hydrolysate into protein or [3H]adenosine incorporation into nucleic acids. Measureable increases in GSH following DDCA treatment began after 12 hr. Treatment with EPTC and DDCA in combination inhibited incorporation of [3H]acetate into lipids less than EPTC given alone. Increases in GSH levels could be observed following pretreatments with glutathione precursors, but no protectant activity could be detected, in contrast to treatments with DDCA. It is suggested that DDCA has an initial rapid effect on lipid metabolism followed by a slower effect involving increases in cellular GSH.  相似文献   

3.
The influence of EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) on the hydrogenation of geranylgeranylchlorophyll (GG-Chl) to phytol-Chl was studied during the greening (6-, 12-, 18-, 24-, and 48-hr incandescent light exposure) of etiolated wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) cv “Stacy”] and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv “G 522DR”] seedlings grown in nutrient solution containing 14C-labeled sodium acetate. Chloroplast pigment synthesis occurred and small quantities of GG-Chl were found in both Chl?a and Chl?b. When wheat seedlings were greened for 48 hr in an EPTC concentration series (1 nM to 100 μM), geranylgeraniol (GG) content increased from 11% (control) to 60% (100 μM EPTC) of the isoprenoid alcohol esterified to chlorophyllide a, but Chl-b contained ≤1% GG-Chl at all concentrations of EPTC. Sorghum seedlings greened for 48 hr in the same EPTC concentration series contained about 3% GG (control) while 100 and 40% GG esterified to chlorophyllide a and chlorophyllide b, respectively, after 48 hr exposure to 100 μM EPTC. Thus, EPTC prevented hydrogenation of GG-Chl to phytol-Chl on the Chl molecule more in sorghum than in wheat.  相似文献   

4.
Accelerated degradation of vernolate, EPTC and butylate but not of cycloate was detected in soils from three locations in Israel which were treated annually with vernolate. Repeated application of EPTC to soils with and without a history of vernolate application, under laboratory conditions, resulted in a progressive increase in its rate of dissipation with each application. Accelerated degradation of EPTC was also rapidly induced by mixing small amounts (5%) of soil with a history of vernolate treatment with soil that had never received vernolate. Liberation of 14CO2 from [14C]EPTC was more rapid in vernolate-treated soils than in untreated soils, indicating a development of microbial populations in soil capable of rapidly degrading the EPTC. Degradation of [14C]EPTC was faster in soil previously cropped with maize than in non-cropped soil, but slower in soils cropped with cotton or peanuts.  相似文献   

5.
S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) inhibited gibberellic acid (GA) precursor biosynthesis in a cell-free enzyme preparation from unruptured, etiolated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cv. G522 DR) coleoptiles. EPTC, 1 μM, inhibited incorporation of [14C]mevalonic acid into kaurene 60%, while 10 μM EPTC inhibited 14C incorporation into kaurene 90%. The precursor of kaurene cyclization (GGPP) increased in 14C content at both EPTC concentrations. R-25788 reversed the EPTC inhibition of kaurene synthesis. Kaurene oxidation was modified by both EPTC and R-25788. Hypothesized modes of action for EPTC and R-25788 are (a) inhibition of GA synthesis, (b) increased peroxidase activity resulting in increased lignification, (c) increased detoxification by sulfoxidation and carbamoylation, and (d) inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and/or desaturation. These hypotheses are discussed with three of them being incorporated into one working unit which correlates with EPTC and R-25788 symptom phenology. The fourth hypothesis could also fit into this general pattern.  相似文献   

6.
The rapid interactions between the herbicide S-ethyl dipropyl thiocarbamate (EPTC) and the structurally similar herbicide protectant N,N-diallyl 2,2-dichloroacetamide (DDCA) at the level of herbicide uptake were examined in maize cell cultures. When the two compounds were given simultaneously, DDCA inhibited uptake of [14C]EPTC into maize cells measured for 30 min. A Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated this inhibition to be competitive. N,N-Diallyl 2-chloroacetamide (CDAA), a compound similar in structure to DDCA, inhibited uptake to a lesser extent. Other protectants having no similarity in structure to either DDCA or EPTC had no inhibitory effect on the uptake of EPTC. The data suggest that competition between DDCA and EPTC for a site of uptake may be related to their similarity in chemical structure. Experiments with metabolic inhibitors suggested that uptake of EPTC is not via an active transport mechanism. We suggest that competition for uptake between EPTC and DDCA may represent the first step in a complex series of interactions between the herbicide and its protectant that contributes to the protection of maize from herbicide injury.  相似文献   

7.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Holley) seedlings were exposed to [N-14CH3]norflurazon in nutrient solution studies. The 14CH3 group was incorporated into a compound eluting on GLC at a relative retention temperature Rf equivalent to n-C21 H36 and mass spectrometry validated a 295 MW. The concentration of [N-14CH3]norflurazon and/or Rl[14C]norflurazon which resulted in carotenogenesis inhibition was 0.07 μM in the water contained in the leaves. The concentration of norflurazon required for phytoene accumulation as a mode-of-action was ca. 140 × the concentration of norflurazon required for geranylgeraniol accumulation. Geranylgeraniol accumulated at 1 ppbw (3.2 nM) norflurazon and phytofluene accumulated throughout the norflurazon concentration series (1 to 1000 ppbw). Carotene content was increased by 1 to 16 ppbw norflurazon but was decreased by 64 ppbw norflurazon. Thus, two modes-of-activity for norflurazon are documented that depend upon concentration of the toxicant in the tissue. Norflurazon demethylation in prephytoenepyrophosphate synthesis resulted in a C21 conjugate and increased concentrations of GGPP and phytoene in the tissue. At approximately 31 ppbw norflurazon, an inhibition of phytoene dehydrogenation occurred and phytoene accumulated. At 62 ppbw norflurazon, phytofluene hydrogenation inhibition occurred and phytofluene accumulated while β-carotene synthesis was inhibited. These inhibitions may possibly be reversible when substrate concentrations are in excess.  相似文献   

8.
A bacterial strain has been isolated from an enhanced thiocarbamate degradation soil and identified as Corynebacterium sp. The strain was capable of rapidly metabolizing EPTC in a liquid culture where the herbicide was the sole source of carbon. Evolution of high quantities of [14C]carbon dioxide was coupled with a rapid decline of [14C]EPTC in the medium; after 12 h incubation these accounted for, respectively, 60% and 0% of the recoverable radioactivity. Radioactivity in the polar extract increased gradually up to 20% after 6 h of incubation and then declined slowly. TLC analysis and identification based on comparison to reference compounds showed that the polar extract consisted of EPTC sulfoxide and two conjugates, EPTC-GSH and EPTC-cysteine (1·8%, 3·4%, and 16%, respectively). Piperonyl butoxide and tetcyclasis, but not tridiphane, were found to be effective inhibitors of EPTC metabolism in the bacterial culture, suggesting that the breakdown of EPTC might be carried out by a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase-type activity. The thiocarbamate extender, dietholate, also strongly inhibited the metabolism of EPTC in bacterial culture. Based on these results it was postulated that the bacteria metabolize EPTC mainly by hydroxylation of the α-propyl carbon finally to release [14C]carbon dioxide, while EPTC sulfoxidation appears to be a minor route.  相似文献   

9.
Glutathione (GSH) content and GSH S-transferase activity are consistently increased in corn roots on 24-hr exposure of corn seedlings to part per million levels of N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide (R-25788) and related antidotes for thiocarbamate herbicide injury in susceptible corn varieties. This combined enhancement of enzyme activity and cofactor level leads to rapid detoxification of thiocarbamate sulfoxides, which are proposed to be the active herbicidal compounds formed on metabolic sulfoxidation. S-(N,N-Dipropylcarbamyl)-GSH is formed by this enzyme-catalyzed detoxification of EPTC sulfoxide. This hypothesis on antidote mode of action is supported by studies on 32 dichloroacetamides and related compounds and on the concentration- and time-dependent relationships of R-25788 action. The liver GSH content is normal in mice injected with high doses of R-25788, but the content is reduced when EPTC or EPTC sulfoxide is administered. EPTC sulfoxide also carbamoylates the thiol group of coenzyme A in neutral aqueous medium.  相似文献   

10.
Height and fresh weight of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. var GA 522 DR) grown in sand were reduced by metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide) (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, or 1 ppmw) applied preemergence. Significantly different responses were obtained from plants grown at two light intensities (270 and 27 μein/m2/sec). When grown in nutrient solution containing 0, 0.0156, 0.0625, 0.25, 1, 16, or 64 ppmw metolachlor, shoot and root lengths were inhibited by metolachlor; fresh and dry weights of shoot, root, and total plant decreased as metolachlor concentration increased. Carotene content (micrograms per gram fresh weight) in sorghum leaves was decreased by metolachlor. Specific activity of carotene synthesized from [2-14C] mevalonic acid by carrot (Daucus carota L.) disks was reduced 50% by 10?5 and 10?4M metolachlor. Thus, terpenoid biosynthesis is influenced by metolachlor. Gibberellins are terminal products of plant terpenoid biosynthesis, and GA3 reverses metolachlor inhibition of growth at specific ratios of GA3 and metolachlor but not at other concentrations. Thus, one effect of metolachlor on plants may be an inhibition of GA synthesis that results in shoot and root growth reductions as metolachlor concentration increases. Other growth responses of plants to metolachlor are unexplained.  相似文献   

11.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Holley) was grown for 15 days in sand into which S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) (0, 15.6, 31.25, 62.5, or 125.0 μg/kg) had been incorporated. Growth was decreased more by EPTC under high light intensity (270 μein/m2/sec) than under low light (20 μein/m2/sec) intensity. Wheat grown in the dark did not respond to EPTC at these concentrations. In high light intensity, plastoquinone-9, plastohydroquinone-9, α-tocopheroquinone, and α-tocopherol contents (nanomoles per gram fresh weight) increased as EPTC concentration increased. Similar but less marked results occurred at the low light intensity. Plastohydroquinone-9/plastoquinone and α-tocopherol/α-tocopheroquinone ratios increased at both light intensities as EPTC concentration increased. This indicated an EPTC-induced inhibition of plastohydroquinone and α-tocopherol epoxidation. Chlorophyll a and b and total carotenoid contents increased as EPTC concentration increased in plants grown at high light intensities. Changes in the membrane electron carriers contents per unit of chlorophyll or carotenoid (micrograms per milligram of pigment) occurred. As a tentative hypothesis, it is suggested that transmembrane electron transport systems were inhibited, but growth in size (fresh weight per pot) was inhibited more than was synthesis of the various pigments and quinones. Thus, a separation of growth and metabolic response to EPTC was demonstrated.  相似文献   

12.
l-[U-14C]sucrose accumulation by phloem sieve tube members (PSTM) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Holley’) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. ‘G522 DR’) was inhibited by the nonpermeant sulfhydryl inhibitor p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid (PCMBS), and this inhibition was reversed by the permeant sulfhydryl protectants dithiothreitol (DTT) and dithioerythritol (DTE). S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) (≤0.1 mM) did not inhibit [14C]sucrose accumulation by wheat or sorghum PSTM. N-N-Diallyl-2-chloroacetamide (CDAA) (1 mM) inhibited [14C]sucrose accumulation by sorghum but not by wheat PSTM. The inhibition of [14C]sucrose accumulation in sorghum PSTM by the membrane permeant CDAA was reversed by DTT. Sorghum growth was inhibited by <1 μM CDAA. Membrane permeant 2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate (CDEC) (0.1 mM) inhibited [14C]sucrose accumulation by PSTM of sorghum but not wheat. The inhibition of sucrose accumulation in sorghum PSTM by 0.1 mM CDEC was reversed by DDT.  相似文献   

13.
The efficacies of nine structural analogues of the herbicide antidote naphthalene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid anhydride (naphthalic anhydride, NA) for the protection of maize (Zea mays L. cv. DeKalb XL72AA and DeKalb XL67) against injury by the herbicide S-ethyl dipropyl(thiocarbamate) (EPTC) were elevated under greenhouse conditions. The chemical analogues of NA tested were: acenaphthenequinone (ACQ); 4-aminonaphthalene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid anhydride (NH2NA); 1,8:4,5-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (NDiA); naphthalene- 1,8-carboximide (NHNA); 4-chloronaphthalene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid anhydride (C1NA); biphenyl-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid anhydride (diphenic anhydride; DA); 2-phenylglutaric anhydride (PGA); phthalic anhydride (PHA); phenalen-1-one (PA). Pre-plant incorporated applications of EPTC at 2.2, 4.5, 6.7, and 9.0 kg ha?1 were highly toxic to XL67 maize. Appreciable injury to XL72AA maize by EPTC was observed only with the high rates of EPTC (6.7 and 9.0 kg ha?1). Of the analogues tested PGA and PA were very toxic and inhibited germination of both maize hybrids. NA, ACQ, NH2NA, NDiA, NHNA, C1NA, DA, and PHA applied as seed dressings at 5.0 and 10 g per kg of seed offered satisfactory protection to XL72AA maize against EPTC rates higher than 6.7 kg ha?1. The same antidotes significantly antagonised the EPTC activity against XL67 maize but the overall protection obtained was partial and not agronomically important. The presence of the dicarboxylic anhydride group and of at least one aromatic ring attached directly to the anhydride appeared to be essential for the exhibition of protective activity by the structural analogues of NA. NA was slightly toxic to both hybrids of maize and chlorination of NA increased the phytotoxicity of this molecule. A genetic component that is present in the thiocarbamate-tolerant XL72AA hybrid but absent from the thiocarbamate-susceptible XL67 hybrid of maize appeared to be important for the phytotoxic activity of EPTC and may be involved in the protective activity of NA and its structural analogues.  相似文献   

14.
The purpose of this study was to examine the differential activities of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) with respect to atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-S-triazine] and EPTC (S-ethyldipropyl thiocarbamate) metabolism. GSH-S-transferase was isolated from proso millet shoots and roots. When assayed spectrophotometrically using CDNB (1-chloro 2,4-dinitrobenzene) as a substrate, the shoot enzyme had only 10% of the activity of corn shoot enzyme while the root enzyme had 33% the activity of corn root enzyme. However, when proso millet shoot GSH-S-transferase was assayed in vitro using 14C-ring-labeled atrazine, it degraded the atrazine to water-soluble products at the same rate as the corn shoot enzyme. Incubation of excised proso millet and corn roots with [14C]EPTC indicated that uptake of EPTC was similar in both plants. However, proso millet metabolized the EPTC to water-soluble products at only half the rate of corn. Glutathione levels of proso millet roots were 35.9 μg GSH/g fresh wt, compared with 65.4 μg GSH/g fresh wt for corn. However, a 2.5-day pretreatment with R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2-2-dichloroacetamide) elevated proso millet GSH levels to 62.7 μg GSH/g fresh wt. R-25788 did not elevate the activity of proso millet GSH-S-transferase, in contrast to its effects on corn. We conclude that differences in response to atrazine and EPTC in proso millet and corn are a result of their differential metabolism.  相似文献   

15.
Diallate [S-(2,3-dichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate] incorporated into sand significantly inhibited sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv Funks G 522DR) growth of 14-day-old seed lings. Inhibition was competitively reversed by exogenous giberellic acid (GA3) (0.1 and 10 ppmw). Diallate inhibited gibberellin (GA) precursor biosynthesis in a cell-free enzyme preparation from unruptured, etiolated sorghum coleoptiles. Diallate (10 μM) inhibited kaurene oxidation 40% with a 2.7 × increase in kauren-ol and a 50% decrease in kaurenoic acid. The GA biosynthesis inhibition correlates with symptom phenology and field use application concentrations. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate accumulated 5 × at 0.1 μM diallate concentrations but concomitant kaurene concentration decreases did not occur. At 10 μM diallate, kaurene synthetase was inhibited 33%.  相似文献   

16.
The rapid effects of the herbicide EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) and the protectant DDCA (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide) on [2-14C]acetate incorporation into lipids of maize cell cultures were studied in order to determine whether they act at similar sites of lipid synthesis. DDCA, at 0.05 mM and 0.1 mM, increased the incorporation of [2-14C]acetate into neutral lipids of a total lipid extract within 2 h. It had very little effect on the major polar lipid constituents. DDCA altered neither the distribution of label within the major lipid classes, nor turnover of the major lipids within 2 h. EPTC (0.1 mM) inhibited overall uptake of [2-14C]acetate into both neutral and polar lipids by about 30% after a 2-h incubation. The major polar lipid affected was an unidentified glycolipid. In addition to reducing the quantity of lipids synthesized, EPTC changed the lipid profile, altering the distribution of label, mainly within the neutral lipid fraction. A crude membrane fraction from maize cells contained both polar lipids and some neutral lipids. DDCA stimulated [2-14C]acetate incorporation into different lipid species. EPTC inhibited incorporation of [2-14C]acetate into both neutral and polar membrane lipids but altered significantly only its distribution into neutral lipids. DDCA (0.1 mM) given together with EPTC (0.2 mM) partially counteracted the effect of EPTC within the neutral lipid fraction. It is suggested that DDCA has a rapid effect on lipid synthesis, but it is probably not sufficient to account for the entire mode of action of the protectant.  相似文献   

17.
Summary. Thiocarbamate herbicides were applied with incorporation devices and new subsurface application equipment on loamy sand at Tifton, Georgia, U.S.A. Subsurface-applied ethyl N,N-dipropylthiolcarbamate (EPTC), S-propyl bulylethylthiocarbamate (pebulate), and S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate) generally gave better control of Cyperus esculentus L. and Richardia scabra St Hil, but injured peanuts more than applications made on the soil surface and then incorporated into the soil. For soil incorporation, the power-driven rotary hoe was generally better than a disc harrow. Depth of subsurface placement critically affected herbicidal activity, especially on Cyperus esculentus; placement 1·5 in. below the soil surface gave more effective control than placement at 5·5 in. Réactions de Cyperus esculentus, de Richardia scabra et de l'arachide mix herbicides à base de thiocarbamate, en relation avec la methode de placement dans le sol  相似文献   

18.
Eleven corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids were evaluated in terms of their growth response to treatment with a high rate (6.7 kg ha?1) of the thiocarbamate herbicide, EPTC, and the chloroacetanilide herbicide, metolachlor. Most of the tested hybrids were more susceptible to treatment with metolachlor than EPTC. It was apparent that the degree of tolerance observed for one of these herbicides was not necessarily matched by a similar degree of tolerance to the other. No correlation between glutathione content and herbicide tolerance was observed for the 11 hybrids tested. A relationship between glutathione S–transferase (GST) activity and metolachlor tolerance was suggested by this study. In general, higher GST activities were characteristic of the more tolerant hybrids. The monooxygenase inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), in combination with EPTC resulted in a synergistic effect on eight of the eleven tested hybrids. PBO acted synergistically in combination with metolachlor on only two hybrids and to a lesser extent than with EPTC. Soil treatment with the oxygen evolving compound, calcium peroxide, appeared to have an antagonistic effect on the growth response of ‘Northrup–King 9283’ corn treated with EPTC. In contrast the same treatment had a synergistic effect on the growth response of this hybrid to metolachlor. Both the synergism of EPTC by PBO and the antagonism by calcium peroxide are believed to be due to the importance of monooxygenase activity in the metabolism of EPTC. Tolerance to EPTC is consequently more likely to be influenced by oxidative reactions than is tolerance to metolachlor. Réponses comparées d'hybrides sélectionnés de mai's (Zea mays) a l'EPTC et au métolachlor Onze hybrides de mai's (Zea mays) ont étéétudiés en regard de leur croissance suite à un traitement à une dose é1evée (6.7 kg ha?1) de 1'herbicide thiocarbamate, EPTC et de 1'herbicide chloroacétanilide, métolachlor. La plupart des hybrides testés étaient plus sensibles au métolachlor qu' à l'EPTC. II est apparu que le degré de tolérance observé pour 1'un de ces herbicides n'était pas nécessairement accompagné par un degré similaire de tolérance pour 1'autre. Aucune corrélation entre la teneur en glutathion et la tolérance herbicide n'a été observée pour les 11 hybrides testés. Une relation entre 1'activité de la glutathion S–trans–férase (GST) et la tolérance au métolachlor a été suggérée par cette étude. En général les activités GST plus élevées étaient caractéristiques des hybrides les plus tolérants. L'inhibiteur monooxygénase, le pipéronyl butoxide (BPO) en mélange avec l'EPTC a abouti a un effet synergique sur 8 des 11 hybrides testés. PBO a agis en synergic en mélange avec le métolachlor chez seulement 2 hybrides et à une échelle moindre qu'avec 1'EPTC. Un traitement du sol avec un composé oxygéné, du calcium peroxyde, est apparu avoir un effet antagoniste sur la croisance du mai's ‘Northrup–King 9283’ traitéà l'EPTC. Au contraire, le même traitement a eu un effet de synergie sur la croissance de cet hybride traité au métolachlor. Tant la synergie entre l'EPTC et le PBO, que l'antagonisme avec le calcium peroxidé semblent être liés à l'importance de l'activité monoxygenase dans le métabolisme de l'EPTC. La tolérance à l'EPTC est en conséquence plus étroitement influencée par les réactions oxydantes que la tolérance au métolachlor. Reaktion ausgewählter Mais-Hybriden (Zea mays L.) auf EPTC und Metolachlor Das Wachstum von 11 Mais-Hybriden (Zea mays L.) nach Behandlung mit einem hohen Aufwand (6,7 kg ha?1) des Thiocarbamats EPTC und des Chloracetanilids Métolachlor. Es war deutlich, daß der Grad der Toleranz gegenüber einem dieser Herbizide nicht notwendigerweise dem bei dem anderen entsprach. Bei allen 11 Hybriden konnte keine Korrelation zwischen dem Glutathion-Gehalt und der Herbizidtoleranz gefunden werden. Auf Grund dieser Untersuchung wird eine Beziehung zwischen der Aktivität der Glutathion-S-Transferase (GST) und der Metolachlor-Toleranz angenommen, denn tolerantere Hybriden hatten im allgemeinen eine höhere GST-Aktivität. Der Monooxygenase-Hemmer Piperonylbutoxid (PBO) hatte zusammen mit EPTC eine synergistische Wirkung auf 8 der 11 Hybriden. Mit Metolachlor wirkte PBO synergistisch nur bei 2 Sorten und in geringerem Maße als mit EPTC. Eine Bodenbearbeitung mit dem sauerstoffabgebenden Calciumperoxid hatte offensichtlich eine antagonistische Wirkung auf das Wachstum von ‘Northrup-King 9283’ bei Behandlung mit EPTC. Im Gegensatz dazu wirkte dieselbe Behandlung dieser Hybride mit Metolachlor synergistisch. Es wird angenommen, daß sowohl der Synergismus von EPTC mit PBO als auch der Antagonismus mit Calciumperoxid für die Bedeutung der Monooxygenase-Aktivität für den Metabolismus von EPTC sprechen. Die Toleranz gegenüber EPTC ist deshalb wahrscheinlich mehr durch oxydative Reaktionen beeinflußt als die Toleranz gegenüber Métolachlor.  相似文献   

19.
Enzymatically isolated leaf cells from navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. “Tuscola”) were used to study the effect of buthidazole (3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone) and tebuthiuron (N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea) on photosynthesis, protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and lipid synthesis. The incorporation of NaH14CO3, [14C]leucine, [14C]uracil, and [14C]acetic acid as substrates for the respective metabolic process was measured. Time-course and concentration studies included incubation periods of 30, 60, and 120 min and concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM of both herbicides. Photosynthesis was very sensitive to both buthidazole and tebuthiuron and was inhibited in 30 min by 0.1 μM concentrations. RNA and lipid syntheses were inhibited 50 and 87%, respectively, by buthidazole and 42 and 64%, respectively, by tebuthiuron after 120 min at 100 μM concentration. Protein synthesis was not affected by any herbicide at any concentration or any exposure time period. The inhibitory effects of buthidazole and tebuthiuron on RNA and lipid syntheses may be involved in the ultimate herbicidal action of these herbicidal chemicals.  相似文献   

20.
In vitro experiments with intact chloroplasts from hydroponically grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. var. Winter Giant) plants, have shown an I50 value for SWEP (methyl N-3,4-dichlorophenyl) carbamate) of 0.1 μM in PS I and II-linked electron transport H20 → NADP+. With thylakoid membranes the I50 values for PS II-linked Hill reactions H2O → [Fe(CN)6]3− and H2O → dichlorophenolindophenol are in the range 0.05-0.1 μM, whereas the I50 shifts to 0.45 μM in short PS II-linked transport chain diphenylcarbazide → dichlorophenolindophenol. Trypsination of PS II-enriched particles produces a negligible increase of the I50 value in diphenylcarbazide → dichlorophenolindophenol electron transport, a much smaller increase than occurs with diuron- or atrazine-type inhibitors. All these data show SWEP as a strong inhibitor of electron transport in the Q-B region of the PS II-reducing side. However, it appears to have a different binding site than that of urea and triazine herbicides, either on a trypsin resistant or on a non-surface cluster. As a consequence of the NADPH shortage, SWEP brings about a strong inhibition of CO2 assimilation, with an I50 of 0.04 μM, and a lower percentage of trioses-P among the intermediates of the Calvin cycle. In vivo experiments have shown a three to five times higher inhibition of PS II-linked electron transport, when SWEP was supplied through the roots than when it was applied to the leaves. We have found I50 values of CO2 assimilation by isolated chloroplasts of foliar disks of 3 and 5 μM, respectively, when the herbicide was root supplied, as opposed to 10 and 25 μM after leaf application.  相似文献   

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