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1.
《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1987,29(3):244-251
Appressorial penetration of onion epidermal walls by wild-type strains P-2 and O-42 of Pyricularia oryzae was more sensitive to fthalide (4,5,6,7-tetrachlorophthalide) than penetration by wildtype strain 4091-5-8 and black mutant strain BL-3 of Pyricularia grisea. Cerulenin completely blocked appressorial penetration by P. oryzae strain P-2 or P. grisea strain BL-3, but penetration capacity of these appressoria could be largely restored with 0.1 mM scytalone. Fthalide and tricyclazole inhibited the conversion of 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (1,3,6,8-THN) to 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene (1,3,8-THN) and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (1,8-DHN) as well as the conversion of scytalone to 1,8-DHN by cell-free extracts of P. oryzae or P. grisea. These inhibitors blocked the NADPH-dependent reductase reactions involved in the conversion of 1,3,6,8-THN to scytalone and the conversion of 1,3,8-THN to vermelone in the melanin biosynthetic pathway to 1,8-DHN. The two reductase reactions in extracts from P. oryzae P-2 were about 10 times as sensitive to fthalide or tricyclazole as those in extracts of P. grisea. Reductase activity with either 1,3,6,8-THN or 1,3,8-THN as substrates was present in only trace amounts in cell-free extracts of the buff mutant, P. oryzae P-2 m-1. 相似文献
2.
《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1987,28(1):29-37
Pentachloroaniline or pentachloronitrobenzene at concentrations between 0.5 and 5 μg/ml blocked appressorial melanization and appressorial penetration of onion epidermal cell walls by Pyricularia oryzae, strain P-2, without affecting conidial germination or appressorial formation. Among polyphenol oxidase inhibitors, salicylhydroxamic acid, and phenylthiourea at 100 μg/ml inhibited appressorial penetration of onion epidermis without affecting appressorial melanization, whereas sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and 2,3-naphthalenediol did not affect either process at 1.0 μg/ml but inhibited conidial germination and appressorial formation at 10 μg/ml. EDTA was without effect on either melanization or penetration at 100 μg/ml. The melanized appressoria of Pyricularia grisea, strain BL-3, penetrated onion epidermal cell walls, whereas nonpigmented appressoria of an albino mutant (AL-3) of this fungus did not. Melanization and penetration ability of AL-3 appressoria were restored by adding melanin biosynthesis intermediates scytalone or 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (1,8-DHN). Tricyclazole blocked melanization and epidermal penetration by AL-3 appressoria treated with scytalone but not by those treated with 1,8-DHN. Scytalone (20 μg/ml) increased the effectiveness of tricyclazole in blocking penetration by appressoria of BL-3. Tricyclazole was about 10 times more effective in inhibiting penetration by P-2 appressoria than by BL-3 appressoria. 相似文献
3.
Charles P. Woloshuk Hugh D. Sisler Maria Chrysayi Tokousbalides Samson R. Dutky 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1980,14(3):256-264
Tricyclazole (5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]benzothiazole) inhibits melanin synthesis in Pyricularia oryzae at concentrations less than 0.01 μg/ml. The primary site of inhibition in the biosynthetic pathway occurs between scytalone and vermelone. Accumulation of several metabolites derived from melanin precursors along branch pathways is associated with inhibition of melanin biosynthesis. At low tricyclazole concentrations (0.01–1 μg/ml), predominant accumulation of 2-hydroxyjuglone and 3,4-dihydro-3,4,8-trihydroxy-1-(2H)-naphthalenone (3,4,8-DTN) occurs as a result of the primary block between 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene and vermelone. As the concentration of tricyclazole is increased from 1 to 10 μg/ml, flaviolin accumulation is markedly enhanced, whereas that of 3,4,8-DTN and 3,4-dihydro-4,8-dihydroxy-1-(2H)-naphthalenone is depressed, indicating possible secondary sites of inhibition in the main and branch pathways. Five melanin-deficient mutants of P. oryzae that phenotypically resemble the tricyclazole-treated wild-type strain were nonpathogenic or rarely infected two rice varieties. Three of the mutants studied were genetically defective in the melanin biosynthetic pathway at the site blocked by tricyclazole in the wild type. The wild-type strain converted both scytalone and vermelone to melanin; whereas the three mutants and the tricyclazole-treated wild type converted only vermelone to melanin. The data suggest a relationship between melanin biosynthesis and pathogenicity in P. oryzae. 相似文献
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5.
Kenzo Omata Hirofumi Tomita Tetsuo Nakajima Bunji Natsume 《Pest management science》1989,26(3):271-281
Structural requirements for melanin biosynthesis inhibition were analysed by comparing known melanin biosynthesis inhibitors (MBIs) and an intermediate of melanin biosynthesis (1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene (1,3,8-THN)), on the assumption that the enzymatic inhibition by MBIs occurs competitively with the biosynthetic intermediate. On this basis, new chemicals in the form of phthalazine derivatives were designed. In biological tests, the synthesised phthalazine derivatives showed high activity against rice blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cav. These compounds also inhibited the melanisation of this fungus at a low concentration, which suggested that they are similar to other MBIs in their mode of action. 相似文献
6.
Satoru Inoue Toshiro Kato Victor W. L. Jordan Keith J. Brent 《Pest management science》1987,19(2):145-152
The effects of rice blast fungicides known to inhibit melanisation or penetration on the adhesion of Pyricularia oryzae to the leaf surface of barley were investigated. Adhering appressoria were counted after shaking inoculated leaves vigorously with water. On untreated leaves, appressoria began to adhere at the time when appressorial melanisation was initiated. The number of adhering appressoria then increased gradually, and most were melanised. On chlobenthiazone-treated leaves, appressoria were not melanised and were easily detached from the surface. Similar results were obtained with tricyclazole. However, after treatment with tetrachlorophthalide or pentachlorobenzyl alcohol, which are also known to prevent penetration of P. oryzae, melanised appressoria still remained after shaking in water. It is suggested that appressorial melanisation in P. oryzae is involved in appressorial adhesion. The antipenetrant action of the melanin biosynthesis inhibitors chlobenthiazone and tricyclazole may be ascribed to the lack of adhesive intensity necessary to support the mechanical shearing of the cuticle of rice plants. 相似文献
7.
ABSTRACT During formation of appressoria produced from conidia and ascospores of Venturia inaequalis, a dark brown ring structure was detected at the base of appressoria. This melanized appressorial ring structure (MARS) was attached to the leaf surface like a sealing ring and formed the fungus-plant interface; it is believed to be required for pathogen penetration of the cuticle. Neither germ tubes nor infection structures beneath the cuticle were found to be visibly melanized. MARS were formed not only on apple leaves but also on leaves of nonhost plants and artificial surfaces differing in hydrophobicity; the formation of appressoria and MARS was confined to hard surfaces. The melanin nature of the ring was confirmed by using melanin biosynthesis inhibitors. Applications prior to inoculation largely inhibited the melanization and reduced infection rate by 45 to 80%; curative applications were not effective. Transmission electron microscopy verified a localized melanization of the cell wall around the penetration pore, and melanin was incorporated into all layers of the fungal cell wall. Appressoria without MARS were not able to infect the plant, suggesting that this structure can be considered to be a pathogenicity factor in V. inaequalis. 相似文献
8.
Tony J. Collins Bruno M. Moerschbacher Nick D. Read 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2001,58(6):259
The leaf alcohols cis -3-hexen-1-ol and trans -2-hexen-1-ol have been previously shown to induce the wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) to differentiate appressoria in a complex axenic culture medium. In this paper, the possible role of these chemicals in appressorium induction during infection has been analysed further. The inductive potential of ethylene and three cutin monomers were also tested because they have been found to induce appressoria in other fungi. Both hexenols were found to be inductive in aqueous solution in the absence of media constituents. 0.5–1 m
trans -2-hexen-1-ol was the most inductive resulting in a maximum of 51% appressorium differentiation. trans -2-hexen-1-ol was also shown to be inductive in vapour form. In aqueous solution, trans -2-hexen-1-ol acted synergistically with topographical signals by increasing the rate of appressorium induction. Combining the two signals also increased the total number of appressoria differentiated (88%). The other chemicals tested were non-inductive although a biochemical domain rich in exposed cutin was localized around stomatal apertures of wheat leaves. The characteristic bipolar morphology of appressoria formed over stomata was found to be determined by topographical signals. Overall, our data support a role for both chemical signals (hexenols or their analogues) and topographical signals being involved in appressorium induction by wheat stem rust. 相似文献
9.
A new pigment, 3,3′-biflaviolin (3,3′-bi-2,2′,5,5′,7,7′-hexahydroxy-1,1′,4,4′-naphthoquinone), was identified from agar cultures of the fungus Thielaviopsis basicola treated with the fungal melanin inhibitor, tricyclazole. An albino mutant of T. basicola that does not form melanin or colored melanin shunt products, synthesized 3,3′-biflaviolin when treated with flaviolin. The dimerization reaction appeared to be enzymatic. 相似文献
10.
Tricyclazole (EL 291), 4,5-dihydro-4-methyltetrazolo [1,5-a] quinazolin-5-one (PP 389), and pyroquilon (CGA 49104) were studied to determine the effects on growth and melanin biosynthesis by Pyricularia oryzae in vitro. The three fungicides were essentially devoid of toxicity to P. oryzae at concentrations up to 50 ug ml?1 but each selectively inhibited melanin biosynthesis at much lower concentrations. Inhibition of melanin biosynthesis resulted in the accumulation of 2-hydroxyjuglone and flaviolin. The study indicated that the three compounds act by a similar mechanism in P. oryzae.. 相似文献
11.
Colletotrichum lagenarium is the casual agent of anthracnose disease of melons. Light and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the infection process of C. lagenarium on the leaves of two melon cultivars differing in susceptibility. On both cultivars conidia began germinating 12 h after inoculation (hai), forming appressoria directly or at the tips of germ-tubes. By 48 hai appressoria had melanised and direct penetration of host tissue had begun. On the susceptible cultivar, infection vesicles formed within 72 hai and developed thick, knotted primary hyphae within epidermal cells. By 96 hai C. lagenarium produced highly branched secondary hyphae that invaded underlying mesophyll cells. After 96 hai, light brown lesions appeared on the leaves, coincident with cell necrosis and invasion by secondary hyphae. While appressoria formed more quickly on the resistant cultivar, fewer germinated to develop biotrophic primary or invasive necrotrophic secondary hyphae than on the susceptible cultivar. These results confirm that C. lagenarium is a hemibiotrophic pathogen, and that resistance in melons restricts colonisation by inhibiting the development of necrotrophic secondary hyphae. 相似文献
12.
The capacity of Monilinia laxa (Aderh. et Ruhl.) Honey to induce peach twig blight was lost in an albino mutant and in a wild-type strain of the pathogen treated with pyroquilon, a melanin biosynthesis inhibitor. Pyroquilon (10 ù ml?1) inhibited melanin biosynthesis but did not inhibit mycelial growth of the pathogen or the albino mutant in vitro. These observations indicate that the compound interferes in some manner with the infection process of host cells. 相似文献
13.
Ulvan is an algal polysaccharide known for its ability to induce resistance to plant diseases such as the Glomerella leaf spot of apple caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes. This study was aimed at investigating microscopically, in tests in vitro and in vivo, whether ulvan interferes in the development of pre-infective structures of C. gloeosporioides. Conidial germination and appressoria formation were monitored hourly on agar and cellophane, and at 48 h on water- and ulvan-treated susceptible as well as resistant apple leaves. Amendment of agar with ulvan (10 mg ml?1) enhanced the germination and resulted in longer germ tubes at 7 h of incubation. On cellophane it significantly delayed appressoria formation up to 8 h, but later after 14 h increased the number of appressoria per conidium. Spraying of susceptible leaves with ulvan 6 days before inoculation decreased disease severity by 50%. This was associated with inhibition of appressoria formation and stimulus in growth of germ tubes, without interfering with conidial germination, when compared with both water-treated control and resistant plants. Appressorium formation occurred preferentially on anticlinal walls of epidermal cells and its location was not influenced by host resistance or by ulvan treatment. This study suggests a new mode of action for ulvan interfering with appressorium formation that could protect apple plants against C. gloeosporioides infection. 相似文献
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15.
Sensitivity to tricyclazole of 129 single-conidial isolates of rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea, was determined. EC50 values ranged from 0.06 to 1.12 mg/L with an average value of 0.46 ± 0.09 mg/L according to the detached leaf segment tests. No significant difference of sensitivity was observed between isolates from Guangdong and Jiangsu where decreased efficacy was reported, and from two other provinces where tricyclazole provided excellent disease control. In seedling tests, tricyclazole could control the most tolerant isolate GY-6 successfully with a efficacy of 81.5% at the concentration of 40 mg/L. Sensitivities of GY-6 and DY-2, the most sensitive isolate, to tricyclazole were both unstable in sub-cultured single-conidial offspring isolates, with respective mean EC50 values of 5.40 ± 0.97 and 4.50 ± 0.88 mg/L calculated from seedling tests. There was no amino acid difference between them in the coding sequences of 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase and 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene reductase. These results suggested that the decreased control reported in Guangdong and Jiangsu could not be attributed to the occurrence of resistance. When continuously “inoculated-reisolated-reinoculated” under the selection of tricyclazole in vivo, sensitivity of DY-2 decreased 10-fold after 20 generations, although the sensitivity of GY-6 did not shift significantly. 相似文献
16.
Relationships between their activities as blast control agents, and their abilities to inhibit mycelial melanisation on a nutrient agar, are described for 103 substituted benzothiazol-2(3H)-ones, benzoxazol-2(3H)-ones, indolin-2-ones, quinolin-2(1H)-ones, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-ones, benzo-1,4-thiazin-3(2H)-ones and benz-1,4-oxazin-3(2H)-ones, and some corresponding thiones. Several compounds in the respective series had a high protective activity and an antimelanisation activity against the blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae; furthermore, there was a good correlation in both of these activities, indicating that these compounds belong to the group of melanin biosynthesis inhibitors. Structural similarities of these compounds can be identified as follows: (a) having a benzo-bicyclic ring system; (b) containing a nitrogen atom in one ring at a position alpha to the benzene ring system; and (c) substitution, at the ring nitrogen atom, at the peri position in the aromatic ring relative to the nitrogen atom, and at the position alpha to the nitrogen atom in the ring system, with a double bond such as in carbonyl and thiocarbonyl groups. Among the compounds that have been proposed as melanin biosynthesis inhibitors, the chemical structures of tricyclazole, pyroquilon, 4,5-dihydro-4-methyltetrazolo[1,5-a]quinazolin-5-one (PP-389), [1,2,4]-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoline and 1-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one exhibit the structural similarities described above; however, 4,5,6,7-tetrachlorophthalide, 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorobenzyl alcohol and N-substituted-2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-6-(hydroxymethyl)benzamides do not have such similarities in their chemical structures. 相似文献
17.
DHN黑色素是许多植物病原真菌的致病相关因子,为明确黑色素在玉米大斑病菌致病过程中的作用,采用三环唑和紫外线复合诱变的方法获得了黑色素缺失的6个突变菌株,对突变菌株的生长量、产孢量、HT-毒素活性、致病力进行测定。结果显示,突变菌株产毒能力变化不大,但生长量下降,产孢量和致病力显著下降或完全丧失,野生型菌株的产孢量和侵染频率分别是突变菌株的30～50倍和5倍。突变菌株与黑色素共培养后,菌株M01-23a和M01-23b恢复了致病力,但病斑面积和侵染频率较小。玉米大斑病菌黑色素与致病力具有一定的相关性。 相似文献
18.
Tricyclazole [5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo (3,4-b)-benzothiazole] controls rice blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae at concentrations (5–10 μg/ml) which do not inhibit growth of the pathogen in vitro. However, concentrations of 1 μg/ml or less inhibit melanin formation in the fungus. Production of pyriculol by the pathogen is usually enhanced by 10 μg/ml of tricyclazole, whereas production of 3,4-dihydro-4,8-dihydroxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone is strongly inhibited or markedly reduced and delayed. Evidence suggests that tricyclazole blocks aspects of polyketide metabolism in P. oryzae which may have a role in pathogenicity. 相似文献
19.
小柱孢酮脱水酶(scytalone dehydratase,SCD)及羟基萘还原酶(hydroxynaphthalene reductase,HNR)是真菌多聚二羟奈类(DHN)黑色素生物合成途径中的关键酶。根据已知真菌的小柱孢酮脱水酶及羟基萘还原酶的保守结构域设计兼并引物并利用RACE技术,获得桑椹菌核病菌(核地仗菌,Scleromitrula shiraiana)SsSCD1和Ss4HNR1的DNA和c DNA序列。SsSCD1和Ss4HNR1均含2个内含子和3个外显子,分别编码169和263个氨基酸残基。进化分析表明SsSCD1和Ss4HNR1与灰葡萄孢和核盘菌中小柱孢酮脱水酶和四羟基萘还原酶基因的亲缘关系最近。DHN黑色素合成特异性抑制剂三环唑处理核地仗菌,结果显示三环唑可抑制核地仗菌菌丝生长和黑色素合成,对SsSCD1的表达无显著影响,但Ss4HNR1的表达水平显著提高。这些结果表明三环唑能够特异性的抑制四羟基萘还原酶,且DHN黑色素是核地仗菌生长发育的重要产物。 相似文献
20.
影响柿树炭疽菌孢子萌发、附着胞形成及致病性的环境因子 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
在凹玻片上测定了不同浓度的葡萄糖溶液对柿树炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)的分生孢子萌发和附着胞形成率的影响,结果表明:分生孢子萌发率随葡萄糖浓度升高而增加,但附着胞形成率下降,芽管长度增加,附着胞的直径几乎没有变化;随着时间的延长,孢子萌发率和附着胞形成率都有所增加。不同pH对分生孢子萌发和附着胞形成率的影响结果显示,分生孢子在pH 2.0~9.0的溶液中可以萌发,并产生附着胞;最适分生孢子萌发和附着胞形成的pH是在5.0~6.0。不同pH处理的致病试验结果说明。在23℃时病斑在pH 4.0~8.0条件下都可产生;致病试验结果也发现,17℃时,pH6.0处理能发病,但不形成分生孢子团,pH 5.0处理不发病;15℃时,pH 5.0和pH 6.0的处理都不能发病。温度对菌丝生长的影响显示,菌落生长最适温度是25℃左右,高温抑制菌落生长。寄主表面侵染结构扫描电镜观察结果表明,芽管长度变化很大,芽管可以纵向沿着脊或沟延伸,也可横向通过脊沟;附着胞均在沟底或近底部形成。 相似文献