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一、“七五”期间取得的主要进展“七五”期间我省在杂草生物学、生态学研究和除草剂开发应用方面取得了较大的进展。先后完成了移栽稻田多年生杂草——扁秆蔍草的国家攻关课题研究,成功地引进了扫茀特、新马歇特、农得时、杀草丹等新型除草剂并筛选出一些高效、经济、安全的稻田一次性除草剂配方,完成直播稻田、棉田、果、桑、茶园杂草发生消长规律和化学防除系列配套技术的研究;在麦田方面,引进新的除草剂如骠马、燕麦畏、野燕枯、百草敌、使它隆、巨星等防除单双子叶杂草的除草剂。改进了绿麦隆的使用技术,采用施药和盖草结合,轮作换茬,少免耕交替等综合防除技术控制杂草,取得了较大的成绩;油菜田在解决禾本科杂草防除技术 相似文献
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果园采用化学除草省时、省力,经济上比较合算。若是施用技术掌握不好,也会给生产带来损失。为此,在施用除草剂时,应注意以下几点。１．除草剂种类：许多除草剂都有选择性,选用不当,会直接影响灭草效果,各地应针对果园主要杂草种类而选用。如克芜踪防除１、２年生杂草效果较好,但对多年生杂草只能杀死地上部分;而茅草枯虽是防除深根性杂草的优良除草剂,但对某些１、２年生杂草,防效却较差。从近年各地施用情况看,草甘膦是较为理想的果园除草剂,对果园常见的１００多种恶性杂草,都有良好的防除效果,施用得当,果树不易受药害。… 相似文献
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生物除草剂的最新研究进展 总被引：15，自引：4，他引：15
生物除草剂研究的最终目标，就是要开发出商品化的生物除草剂产品，为杂草防除提供一个安全、有效、无污染的新方法和新途径。继８０年代初，第一个商品化的生物除草剂Ｄｅｖｉｎｅ正式进入市场以来，有关的科学研究工作者，经过１０多年的不懈努力，终于在最近又取得了令人鼓舞的重大进展，两个新的生物除草剂产品获得商业化。这无疑将预示着生物除草剂研究的第二个高潮的到来。Ｂｉｏｃｈｏｎ是最近由荷兰的Ｋｏｐｐｅｒｔ生物系统公司生产的一种新的生物除草剂产品。这是用银叶菌（Ｃｈｏｎｄｒｏｓｔｅｒｅｕｍ ｐｕｒｕｒｅｕｍ）生产… 相似文献
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江苏省小麦田禾本科杂草发生趋势及防除策略思考 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
小麦的安全生产在江苏农业中占有重要地位,以硬草、草、日本看麦娘和棒头草为代表的禾本科杂草在江苏麦田发生普遍、危害严重,化学除草剂一直是江苏麦田杂草治理的重要手段。但生产上可安全、高效、经济地防除禾本科杂草的除草剂品种较少,加上杂草危害时期长、除草剂使用技术不完善等原因,造成化学除草剂使用量不断增加的同时,小麦田禾本科杂草危害日趋严重的现状。加强理论研究的同时需加大新除草剂品种的开发力度,大胆创新改造现有除草剂品种,建立完善的除草剂使用技术及其评价体系,建立基于农田生态系统之上的作物种类—农艺措施—农药种类和剂型—施药方法相结合的防除策略。 相似文献
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四种除草剂对稻田杂草防除试验陆兆庆（邕宁县四塘镇农技站５３０２１６）化学除草作为降低劳动强度，提高生产效率的主要手段，得到了广泛的推广应用。当前，市场上的稻田除草剂种类较多，为了进一步了解各种除草剂对稻田杂草的防除效果，找出适合本地情况的使用技术，作... 相似文献
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转基因耐除草剂作物的全球开发与利用及在我国的发展前景和策略 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
农田杂草防治是农作物稳产高产的一个重要环节。化学除草剂以其高效、简便、经济的优势,一跃而成为我国现代农业中杂草治理的重要手段,但与此同时也带来了药害（对作物不安全）和抗药性问题。转基因技术的发展为培育耐除草剂作物品种提供了有力的手段。至今,全世界已培育出大量转基因耐除草剂作物品种。转基因耐除草剂作物的利用为拓宽除草剂的使用范围、减少作物药害带来了新的希望。本文在对国际上转基因耐除草剂作物的研发和商业化应用情况进行概述和分析的基础上,结合我国农作物生产的实际情况和小农户、多种作物混合种植的模式,提出转基因耐除草剂植物在我国开发利用的前景和相应的发展策略,以期为转基因耐除草剂作物的研究、开发和推广管理提供科学依据。 相似文献
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Constraints in implementing biological weed control: A review 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
HANI Z. GHOSHEH 《Weed Biology and Management》2005,5(3):83-92
Biological weed control is a selective, environment-friendly process, utilizing host-specific control agents towards targeted weeds that prevent damage to non-target crops or native plants. The objective of biological control for weeds is not to eradicate but, rather, to regulate weed populations below levels that cause economic injury. There has been criticism that biological weed control research efforts aim to substitute one purchased input (a bioherbicide) for another (a chemical herbicide). It is essential to remember that 'bioherbicides' and 'biological weed control' are not synonymous. Biological control of weeds involves using any organism to reduce or eliminate the detrimental effects of weed populations, whereas bioherbicides utilize plant pathogens repeatedly. The integration of herbicides, both chemical and biological, into ecologically based weed management is an essential process for the sustainability of agriculture. Throughout this review, the constraints affecting the implementation of biological weed control are described. Greater understanding of the morphology, phenology and genetic diversity of targeted weeds is emphasized and the need to examine all aspects related to biocontrol agents is stressed. Improved technologies, better public support and financial aid, and more scientific interest, will all contribute to the progress of the 'science of biological weed control'. 相似文献
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随着公众健康和环保意识的提高以及现代有机农业的快速发展,生物除草剂的开发越来越受到关注。目前全球正式登记或者商业化的生物除草剂产品已经有20多个,其中也不乏国际化产品。然而,由于生物除草自身的局限性,严重限制了这些产品在国际上的市场规模。本文从生物除草剂发展背景和迫切性开始,总结了生物除草剂的类型、全球生物除草剂的研发现状和未来的发展方向。重点分析了以天然活性产物为库源,开发新的生物源除草剂或以天然产物为前体合成新的化学除草剂的可行性、已有的成绩和未来的发展前景。 相似文献
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Weed competition can decrease crop yield and profit. Herbicides are applied to reduce weed populations, minimize crop loss and maximize profit. Traditional practice is to apply herbicides at a uniform rate over an entire field. Complete knowledge of the weed distribution and appropriate instrumentation on the spraying equipment would allow the farm manager to apply the 'correct' locally varying herbicide application rate. The locally variable rate would be greater in areas of high weed density and less where there are few weeds. A locally varying treatment would have both economic and environmental advantages. A major challenge facing farm managers is the unavoidable uncertainty in the spatial distribution of weeds in any particular field. This uncertainty in weed distribution influences the optimal locally varying herbicide rate. A mathematical model is presented to calculate the optimal herbicide application rate using geostatistical models of uncertainty in weed density combined with principles from decision making. Weed data from a 34-ha field near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, illustrate the application of these tools. Weed control was achieved with a significant reduction in total herbicide use. 相似文献
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Hidejiro Shibayama 《Weed Biology and Management》2001,1(1):53-60
The area of paddy rice fields in Japan was 1.79 million ha in 1998 almost all of which was planted with young seedlings from nursery boxes by a mechanical rice transplanter. Japanese farmers controlled paddy weeds mainly by chemical herbicides, which were applied around 1.8 times in one growing season of rice by sequential treatment. The cost of herbicides was 35 320 ¥/ha on average, the main of which was ‘one‐shot’ herbicides, while weeding labor for the paddy field, including herbicide application, was 19.0 h/ha, or 29 976 ¥/ha in labor cost, in 1998. Under the Integrated Weed Management (IWM) for sustainable paddy rice production, other technologies for weed management are also recommended to paddy farmers, such as ecological or cultural, mechanical, biological methods and so on. 相似文献
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The effect of sowing date, stale seedbed, row width and mechanical weed control on weeds and yields of organic winter wheat 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
I A Rasmussen 《Weed Research》2004,44(1):12-20
Three field experiments were carried out in organically grown winter wheat in Denmark. The treatments were sowing time (normal or late sowing) and false seedbed, row width (12 and 24 cm) and weed control method [untreated; mechanical weed control (weed harrowing at 12 cm supplemented with inter‐row hoeing at 24 cm); and herbicide weed control]. Weed biomass in midsummer was greatest on plots sown at the normal sowing time (compared with delayed sowing) and was reduced by mechanical or chemical weed control (compared with untreated plots). Row width alone had no influence on weed biomass, but in the experiment with high weed pressure, the more intensive mechanical weed control used at a row width of 24 cm reduced weed biomass. Normal sowing time tended to give higher yields, but this was only statistically significant in one of the three experiments. Wide rows gave a yield decrease in the experiment with low weed pressure. The effect of weed control on yield was dependent on the weed pressure. At low weed pressure, mechanical weed control caused a yield decrease compared with untreated or herbicide treated. At intermediate weed levels there were no differences, whereas at high weed pressure, mechanical weed control and herbicide treatment caused a yield increase compared with untreated. False seedbeds were shown to contribute to a decrease in the soil seed reserve. 相似文献
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我国水稻田杂草抗药性研究进展 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
水稻是我国最主要的粮食作物之一,杂草的危害严重影响了水稻的产量与品质。化学防除仍然是治理水稻田杂草最有效的途径。目前我国水稻田稗属杂草、千金子、马唐、雨久花、野慈姑、异型莎草、耳叶水苋、眼子菜、节节菜、萤蔺等多种杂草对二氯喹啉酸、五氟磺草胺、氰氟草酯、噁唑酰草胺、苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆、双草醚、噁草酮、乙氧氟草醚等多种常用除草剂产生了抗药性。面对日趋严重的水稻田抗药性杂草的危害,对抗药性杂草进行深入系统的研究以达到科学防治的目的显得尤为重要。本文总结了我国水稻田抗药性杂草的抗药性水平、靶标酶抗药性机理、代谢酶抗药性机理和其他抗药性机理,归纳了抗药性杂草的交互抗性、多抗性发生情况以及抗药性治理现状,分析了我们在杂草抗药性研究与治理方面面临的问题。 相似文献