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1.
Maria Gerasimova 《CATENA》2003,54(3):319
Several attempts were made in the past to identify high-level soil microfabrics, following the ideas of Kubiëna. They resulted in proposals to identify specific fabric types, soil materials, somas, formations, or morphotypes, based on the combinations of micromorphological characteristics of the studied horizons of soils. These units present complex (integrated, typical, and central) micromorphological images of soil horizons or materials. Using the available information on Russian soils, the author defined the “micromorphotypes” of soil horizons by illustrating this approach by two examples of simple and complicated genetic horizons. Emphasis was put on genetic and diagnostic aspects of micromorphological interpretations, which is traditional for Russian micromorphological studies. Moreover, the definition of “micromorphotypes” was derived from the ideas of diagnostic horizons, which serve as a base for the new Russian soil classification system. Examples of “micromorphotypes” are discussed for a Chernozem and major mineral horizons of loamy soils with textural profile (correlated with Albeluvisols in the WRB system). They illustrate the morphogenetic principles applied, and also bring to light some problems concerning the choice and hierarchy of criteria used for a number of soils.This “micromorphotypes” approach may contribute to the diagnostics of horizons for soil classification, for detection of human impacts, and for the identification of paleosols and their diagenetic changes. To facilitate contacts with nonprofessionals in micromorphology, a simple terminology and a priority of pedogenic principles seem to be preferable. 相似文献
2.
Inclusion of soils and soil-like bodies of urban territories into the Russian soil classification system 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
T. V. Prokof’eva M. I. Gerasimova O. S. Bezuglova K. A. Bakhmatova A. A. Gol’eva S. N. Gorbov E. A. Zharikova N. N. Matinyan E. N. Nakvasina N. E. Sivtseva 《Eurasian Soil Science》2014,47(10):959-967
The results of the Internet discussion on the classification of urban soils aimed at evaluating their possible inclusion into the modern Russian soil classification system adopted by a wide range of specialists are presented. The first step was to address the urban diagnostic horizons as the basis for identifying soil types according to the rules of the Russian soil classification. New diagnostic horizons were proposed for urban soils: urbic (UR), filled compost-mineral (RAT), and filled peat (RT). The combination of these horizons with other diagnostic horizons and layers of technogenic materials correspond to different soil types. At the subtype level, the diagnostic properties (qualifiers) that may reflect both natural phenomena (gley, alkalinity) and technogenic impacts on the soils (urbistratified; phosphatic; or poorly expressed urban—ur, rat, rt) are used. Some corrections were proposed for the system of parent materials in urban environments. Urban soils formerly described in another nomenclature—urbanozems, urbiquasizems, and culturozems—are correlated with the taxa in all the trunks of the system. The proposals accepted can be used for the next updated version of the new Russian soil classification system. 相似文献
3.
In the profiles of cryozems (Oxyaquic Turbic Cryosols) developing in tundra of northern Yakutia under conditions of shallow active layer, suprapermafrost horizons of the accumulation of raw organic matter are formed. Taking into account their genesis, stable and regular position in the soil profile, paragenetic links with the overlying horizons and neighboring soil profiles, and a set of diagnostic features and properties, these horizons can be separated as a new type of genetic soil horizons—the organomineral accumulative suprapermafrost horizon (CRO). Its qualitative composition (the ratio of organic and mineral matter in the material) can be reflected at a lower level. In relation to the separation of the new genetic horizon within the framework of the new Russian soil classification system, a new genetic types of soils—cryozem with suprapermafrost accumulation of raw organic matter (suprapermafrost organo-accumulative cryozem)—can be established. Its diagnostic profile has the following horizonation: (O, AO, T)–CR–CRO–┬C. 相似文献
4.
B. V. Sheremet 《Eurasian Soil Science》2006,39(2):127-133
The horizons of different types in alluvial soils of central Russia are compared with respect to their morphological characteristics using the method of dendrograms. It is argued that diagnostic soil horizons should clearly reflect in their properties the character of pedogenic processes and, thus, be the basis for classification of alluvial soils. Overall, seven types of soil horizons are suggested as diagnostic horizons for flood-plain soils of the Russian Plain. 相似文献
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The micromorphological data on aridic soils are far from numerous; therefore, the information presented here contributes to the development of pedogenetic ideas and characterization of diagnostic horizons and genetic properties in substantive-genetic classification systems. The diversity, functioning, and resilience of aridic soils are basically determined by the properties of their topsoils, which are regarded as recent dynamic formations as opposed to subsoils that formed under a different paleoclimatic environment; topsoil properties are more important for soil classification. Each of the two upper horizons in the new system of soil classification (the light-humus and xero-humus) has the same micromorphological features in different soils; however, in a sequence of soils, some individual micromorphological properties were revealed that indicate increasing aridity. The micromorphological properties of topsoils make it possible to identify the mechanisms of certain phenomena: aeolian deposition, structural rearrangement, the dynamics of secondary carbonates, and cryptosolonetzic manifestations. 相似文献
7.
B. F. Aparin M. I. Gerasimova I. I. Lebedeva E. I. Sukhacheva V. D. Tonkonogov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2007,40(5):478-484
The first in the world collection of soil monoliths from the Dokuchaev Central Soil Museum (St. Petersburg) was examined in order to test and verify the new substantive-genetic classification system of Russian soils. This work made it possible to introduce a number of refinements in the second edition of the Russian soil classification system (2004). These refinements included the addition of new diagnostic horizons and features and the specification of their definitions. The analysis of the museum collection of soils has definite advantages, as it allows one to work with soils from different geographic regions simultaneously, to consider morphological features of soils under standard conditions, to use analytical soil data, and to analyze different names (i.e., interpretations of the genesis) given to the same soils. At the same time, a critical analysis of the collection creates necessary prerequisites for a comparative analysis of soils from different regions of Russia with the national reference soil base, which is important in order to reveal the real pedogenetic diversity and improve the information base on soil resources in Russia. 相似文献
8.
河南省典型土系的特定土层特征与分类研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据土壤发生学理论,在土壤景观相似的土壤中(如相同母质、相似气候、相同地形以及相似的植物类型和动物活动),土壤的属性具有相似性;然而由于地理环境中复杂的成土因素的影响,土壤绝无完全相同的土壤个体。在划分土壤地理发生分类基层单元土种和系统分类基层单元土系时,特定土层被用于反映土体构型差异。但特定土层类型多样,目前尚处于模糊状态,随着土系划分研究的深入,有必要对其进行分门别类与归纳整理。本文以河南省典型土系为例,梳理和总结了土系划分时涉及的主要特定土层,从特定土层形成根源上将其分为现代成土环境下土壤发生过程形成的、地质成因或地质时期土壤环境下发育形成的和人类活动产生的三个类型,并提出了基于土系概念的特定土层分类与检索体系,旨在使特定土层的概念更为系统、全面、开放,以便于使用。 相似文献
9.
V. D. Tonkonogov I. I. Lebedeva M. I. Gerasimova S. F. Khokhlov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2009,42(9):967-975
The factors of soil formation are not directly taken into account in the new profile-genetic Russian soil classification system;
they are not reflected in the names and diagnostics of the soils. At the same time, as well as in many other modern soil classification
systems, including the American Soil Taxonomy and the WRB system, the choice of the diagnostic criteria, the establishment of the relationships between them, and the setting
of the quantitative boundaries between the soil taxa are based on our perception of soil geneses with due account for the
factors of soil formation. In contrast to the ecological-genetic soil classification system of 1977, information on the factors
of soil formation in the new system is encoded in the properties of the soil horizons. In some cases, this is insufficient
for the definite geographic localization of soils and complicates the practical application of the new classification system.
In this context, information on the ecological niches of soil types was included in the field manual on soil correlation-an
abridged version of the soil classification system published in 2008—in the form of special tables developed for native and
agrogenic soils. The analysis of these tables made it possible to outline certain geographic regularities in the distribution
of soil types belonging to the trunk of postlithogenic soils. 相似文献
10.
The influence of 15 parameters of atmospheric and soil climates on the distribution of 12 genetic soil horizons (humus, eluvial, illuvial, and metamorphic) in the soils of Russian plains was studied. Quantitative characteristics of the relationships between these climatic parameters and the distribution of soil horizons were estimated by the rank correlation method. The initial dataset was prepared with the use of digitized maps in the MapInfo program. The results of our study made it possible to estimate the climatic parameters with respect to their impact on the formation of soil horizons. The difference between precipitation and potential evaporation, evaporation, and bulk atmospheric moistening of the soils proved to be the most significant climatic parameters affecting the distribution of soil horizons. These characteristics reflect the redistribution of moisture under the influence of temperature factors. The weakest correlation with the distribution of soil horizons was found for the index characterizing the depth of penetration of temperatures >10°C into the soils. 相似文献
11.
The development of soil classification systems in Russia has been accompanied by certain changes in the attitude toward the
factors of soil formation as criteria for separating soil units at the high taxonomic levels. The works of N.N. Rozov supported
the traditional priority of the bioclimatic approach to the separation of soil types and subtypes in the classification systems
of 1967 and 1977. In the new classification of Russian soils, the factors of soil formation are taken into account in a “hidden”
form, through the diagnostic horizons and features reflecting the facial and zonal changes in the character of the pedogenesis
and through the separation of several high-level soil taxa developing under specific combinations of lithological and geomorphic
conditions. Ecological matrices illustrating the position of the soil types distinguished on the basis of substantive criteria
in the field of soil-forming factors are included in the latest version of the new Russian soil classification system. The
idea of these matrices fully corresponds to the logic of the factor-genetic soil classification system developed in the works
of N.N. Rozov. 相似文献
12.
A new soil classification system is elaborated on the basis of the legend to the soil map of Azerbaijan on a scale of 1: 100 000. The classification system includes above-type categories and a detailed list of anthropogenically transformed soils. It is based on the profile-genetic and evolutionary concepts. The soil classes (the highest taxon) include naturally developed, anthropogenically modified, and technogenically disturbed soils. The lists of soils of the first two classes are similar to those of the new Russian soil classification system, contrary to the class of technogenically disturbed soils, which is subdivided into soil orders with respect to the particular kinds of soil disturbance. The concept of soil types is generally preserved in the new classification. The diagnostics of soil types are based on the sequences of genetic horizons (types of soil profiles). The latter are used for finding proper correlation of the distinguished soil types with analogous soils in the WRB system. 相似文献
13.
The matrix of iron (hydr)oxides exerts a decisive influence on the character of gleyzation. Upon a high content of iron (hydr)oxides, their reduction radically changes the horizon color from warm to cold hues, which is typical of soils on the Russian Plain. Upon the low content of iron (hydr)oxides, iron reduction takes place in phyllosilicates with minimal changes in the soil color. The cold hue of cryohydromorphic soils in the Kolyma Lowland is controlled by the color of the lithogenic matrix with a low content of iron (hydr)oxides. In this case, the soil color characteristics expressed in the Munsell notation or in the CIE-L*a*b* system are ineffective for diagnostic purposes. The colorimetric methods appear to be more efficient after the soil pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide, as the gleyed horizons turn green, while the nongleyed (and not overmoistened) horizons turn red. Physical methods (Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements) are more efficient for characterizing the properties of iron compounds in cryohydromorphic soils as compared with the methods of chemical extraction. Mössbauer spectroscopy proved to be highly efficient, as the iron oxidation index Fe3+/(Fe2++Fe3+) decreases in the gleyed horizons. Chemical reagents (Tamm’s and Mehra-Jackson’s reagents) dissolve Fe-phyllosilicates and are not selective in soils with a low content of iron (hydr)oxides. 相似文献
14.
Morphometric profiles of pore space in loamy soils of the forest and steppe zones of European Russia
A computer-based image analysis of vertically oriented thin sections was applied to study changes in the shape and orientation
of fine soil macropores (d = 0.2−2.0 mm) in the profiles of soddy-podzolic soils and typical (migrational-mycelial) chernozems. Generalization of the
obtained morphometric data was based on the theory of mereology, a scientific discipline studying the structure (part-whole
relationships) of classified objects. As a first approximation, generalized data characterized archetypes of morphometric
porespace profiles of the studied soils. The archetype of the pore-space profile of the soddy-podzolic soil consists of four
components (meronyms) corresponding to the humus-accumulative, eluvial, textural (clay-illuvial), and transitional to the
parent material (BC) horizons. Sharp boundaries between the upper horizons specify sharp changes in the studied meronomic
indices of the shape and orientation of soil pores. The pore-space profile of the migrational-mycelial chernozem consists
of two major components: specific pores in the granular dark-humus (AU) horizon and complex pore space of the BCA and BCca
horizons that are poorly differentiated with respect to the shape and orientation of their fine macropores despite clear genetic
differences between these horizons. Pore-space patterns in the lower (transitional to the parent material) horizons of the
studied soils are characterized by the high degree of similarity (>75%). Pore-space patterns in the upper horizons of the
studied soils are different; the level of their similarity does not exceed 24–41.5%. The results obtained in this study hold
promise in the use of morphometric characteristics of the pore space in separate genetic soil horizons as meronyms composing
archetypes of the pore-space profiles of different soils. Such archetypes may be used for diagnostic purposes as reference
pore-space profiles of the particular types of soils. 相似文献
15.
世界土壤资源参比基础(WRB):建立和发展 总被引：5，自引：5，他引：5
WRB(World Reference Base for Soil Resources)是IUSS和FAO联合领导下的土壤分类组织。作为IRB(International Reference Base)的继承者, 在联合国图例单元的基础上,经过包括中国土壤学家在内的各国土壤学家历时7年的共同努力,1998年形成了WRB的正式方案。在此基础上,还出版了世界主要土壤和相应的CD-ROM。目前这一方案已以10种文字出版,中文版也即将问世。这是世界上最有影响的土壤分类方案之一。 相似文献
16.
Using the latest version of the international soil classification (WRB 2014/2015) and the classification of soils of Russia (2004/2008), the authors attempted to demonstrate how specific profiles of urban soils in green massifs are classified at different taxonomic levels. The soil profiles were shown in the excursions of the 9th International Conference “Soils of Urban, Industrial, Traffic, Mining and Military Areas” and were discussed by the representatives of national scientific schools. The diversity of the soils studied is determined primarily by the technology of their creation or by the nature of human impact, soil age, properties of the soil-forming rock, and, to a lesser extent, by the type of artificial phytocenosis. By the properties of their profiles, soils are qualified as ones on technogenic deposits (artificial buildings or displaced natural grounds with fragments of soil horizons), buried agrozems and cultural layers. The comparison of two classification systems showed their similarity with respect to the taxonomic level. One can note a similarity of the main solution: are the soils natural or anthropogenic, although the degrees of “anthropogeneity” given in their names may not coincide. The existing differences in the sets of characteristics–qualifiers reflect the genetic trend in the Russian soil classification and strict following the rules in the WRB system. 相似文献
17.
关中塿土发生特性与分类研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
塿土是关中地区受人类活动影响深刻的重要农业土壤,而对其发生分类及系统分类的归属仍有较大争议。本文综述了塿土的形成过程和成土过程特点,塿土发生分类归属的变更,系统分类的主要诊断层、诊断特性和诊断现象,高级分类单元归属及空间分布,基层分类单元的主要诊断指标等方面的研究进展。在此基础上,展望了塿土需要进一步开展的研究工作包括3个方面:①深入理解人为影响下塿土的成土过程,定量化分析覆盖层的形成过程;②开展塿土覆盖层厚度调查,界定堆垫表层的厚度标准;③进行土壤普查,建立塿土代表土系。 相似文献
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湘东地区花岗岩红壤在中国土壤系统分类中的归属 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
为了研究湖南省东部花岗岩红壤在中国土壤系统分类中的归属,选取湘东地区8个由花岗岩母质发育的典型土壤剖面,在对其成土环境、剖面形态特征及其理化性质进行研究的基础上,按照中国土壤系统分类方案,检索出了其诊断层和诊断特性,据此确定了其在中国系统分类中的归属。结果表明,供试的8个土壤剖面包含了淡薄表层、暗瘠表层、低活性富铁层、黏化层等9个诊断层和诊断特性,其在中国系统分类体系中的位置分别为:淋溶土、富铁土和雏形土3个土纲;湿润淋溶土、湿润富铁土和湿润雏形土3个亚纲;简育湿润富铁土、铝质湿润淋溶土、酸性湿润淋溶土和铝质湿润雏形土4个土类;普通铝质湿润雏形土、普通简育湿润富铁土、普通铝质湿润淋溶土、普通酸性湿润淋溶土4个亚类;按照土族和土系划分标准,建立了黏壤质硅质混合型酸性热性-普通铝质湿润雏形土等6个土族和脱甲系(43-CS18)等8个土系。实践表明,目前的土族土系划分标准适用于供试土壤基层分类单元划分。与土壤发生学分类结果相比,土壤系统分类结果更能定量反映出湘东花岗岩母质发育土壤性状的差异,进而客观反映出土壤发育阶段和土壤类型的差异。 相似文献