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1.
为了解褐煤基材料对土壤复合体铅形态的影响和污染退化修复机制,将褐煤以及褐煤基改性材料,混入铅污染的土壤中培养4个月,提取其中的土壤复合体,测定各组复合体中的各形态铅.结果表明:施用褐煤基有机材料后,水稳性复合体增加.1)6种铅化学形态在各复合体中分布状况不同.各改良剂处理的离子交换态、铁锰氧化物结合态和碳酸盐结合态铅在复合体中分布的大小顺序均为:G0＞G1＞G2,各处理从G0到G1,交换态铅质量分数下降了8.74％ ～ 32.22％,从G1到G2各处理下降了2.73％ ～ 26.74％;弱有机态和强有机态、残渣态铅分布顺序为:G0＜G1、G2.2)施用有机材料均引起了3组复合体中交换态铅质量分数的下降,各处理交换态铅质量分数平均下降了2.73％ ～32.22％;普遍提高了弱有机态和强有机态铅质量分数,弱有机态铅最高提高51.23％,强有机态铅最高提高67.65％,对残渣态铅没有显著影响.3)所有改性材料改性后均提高了G2组中的交换态铅,普遍降低强有机态铅质量分数,碳酸盐态铅质量分数未有显著变化.因此,施用褐煤基有机改良剂,促进了水稳性复合体的形成,降低了复合体中交换态铅质量分数,对土壤铅起到了钝化作用.褐煤有机材料对交换态和有机态铅影响较大,对铁锰氧化物态、碳酸盐态和残渣态影响较小. 相似文献
2.
按照生态地球化学土壤样品元素形态分析方法,将土壤无机砷分成水溶态、离子交换态、碳酸盐态、腐植酸结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、强有机结合态和残渣态。通过对吉林西部36个表层土壤样品的测试,分析了土壤不同形态砷的分布和不同形态砷与土壤性质的关系。研究表明,洮南市不同形态砷的分布为：残渣态（65．30％）〉腐植酸结合态（17．39％）〉铁锰氧化物结合态（10．70％）〉碳酸盐态（2．23％）〉水溶态（2．17％）〉强有机结合态（1．17％）〉离子交换态（1．04％）。通榆县不同形态砷的分布为：残渣态（56．66％）〉腐植酸结合态（23．82％）〉铁锰氧化物结合态（11．08％）〉碳酸盐态（2．81％）〉水溶态（2．18％）〉离子交换态（1．98％）〉强有机结合态（1．46％）。残渣态砷是吉林西部土壤砷的主要形态。土壤水溶态砷和铁锰氧化物结合态砷与土壤pH值皆呈极显著正相关;残渣态砷与土壤有机质皆呈极显著负相关,而与土壤阳离子交换量呈极显著正相关。离子交换态砷、碳酸盐态砷、铁锰氧化物结合态砷和强有机结合态砷与土壤矿质元素的关系不大,而水溶态砷、腐植酸结合态砷和残渣态砷与土壤矿质元素的关系密切。 相似文献
3.
以贵州省毕节地区岩溶环境烟水配套工程为例,通过实地调查和采样,对烟草地土壤-烟草系统镉进行评价。结果表明,烟草地土壤镉含量0.12~0.67 mg.kg-1,平均0.40 mg.kg-1,已遭轻度-中度污染。水溶态、离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态、腐植酸态、铁锰氧化物结合态、强有机结合态和残渣态镉分别为0.024、0.100、0.033、0.067、0.096、0.019 mg.kg-1和0.016 mg.kg-1,其中离子交换态、铁锰结合态和腐植酸态占66%。全镉与水溶态、离子交换态和铁锰结合态,水溶态与离子交换态和碳酸盐结合态,离子交换态与铁锰氧化物结合态显著正相关,揭示了镉形态间的转化关系及其对烟草的潜在影响。烟株上部烟叶镉含量1.04～1.59 mg.kg-1,茎、根中镉残留量为0.2～1.4 mg.kg-1,可能与源自K326的主推和示范品种对镉的提取效率高有关。因此,建议采用吸收镉低的烟草品种和合理的差异性水肥管理措施,固定土壤中活性态镉,降低土壤镉向烟株的转移,以保障烟叶品质,同时妥善处理这些农业废弃物以保护环境。 相似文献
4.
施用生物炭和零价铁粉对土壤中镉形态变化的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
通过施用生物碳和还原性铁粉,研究其对土壤镉形态变化的影响.结果表明:生物碳或还原性铁粉单施及二者配施均极显著改变土壤镉形态.其中生物炭、还原性铁粉二者配施效果优于单施;单施生物炭主要对交换态镉的降低效果显著,同时对碳酸盐结合态镉、有机结合态镉及残渣态镉的形成起显著作用;而单施还原性铁粉对铁锰氧化结合态镉的形成起显著作用.另外,镉的活性指数从4.36降到0.97,不同形态镉含量的最大变化为,交换态镉比例从81.04％降到49.16％;碳酸盐结合态镉从9.44％升到17.93％;铁锰氧化结合态镉从2.95％升到10.88％;有机结合态镉从2.66％升到11.33％;残渣态镉从3.91％升到14.42％.在16个处理中,I3B2(铁粉0.045 g/kg土和生物炭3.0 g/kg土)处理为最佳组合. 相似文献
5.
膨润土和沸石在镉污染土壤治理中的应用 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
采用通过盆栽试验,研究了膨润土和沸石对镉污染土壤的治理效果。结果表明,施加膨润土后不同污染程度土壤的交换态、碳酸盐结合态镉的质量分数都有所下降,铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态镉的质量分数则有所上升。沸石和膨润土对轻度、中度镉污染土壤都表现出钝化作用,对重度镉污染土壤,膨润土对镉的钝化效果明显,而沸石却起到了激活镉的作用。在不同程度镉污染土壤上,膨润土可增加乌塌菜的生物量,并可抑制其对镉的吸收,降低乌塌菜植株体内镉的浓度,对乌塌菜的生长具有显著的促进作用。沸石对轻度和中度镉污染土壤均可降低乌塌菜植株体内镉的浓度,促进乌塌菜的生长并增加其生物量;对重度镉污染土壤,沸石对乌塌菜的生长影响较小,乌塌菜植株体内镉的积累显著增加。 相似文献
6.
采用通过盆栽试验,研究了膨润土和沸石对镉污染土壤的治理效果。结果表明,施加膨润土后不同污染程度土壤的交换态、碳酸盐结合态镉的质量分数都有所下降,铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态镉的质量分数则有所上升。沸石和膨润土对轻度、中度镉污染土壤都表现出钝化作用,对重度镉污染土壤,膨润土对镉的钝化效果明显,而沸石却起到了激活镉的作用。在不同程度镉污染土壤上,膨润土可增加乌塌菜的生物量,并可抑制其对镉的吸收,降低乌塌菜植株体内镉的浓度,对乌塌菜的生长具有显著的促进作用。沸石对轻度和中度镉污染土壤均可降低乌塌菜植株体内镉的浓度,促进乌塌菜的生长并增加其生物量;对重度镉污染土壤,沸石对乌塌菜的生长影响较小,乌塌菜植株体内镉的积累显著增加。 相似文献
7.
通过温室土培盆栽试验,研究了重金属镉污染土壤上连作油菜及施用堆肥对土壤中镉赋存形态及生物有效性的影响。结果表明：（1）在油菜连作体系下,施用堆肥显著降低油菜地上部镉含量。施用堆肥改变了土壤镉赋存形态,显著降低土壤易溶态和碳酸盐结合态镉含量而增加土壤铁锰氧化物结合态镉含量,从而降低土壤镉的生物有效性。（2）在相同堆肥处理下,种植两茬油菜后的土壤易溶态和碳酸盐结合态镉含量与不种植油菜的处理相比显著降低;而土壤硫化物及有机结合态镉含量较对照有所上升,种植油菜对土壤铁锰氧化物结合态镉和残渣态含量影响不显著,但是不同积累镉能力油菜朱苍花籽和川油Ⅱ-93之间对土壤镉形态的影响差异不显著。 相似文献
8.
粤东凤凰山茶区土壤镉赋存形态特征及茶叶有效性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对粤东凤凰山茶区12个大型茶园土壤和茶叶进行采样,采用连续提取法将茶园土壤Cd分为可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机束缚态和残渣态,探讨了茶园土壤Cd的5种化学形态组成特征及其与土壤理化性质和茶叶Cd积累的关系。结果表明:(1)茶区土壤中镉的化学形态分布受到土壤pH值和有机质含量的影响,土壤中Cd的5种化学形态分布的规律为:残渣态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态>铁锰氧化物结合态>有机束缚态;茶区土壤可交换态Cd和残渣态Cd与土壤中的pH值呈极显著负相关性关系,而有机结合态Cd与土壤pH值呈显著正相关关系;有机质含量与氧化物结合态Cd和有机束缚态Cd呈显著正相关关系,而与可交换态Cd和残渣态Cd呈显著负相关关系。(2)茶叶中Cd含量在0.30~0.98mg/kg,平均含量为0.65mg/kg;茶叶中的Cd含量与土壤中可交换态Cd有显著正相关关系,而与土壤pH值呈显著负相关关系。因此,可以通过调节茶园土壤pH值,影响土壤中Cd的化学形态分布,最终达到降低茶叶中Cd含量,提高茶叶品质的目的。 相似文献
9.
珠江三角洲城郊菜地耕层土壤中Cd、Pb赋存形态及其相互关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取珠江三角洲典型区域城郊菜地41个耕层土壤样品,采用化学形态分级-连续提取法研究了土壤中Cd、Pb赋存形态,通过统计分析,揭示了菜地耕层土壤Cd、Pb形态分布特征及其相互关系。Cd赋存形态平均含量顺序为:铁锰氧化物结合态(32.4%)≥碳酸盐结合态(27.2%)≥交换态(21.0%)>残渣态(10.4%)>有机态(9.0%);Pb则为:残渣态(54.1%)>铁锰氧化物结合态(27.5%)>有机态(11.6%)>碳酸盐结合态(4.6%)>交换态(2.1%)。非残渣态Cd占各形态Cd总和的平均比例(89.6%)明显高于Pb(45.9%)。碳酸盐结合态Cd分别与铁锰氧化物结合态Cd、有机结合态Cd呈极显著正相关和显著正相关(前者r=0.8482,P<0.01;后者r=0.4090,P<0.05),但与残渣态Cd呈极显著负相关(r=-0.5343,P<0.01),铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd分别与残渣态Cd呈极显著正相关(前者r=0.6965,p<0.01;后者r=0.5379,P<0.01);铁锰氧化物结合态Pb与残渣态Pb呈极显著正相关(r=0.5217,P<0.01),但有机结合态Pb却与残渣态Pb呈显著负相关(r=-0.3252,P<0.05)。在散点图矩阵的基础上建立了曲线估计的回归方程,用之可预测土壤中交换态Cd、Pb的大致数量及植物有效性。 相似文献
10.
为探明白银市有色冶炼污灌区土壤镉(Cd)形态、空间分布特征及小麦中Cd含量对人体健康的影响,采用连续分级提取法和地理信息系统(ArcGIS)空间插值方法,研究污灌区表层土壤和不同污染程度典型土壤剖面Cd赋存形态及其空间分布差异,阐明污灌区Cd在不同生育期春小麦不同器官中分布和富集特征,并利用健康风险模型计算Cd的健康风险水平并进行空间区划。结果表明,表层土壤Cd不同形态平均含量依次为碳酸盐结合态>可交换离子态>铁锰氧化物结合态>残渣态>有机结合态,占全量比例依次为碳酸盐结合态>残渣态>可交换离子态>铁锰氧化物结合态>有机结合态,其空间分布与Cd总量分布相似。Cd的五种形态均与pH呈显著负相关,与土壤有机质(SOM)呈显著正相关。除残渣态外,其他四种Cd形态和阳离子交换量(CEC)呈显著正相关。0~60 cm土壤剖面Cd形态以碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,可交换离子态随污染程度降低而降低,残渣态随污染程度降低而增加。春小麦不同器官的Cd含量随春小麦生长总体表现为根>叶>茎>籽粒。Cd健康风险分布与土壤Cd总量、土壤可交换离子态和碳酸盐结合态Cd的空间分布一致。不同区域居民食用小麦对成人的健康风险指数(HQ)范围在1.2~5.6之间,均大于1,已存在非致癌健康风险。本研究结果为白银市土壤重金属Cd污染综合防控提供了科学依据。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
18.
Dhritiman Ghosh Velusamy Srinivasan Olli H. Tuovinen Aaron Peacock Mark Radosevich 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(6):1331-1334
We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg−1 buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg−1 in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation. 相似文献
19.
Pilar García Juan-Vicente Monte Carlos Casanova Consuelo Soler 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(1):103-109
Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed. 相似文献
20.
The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants. 相似文献