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1.
流速是表征水流水力学特性的重要物理量。为了准确获取薄层水流流速,基于热红外成像技术、计算机视觉识别技术,设计了一种薄层水流流速测量系统。该系统通过对热示踪剂的自动控制以及对其热成像图的瞬时采集、影像校正、噪点去除、质心确定等手段,获取薄层水流的流速等参数,从而实现对坡面薄层水流流速的动态观测。该系统精确度和准确度高,可从不同时间和空间尺度上更加准确地观测热示踪剂动态运移过程。系统的测量标准差为0.020 m/s,观测精度可达到98.33%,观测的时间分辨率为1/9 s,空间分辨率为2 mm。为了验证该系统的准确度,以流量法为基准,与传统示踪法（染料示踪法、盐示踪法）比较,结果表明,该系统的准确度高于染料示踪法和盐示踪法。其中热红外成像观测系统的相对误差均在?10%以内;染料示踪法的相对误差均大于10%;盐示踪法52%的相对误差在?10%以内。利用热红外成像系统获取的影像,可对不同时刻示踪段水流的发生、发展的过程进行追溯,也可以测量示踪剂沿水流方向的运移速度及垂直于水流方向的扩散速度,计算热示踪剂的弥散系数等。该技术可应用于降雨侵蚀、径流冲刷等方面的研究,对于进一步深化土壤侵蚀过程与机理研究具有重要的意义。 相似文献
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针对近年来半干旱区春旱不断,严重影响粮食产量,而应用于半干旱区的分布式水文模型和干旱评估模型较少且普遍存在物理基础不强、通用性较差的现状,该文以松嫩平原北部半旱区典型流域为依托,研发半干旱区栅格型水文模型及旱情评估模型。该水文模型的产流过程是运用格子波尔兹曼方法(Lattice Boltzmann method,LBM)建立的非饱和带和饱和带水流运动数值模块,而汇流过程则运用LBM方法求解坡面和河道水流运动方程建立的汇流数值模块,在栅格区域内各模块按松散耦合方式构建了基于LBM的栅格型TOPMODEL(LBMGTOPMODEL)。从水文循环角度,结合水文模型LBMGTOPMODEL和帕默尔干旱指数(Palmer drought severity index,PDSI),通过模拟半干旱区典型流域洮儿河的水循环过程各要素的时空变化来建立半干旱地区的干旱评估模型。结果表明:由次洪模拟得径流相对误差绝对值平均值为4.45%、洪峰流量相对误差绝对值平均值为5.00%、确定性系数均值为0.76,可得构建的LBMGTOPMODEL水文模型能较好地模拟洮儿河流域水文循环过程;气象、补水、径流、失水和气候特征等气象水文常数均呈现出一定空间分布状态,其中气候特征常数分布在0~7.23,差异性明显;气象水文常数均值随着计算时段的取值而变化;应用构建的半干旱区评估模型对研究区的干旱情况进行了评估,评估结果与洮儿河流域实际情况接近;将构建的干旱评估模型评估的干旱情况和单一因素干旱指标降水距平指数计算的干旱情况与实际情况相对比,得出基于分布式水文模拟的PDSI指标能更好地反映水文过程中多种因素对干旱的影响和干旱的时空演变过程,为旱情评估提供参考。 相似文献
3.
基于薄层水流中的热传递过程，提出测量水流流速的示踪方法，并设计对应的测量系统。在室内试验坡面上，设计不同试验工况(坡度为5°,10°,20°,流量为2,5,8 L/min),以盐示踪法为对照，研究热示踪测量薄层水流流速的可行性及其影响因素。结果表明，测量系统能准确地测得热示踪剂的运移过程；热与盐2种示踪剂测得流速范围为0.408～1.522 m/s,线性拟合斜率为1.006,R2为0.993,表明两者具有显著的线性关系，热示踪法具有较高的可靠性；由于物理属性差异，部分水力工况下示踪剂的释放方式对盐和热的测量结果影响显著，表明此时2种示踪剂测量流速的代表性不同；可采用盐与热联合示踪的方法，取二者测量结果的均值作为薄层水流的平均流速，以提高测量结果的代表性。研究结果可为复杂下垫面、盐渍化和禁用化学成分等特殊坡面上薄层水流流速的准确测量提供新方法和理论参考。薄层水流流速的准确测量对地表水文和土壤侵蚀领域的研究具有重要意义。 相似文献
4.
SWAT模型在水资源管理中研究进展与灌区应用展望 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
SWAT模型是近几年发展比较快的一个流域分布式水文模型,它可以对大、中尺度的流域的水文物理过程进行长时段模拟.本文介绍了SWAT模型的特点,并通过对模型在反映人类活动对流域水资源管理影响等方面研究的评述,总结了模型在自然流域水资源管理应用的优势以及在人工干扰强烈的农业灌区应用还存在的问题.进而提出了SWAT模型在灌区的水分循环、节水改造等方面的研究方向与应用前景,为灌区水资源的优化管理与节水灌溉评价提供一个新的研究手段. 相似文献
5.
苏小娟 《山西水土保持科技》2019,(2):19-21
了解各地的水资源状况是加强水资源开发利用和管理的基础,水文模拟是了解水资源状况的一种快捷方式。SWAT由美国农业部农业研究中心研制开发,是基于过程的物理机制分布式流域水文模型,可模拟径流、泥沙等水文过程。利用SWAT模型,对黄河上游宁蒙河段2001-2010年间的年径流量进行模拟,并与水文实测值相比较,结果极为接近,且比较简单实用,可为有关流域河段的水资源的开发利用和管理提供技术支持。介绍了模拟理论与方法。 相似文献
6.
以往水土保持水文水资源效应研究所采取的方法均为水文法和水保法。由于这2种方法都不能系统地揭示水土保持对水循环影响的物理机制,并且采用的水资源评价口径只是单一的狭义水资源,使得研究成果不能真实反映水土保持的水文水资源效应。以狭义水资源和广义水资源为评价口径的基于物理机制的分布式水文模型则能克服水文法和水保法的严重弊端。评述分布式水文模型的研究进展;应用基于物理机制的分布式水文模型(WEP-L模型),以黄河流域的重点水土流失治理区——河口镇至龙门区间为例,对水土保持的水文水资源效应进行定量研究。结果表明:水土保持使广义水资源量增加72．6亿m3,增幅27．1％;使狭义水资源量减少9．0亿m3,减幅14．4％;使狭义水资源的构成发生了变化,即地表水资源量减小、不重复量和地下水资源量增加。 相似文献
7.
我国北方干旱半干旱地区水资源演变规律及其供需状况评价 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：16
利用 1 994～ 2 0 0 0年的水文资料和第一次全国水资源评价成果 ,运用统计学方法 ,分析了我国北方干旱半干旱地区水资源分布情况及其近 5 0年来的演变规律 ,定量说明了干旱半干旱地区大气降水与水资源分布的一致性关系。评价了干旱半干旱地区水资源开发利用现状和供需平衡状况 ,为该地区优化配置水资源、调整和优化农业结构以及合理开采利用地下水资源提供参考依据 相似文献
8.
土壤侵蚀磁性示踪剂两种布设方式下示踪效果的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用自制的新型磁性示踪剂研究了不同示踪浓度、不同示踪深度对土壤磁性的影响,以及通过自然降雨,在段面、点穴两种布设方式下示踪小区的土壤侵蚀的空间变异特征.试验结果表明:随着示踪剂浓度的增加土壤的磁化率逐渐增大,当示踪剂浓度为5%时,土壤磁化率在240(SI)左右,用SHX-2型磁化率仪测定的结果精确;在0～6 cm范围内土壤磁性随着厚度的增加而增大,土壤厚度超过6 cm时磁化率达到稳定值,当示踪深度为5 cm时,土壤厚度的增加和减小会相应的引起土壤磁化率值的升高和降低;用段面和点穴两种布设方式来布设磁性示踪剂,降雨前后土壤磁化率的变化均能指示坡面不同空间部位土壤的剥蚀和沉积,但段面式布设方式比点穴式的示踪效果更精确. 相似文献
9.
构建了森林流域基于物理过程的分布式水文模型。该模型界面明晰,参数较少、容易获取,具有明确的物理意义,而且能模拟降雨、气温、植被、冻土和地形等因素对系统水文过程的影响。通过改变模型中降雨输入和森林植被组成等参数的方法可以探讨森林生态系统水文过程对降雨输入和森林植被变化的响应。 相似文献
10.
11.
以扁桃（Amygdalus conmmuis L.）幼叶为试材,通过7种保存方法并采用改良2×CTAB法、3×CTAB法和SDS法对其DNA进行提取,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测其DNA完整性,分光光度计测其产量和纯度,以探讨不同保存方法和不同提取方法对扁桃DNA提取质量的影响。结果表明,扁桃新鲜幼叶、压干幼叶后在-75℃保存、45℃烘干幼叶后在-75℃保存以及硅胶干燥幼叶后在-75℃保存三个月均可以用三种提取方法可获得完整的DNA,纯度和产量均高,其保存和提取方法简便易行且获得高质量DNA。扁桃鲜叶直接放在-20℃保存比-75℃保存更易获得DNA,而压干后的扁桃叶片-20℃保存三个月并采用SDS法提取,获得高产量、高纯度的DNA,不影响提取效果。SDS法和改良3×CTAB法均可获得扁桃DNA,但SDS法优于3×CTAB法,其操作简单、耗时少;改良2×CTAB法提取扁桃成功率较低,不稳定,产量比其它两种方法低。 相似文献
12.
区域土壤有机碳密度及碳储量计算方法探讨 总被引：19，自引：1，他引：19
土体中有机碳含量在纵向和横向上都具有空间相关性。本文利用曲周县四疃乡30个土壤剖面的有机碳含量数据,采用常见的纵向拟合方法建立了基于30个土壤剖面有机碳测定数据的对数函数拟合模型,计算得到研究区的土壤有机碳密度和碳储量分别为5.60kg C m-2和4.72×108kgC;又根据研究区土壤剖面中有机碳含量分布的不规则性特点,通过对土壤剖面层次的归一化处理,利用地统计横向插值方法,计算得到该区的土壤有机碳密度和碳储量分别为3.95kg Cm-2和3.33×108kgC。由于两种算法对数据的组织方式不同,得到的土壤有机碳密度和碳储量存在较大差异。两种方法适用于土壤有机碳在剖面中分布形式不同的土壤类型。 相似文献
13.
Ahmed Abed Gatea AL-SHAMMARY Abbas Z. KOUZANI Akif KAYNAK Sui Yang KHOO Michael NORTON Will GATES 《土壤圈》2018,28(4):581-596
Measurement of soil bulk density is important for understanding the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil. Accurate and rapid soil bulk density measurement techniques play a significant role in agricultural experimental research. This review is a comprehensive summary of existing measurement methods and evaluates their advantages, disadvantages, potential sources of error, and directions for future development. These techniques can be broadly categorised as direct and indirect methods. Direct methods include core, clod, and excavation sampling, whereas indirect methods include the radiation and regression approaches. The core method is most widely used, but it is time consuming and difficult to use for sampling multiple soil depths. The size of the coring cylinder used, operator experience, sampling depth, and in-situ soil moisture content significantly affect its accuracy. The clod method is suitable for use with heavy clay soils, and its accuracy is dependent on equipment calibration, drying time, and operator experience, but the process is complicated and time consuming. Excavation techniques are most commonly used to evaluate the bulk density of forest soils, but have major limitations as they cannot be used in soils with large pores and their measurement accuracy is strongly influenced by soil texture and the type of analysis selected. The indirect methods appear to have greater accuracy than direct approaches, but have higher costs, are more complex, and require greater operator experience. One such approach uses gamma radiation, and its accuracy is strongly influenced by soil depth. Regression methods are economical as they can make indirect measurements, but these depend on good, quality data of soil texture and organic matter content and geographical and climatic properties. Also, like most of the other approaches, its accuracy decreases with sampling depth. 相似文献
14.
冷板冷藏汽车箱体内温度场的数值模拟及试验 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3
冷板冷藏汽车内空气的温度分布对其储运能力有很大影响,均匀的温度场使得货物在运输过程中品质得到有效保证。该文采用数值模拟方法,计算空载车箱内部温度场,并分析不同堆码方式对货物区温度场及流场的影响。通过对不同情况下冷板冷藏汽车箱体内的温度场特性进行数值模拟研究,得出了车箱内温度分布规律及其影响因素,可为其结构的优化改造及运输货物堆放方式合理性的验证提供理论依据。模拟研究发现车箱顶部温度相对较高,在该模型中货物区最高温差达到18℃左右,不利于货物贮运,建议顶部安装适量冷板并寻找合适的送风方式加强冷空气与货物的对流换热,以改善冷板冷藏汽车冷却速度慢的缺点。验证试验实测温度与模拟温度的偏差在1.7℃左右,两者偏差不大,说明所建立的模型适用于冷板冷藏车箱体内温度场的模拟。 相似文献
15.
根据多年教学研究和实践,提出了适合于C语言程序设计课程教学的方法.该方法结合现代教学手段,集案例教学、实验教学、网络教学、科学考核于一体,取得良好的教学效果。 相似文献
16.
Methods for extraction and determination of ammonium, amides and soluble carboxylates in plant tissues are compared and discussed. The procedure recommended involves extraction of finely ground plant tissues with 0.2 M formic acid, determination of ammonium and amides in the extract by overnight alkaline hydrolysis and distillation in Conway microdiffusion dishes, measurement of extracted ammonium using Carlson's rapid diffusion‐conductivity instrument, and estimation of soluble organic acids by titration after separation and purification with ion exchange resins. The method described is reasonably rapid, and gives complete recovery and highly reproducible results. The final solution of organic acids is suitable for direct chromatographic analysis. 相似文献
17.
土壤机械压实是威胁全球农业可持续发展的重要因素之一。从农田土壤压实的检测、危害、缓解和预防四个方面系统介绍当前国内外土壤压实的最新研究进展与不足。指出检测方法的创新和突破是实现田间尺度下压实土壤空间分布检测的关键;压实土壤危害的研究多集中在耕层土壤,但忽视了深层土壤压实危害及其在应对气候变化中可发挥的生态服务功能;提倡采用轮作轮耕等合理田间管理措施缓解压实土壤;深层土壤压实具有存在时间久和恢复难度大的特征,因此重点应以预防为主,但当前对土壤压实预防重视不足且预防技术体系尚不成熟。鉴于我国农业机械化正处在快速发展期,采取有效预防措施是避免重蹈发达国家土壤压实退化的有效手段。 相似文献
18.
Geopedology, using geomorphologic and supervised classification bases, has been proposed as a soil surveying method. It undertakes a systematic approach to map soilscapes. This approach tries to reduce the budget of accomplishing soil surveys as well as increasing the purity of mapping units. But to what extent it has been succeeded is the question. The main objective of this research was to validate the geopedological mapping methodology by statistical and geostatistical methods in the Borujen region, Central Iran. After a primary interpretation of the study area on air photos (1:20 000 scale), 94 pedons were excavated on a 125 m square sampling grid in the sample area for geostatistical studies. To achieve the statistical aims, a geomorphic unit which encompassed the maximum surface of the sample area (and also the study area) was selected and the biggest delineation of this unit with 19 pedons was considered. The credibility of generalizing the results of the geopedological approach for the studied unit was tested by comparison with 15 pedons in a similar unit outside the sample area, named the validation area. Properties of the soils, including percentage of clay, rock fragments (2–75 mm) and total carbonates in the soil family control section, percentage of organic matter in the A horizon and its thickness, were selected for statistical and geostatistical analyses. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses obtained from the units in the sample and the validation areas, showed that the means of soil variables were similar. A high difference between A horizon thickness variances in the sample area and the validation area affected the significance of the variation test in the univariate and multivariate results. Our study demonstrated that, when comparing the same factors from sample and validation areas, the spatial distribution and spatial dependency level of soil attributes were different. Therefore, although the geopedological approach tries to distinguish more homogeneous soil mapping units, it is still not able to fully define and represent the real variability of soil properties and show the chaotic behavior or nature of the soils. We recommend further investigations on different techniques of stratifying the landscape in order to better analyze and understand the soil-forming processes and the nature of soil variability and to improve sampling and mapping approaches. We suggest that the additional determination of the phases of landforms and phases of soil series will improve mapping in the future. 相似文献
19.
基于混合数值解法的一维全水动力学畦灌模型 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
数值模拟畦（沟）灌水流运动过程可为地面灌溉系统设计与评价提供必要的工具和手段。该文采用时-空混合数值解法构建起一维全水动力学畦灌模型,并基于典型畦灌试验结果,对比分析采用混合数值解法和Roe有限体积法数值求解一维畦灌全水动力学模型在数值计算稳定性与收敛性、计算精度与效率间的差异,验证基于混合数值解法的模型模拟效果。结果表明,混合数值解法要比Roe有限体积法表现出更佳的数值计算稳定性和收敛性,形成的水平衡误差和平均相对误差相对较低,相同度量环境下的计算效率提高2倍以上。基于混合数值解法的一维畦灌全水动力学数值模拟方法可明显增强数值计算的稳定性和收敛性,有效提高了计算精度和效率,为开展畦灌系统设计与性能评价提供了可靠的数值模拟手段。 相似文献
20.
To properly assess soil erosion in agricultural areas, it is necessary to determine precisely the volume of ephemeral gullies and rills in the field by using direct measurement procedures. However, little information is available on the accuracy of the different methods used. The main purpose of this paper is to provide information for a suitable assessment of rill and ephemeral gully erosion with such direct measurement methods. To achieve this objective: a) the measurement errors associated to three methods used for field assessment of channel cross sectional areas are explored; b) the influence of the number of cross sections used per unit channel length on the assessment accuracy, is analysed and; c) the effect of the channel size and shape on measurement errors is examined. The three methods considered to determine the cross sectional areas were: the micro-topographic profile meter (1); the detailed measurement of section characteristic lengths with a tape (2); and the measurement of cross section width and depth with a tape (3). Five reaches of different ephemeral gully types 14.0 or 30.0 m long and a set of six 20.4 to 29.4 m long rill reaches were selected. On each gully reach, the cross sectional areas were measured using the three above mentioned methods, with a separation (s) between cross sections of 1 m. For rills, the cross sectional areas were measured with methods 1 and 3, with s = 2 m. Then, the corresponding total erosion volumes were computed. The volume calculated with method 1 with s = 1 m for gullies and s = 2 m for rills was taken as the reference method. For each channel, and for each one of the possible combinations of s and measurement method (m), the relative measurement error and the absolute value of the relative measurement error (Esmr and |Esmr|), defined with respect to the reference one, was calculated. |Esmr| much higher than 10% were obtained very easily, even for small s values and for apparently quasi prismatic channels. Channel size and shape had a great influence on measurement errors. In fact, the selection of the more suitable method for a certain gully shape and size seemed to be much more important than s, at least when s < 10 m. Method 1 always provided the most precise measurements, and its results were the less dependent on s. However, s must be < 5 m to guarantee an error smaller than 10%. Method 2 is not recommended, because it is difficult, time consuming and can lead to large errors. Method 3 seems to be enough for small, wide and shallow gullies, and for small rills, but only if s is shorter than 5 m. Results obtained after the analysis of rill measurement errors were similar to those of gullies. The analysis of Esmr and |Esmr| when calculating channel volumes using a unique representative cross section highlighted the importance of correctly selecting the adequate cross section. Due to the high error values that this method can entail, it is not considered as advisable whenever accurate erosion measurements are pursued. 相似文献