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1.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(1-2):115-123
Abstract Agricultural expansion by smallholder producers has been identified by management agencies as one of the main threats to the ecological integrity of La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, in Panama and Costa Rica. Promotion of cacao agroforestry has been proposed as a way to reduce the need for farmers to clear new land within the reserve. In order to realize this goal, the larger cultural, economic, and political forces that motivate agricultural expansion need to be examined, looking beyond the smallholder practices that are the immediately apparent causes of ecological degradation. The four main assumptions behind the proposal to promote smallholder cacao production in the buffer zone are explored: (1) cacao agroforestry is an ecologically benign agricultural system; (2) if cacao production were more financially viable, ecologically degrading activities, such as cattle grazing, would decrease; (3) migrants from other areas are primarily responsible for clearing land on the eastern side of the park; and (4) direct intervention at the smallholder level is the most effective means of preventing agricultural expansion. Our analysis demonstrates that while cacao agroforestry is an ecologically appropriate production system for the buffer zone of the park, price and production stabilization is important for assuring adoption by smallholders. We also suggest that both indigenous and migrant groups are responsible clearing forest for agriculture and that a more useful distinction for managers to make is between clearing enacted as part of sustainable vs. unsustainable management regimes. Finally, we recommend that the impact to the biosphere reserve caused by large-scale cattle and banana production not be overlooked. 相似文献
2.
Pasture or permanent crops after slash-and-burn cultivation? Land-use choice in three Amazon colonies 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Land use was examined in three settlements – Pedro Peixoto in Acre and Theobroma in Rondonia, Brazil, and Pucallpa, in Peru.
Research aimed at characterizing the differences in land use after initial slash-and-burn, and presenting hypotheses to assess
the feasibility of improved land uses. Settlers in the Amazon practice slash-and-burn agriculture in forest lands to produce
annual crops. After cropping, lands are converted to pasture, or planted with perennial crops, or fallowed in anticipation
of future annual crop production. Land use after slash-and-burn cultivation in forest lands differed among the colonies examined.
Whereas colonists in Pedro Peixoto converted lands to pasture for cattle production, settlers in Theobroma adopted a strategy
encompassing both dual-purpose (milk and meat) cattle and perennial crop production. The more heterogeneous settlers in Pucallpa,
who included small-scale cattle ranchers and riverine and forest slash-and-burn farmers, gave more importance to perennial
crops. Hypotheses are suggested regarding the described land use differences, and implications for the adoption of agroforestry
are discussed.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Bohdan Lojka Jana Lojkova Jan Banout Zbynek Polesny Daniel Preininger 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(1):27-39
As traditional slash-and-burn systems with prolonged fallow periods are no longer feasible in most parts of the tropics, improved
agroforestry systems have high potential to increase the productivity of farming systems and sustain continuous crop production.
Our objective was to assess biophysical and economic performance of planted leguminous tree fallow (using Inga edulis) compared to the traditional slash-and-burn farming system, practiced by farmers on fields infested with noxious weedy grass
Imperata
brasiliensis around the city of Pucallpa, Peru. An existing agroforestry model SCUAF was used to predict biophysical factors, such as
changes in soil characteristics and farm outputs (crop and tree yield). While a cost–benefit analysis spreadsheet, which uses
the output from SCUAF and economic data on input/output levels and prices, calculates economic performance of the systems.
The Inga fallow system can provide improvements to a range of soil biophysical measures (C, N, P content). This enables higher levels
of farm outputs to be achieved (higher cassava yields). However, for smallholders the improved system must be more economically
profitable than the existing one. At prices currently encountered, the Inga fallow system is more profitable than the Imperata fallow system only in the long-term. In adopting the Inga fallow system, smallholders will incur lower profits in the first years, and it will take approximately 10 years for smallholders
to begin making a profit above that achievable with the Imperata fallow system. Unless smallholders are capable of accepting the lower profitability in first years, they are less likely
to adopt the new system. 相似文献
4.
This paper examines how agroforestry-based farming systems evolved in the Dhanusha district of Nepal following the conversion of forest into agriculture during the early 1950s. Some data are from two focus group discussions with agroforestry farmers and one meeting with agroforestry experts. The farmers?? discussion traced the development of farming practices from 1950 to 2010 to identify the drivers of land use change. The experts?? discussion resulted in a scale to differentiate the prevailing farming systems in the study area considering five key components of agroforestry: agricultural crops, livestock, forest tree crops, fruit tree crops and vegetable crops. Data related to the system components were collected from the randomly selected households. The study reveals that land use had generally changed from very simple agriculture to agroforestry, triggered by infrastructure development, technological innovations, institutional support (subsidies and buy-back guarantees) and extension programs. A range of farming systems with varying degrees of integration was evident in the study area: simple agriculture; less integrated agroforestry; semi-integrated agroforestry and highly integrated agroforestry. The three types of agroforestry systems, which are the focus of this study, varied significantly in terms of farm size, cropping intensity, use of farm inputs, tree species diversity, tree density, home to forest distance and agricultural labour force. 相似文献
5.
Alternate cycle agroforestry 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Joseph A. Weinstock 《Agroforestry Systems》1985,3(4):387-397
Agroforestry research and design has heavily favored intergrated production of annuals and perennials, that is production of tree crops on the same parcel of land and at the same time as production of food crop annuals. For areas having high population densities and intensive modes of agricultural production, integral agroforestry may be appropriate, but for areas of sparse population where extensive agriculture is practiced or marginal hill lands, alternate cycle agroforestry may prove more suitable. Alternate cycle agroforestry, in the form of modified forest swidden systems, is discussed and compared to integral agroforestry systems. Advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed relative to their use on marginal hill and forest lands.The author wishes to thank N.T. Vergara, L.S. Hamilton, A.T. Rambo and K.F.Wiersum at the Environment and Policy Institute of the East-West Center for their comments. 相似文献
6.
W. M. Loker 《Agroforestry Systems》1994,25(3):227-241
Low external input agroforestry systems hold great promise as alternative, sustainable production systems for small-to-medium farmers in the Amazon Basin. The design of such systems is considered essential to stabilize agricultural production and avoid the cycle of continuing destruction of primary forest [Anderson A (1990) In: Anderson A (ed) Alternatives to Deforestation: Steps toward Sustainable Use of the Amazon Rain Forest pp 3–23. Columbia University Press, New York]. In order to be successful, these systems must be compatible with local ecological conditions and adoptable by farmers. Currently, many small-to-medium producers in the Amazon Basin use a slash and burn agricultural strategy that combines annual cropping with cattle grazing in mixed farming systems. While cattle play an important role in household economic survival, grazing-induced land degradation threatens the long-term viability of these farms [Loker W (1993) Human Organization 52(1)14–24]. This paper presents a model of a low external input agroforestry system that incorporates farmer preferences and practices but uses well-adapted grass-legume pastures, rotational grazing and the management of natural forest regeneration to enhance productivity in an ecologically sound manner. This system provides farmers with the benefits of both annual crops and cattle raising, avoids the land degradation that characterizes current practices and effectively incorporates trees into the production system. 相似文献
7.
Historical development of a permanent agriculture system based on the use of agroforestry in the temperate zone is traced. In general, reasons for a renewed interest in agroforestry include the end of cheap, subsidized fossil fuels; increased concern about soil erosion and marginal land use; an international awakening as to the dangers of indiscriminate use of pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals; and a need to balance food production with other land uses.For the forestry profession in particular, reasons for interest in agroforestry stem from a need to revitalize rural economies, the desire to increase timber exports, and potential resolution to land use conflicts between agriculture and forestry. Through use of agroforestry management systems, an increase in both economic and silvicultural benefits are obtainable.Two agroforestry management systems are reviewed which currently appear feasible for implementation in many industrialized countries of the temperate zone. These two systems include: 1) Animal grazing and intercropping under managed coniferous forests or plantations; and 2) Multicropping of agricultural crops under intensively managed, high value hardwood plantations.Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Paper No. 12046. 相似文献
8.
9.
H. -J. Von Maydell 《Agroforestry Systems》1995,31(2):133-142
Integrated management of natural resources and the multiple use of trees and forests have prevailed in most European societies since prehistoric times. In the Middle Ages, expanding and intensified agriculture resulted in the separation of trees from agricultural fields. During the last century, with the introduction of sustainable and highly productive forest management, the goal of increased wood production has been achieved in most parts of central, northern, and eastern Europe. Today, agroforestry is not considered to be an important land-use option within the region; however, there are many practices that could rightfully be classified as agroforestry. These include tree/crop systems in which trees provide products and/or environmental benefits, and tree/animal systems in which animals are grazed in forests or open woodlands.The future seems to offer some prospects for agroforestry. Large areas, hitherto used for food production, are either marginally suited to agriculture, or will probably be taken out of production due to agricultural policy considerations. Agroforestry may, at least in part, offer alternatives for the use of such lands. The availability of (surplus) fertile soils, capital, and labor may provide incentives for site-adapted forms of agroforestry, including improved fallow management. The focus of such systems would be on maintenance of biodiversity in the landscape, environmental protection, recreation, and product diversification.There are numerous expectations as to what agroforestry might provide for the land holder and for society as a whole. These expectations should be carefully analyzed and evaluated prior to political decisions on future land use. The promotion of agroforestry requires overall investment; agroforestry does not happen by itself. A set of integrated actions — not isolated efforts — must be implemented if agroforestry is to become a successful land-use option. 相似文献
10.
Laura A. Hildreth 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):119-126
In an effort to mitigate severe environmental problems, the Chinese government introduced ecological agriculture as an approach
to sustainable grain production. One such method heavily employed in the Northern Plains of China is agroforestry. This region
provides a unique case to assess the effect of agroforestry on agricultural output. This paper estimates a production function
with a measure for forest cover to test the hypothesis that agroforestry makes a positive and significant contribution to
agricultural output. Evidence shows that the effects of agroforestry on agricultural output are positive, though not always
significant. This finding is relevant not only to Chinese agriculture, but also in answering the question of how agricultural
sustainability can be accomplished in the long term. With increasing populations and decreasing opportunities for land expansion
globally, agroforestry is one answer to improving agricultural growth. 相似文献
11.
H. J. Von Maydell 《Agroforestry Systems》1990,12(1):91-96
Integrated land uses, many now referred to as agroforestry, have a long history in Europe. In the past, the main trend was
the movement of agricultural and pastoral activities into forests. The introduction of trees into non-forested (or once forested)
lands is a much more recent occurrence, particularly the cultivation of high value fruit and nut trees in the Mediterranean
countries, hedgerows/windbreaks in northwestern Europe and windbreaks in eastern Europe and the southern Soviet Union. Environmental
concerns of intensive agriculture are increasing the demand for alternate production systems such as agroforestry. Education
and training in agroforestry in Europe is very diverse because of the country specific issues regarding land use. 相似文献
12.
Stewart A.W. Diemont Jessica L. BohnDonald D. Rayome Sarah J. KelsenKaity Cheng 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(10):1696-1705
Numerous communities associated with at least five distinct ethnic Mayan groups in southern Mexico and Central America continue to rely upon forested areas as integral components of their agricultural systems. They carefully manage these areas so that forests provide food, raw materials, and animals. Management practices include removing and planting of woody and herbaceous species, apiculture, and seed harvest. Mayan agroforestry systems in geographically and ecologically distinct areas of Mesoamerica were evaluated to better understand traditional agroforestry system components and how indigenous Mayan agroforestry could be a part of regional forest conservation and restoration. Systems were within Mexican land grant areas (ejidos) or on contested land. Although these systems rely upon different woody species and management techniques, common among them are: (1) the use of multi-stage and successional pathways with forest as a part of the larger system, (2) species that are believed by traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) to accelerate forest regeneration - more than 30 tree species are recognized and managed as potential facilitators of forest regeneration and (3) direct human consumption of forest products at all stages of regeneration. 相似文献
13.
Three production systems (robusta coffee, cattle pastures and swidden agriculture), all associated with trees, have provided a strategy for regional development in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Feedback from more than 250 on-farm demonstrations, project evaluations and visitors have all contributed to strengthening the ability of the Ecuadorean Ministry of Agriculture's Forestry Directorate to provide colonists and indigenous groups with management guidelines for low-input sustainable agroforestry production. The existing market for 20 fastgrowing native tree species presents an opportunity for the diversification of farm income (currently dependent on robusta coffee) and for the development of a forest industrial base.The collective area of land owned and operated by these small holders constitutes a national resource and a Collective Forest Estate that can be individually managed. Commercial timber production in these extensive secondary forests can help alleviate conversion of primary forest without taking agricultural land out of production. 相似文献
14.
The role of different agroforestry systems in the conservation of plant diversity and forest structure has not been directly
compared in many agricultural dominated landscapes. In this study, we investigated tree diversity and forest structure in
a complex agroforestry landscape traditionally grown for cocoa and mixed food crops and compared these to the natural forest
in southeastern Ghana. The study was carried out using 36 25 m × 25 m plots. There was significant difference [95% Confidence
Interval (95% CI)] in the native forest/non-crop tree species richness between the natural forest and the agroforest farmlands
but species richness was similar between the cocoa and mixed food crops agroforests. The density of native forest/non-crop
trees was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the natural forest but similar between cocoa and mixed food crops agroforest. Similarly, the basal area of native
forest/non-crop trees was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the natural forest but comparable between cocoa and food crops agroforest. Of the 20 most abundant native forest/non-crop
trees recorded, 12 of them showed significant responses (P < 0.05) to land use change with nine of the species significantly abundant in the natural forest relative to the agroforest
systems. Eighteen native forest/non-crop trees species in the agroforestry systems were commonly recorded as being used; 100%
of them being used as fuel wood with 83.3 and 77.8%, respectively, used as medicines and materials. The findings of this study
suggests that although complex agroforestry systems are a poor substitute for the natural forest the heterogeneous mosaic
landscape in which complex agroforestry forms part can be strategically managed to maximize the benefits of both sustainable
agriculture production and conservation of plant diversity by acting as buffer between protected areas and intensively managed
areas. 相似文献
15.
A. Moreno-Calles A. Casas J. Blancas I. Torres O. Masera J. Caballero L. Garcia-Barrios E. Pérez-Negrón S. Rangel-Landa 《Agroforestry Systems》2010,80(3):315-331
The role of agroforestry systems in biodiversity conservation was investigated in the semiarid Tehuacán Valley, Central México.
Richness and diversity of native plant species were compared between agroforestry systems (6 sampling sites) and the following
forests (6 sampling sites) dominated by columnar cacti: (i) “chichipera” dominated by Polaskia chichipe; (ii) “jiotillal” dominated by Escontria chiotilla; and (iii) “garambullal” dominated by Myrtillocactus schenckii. Our information on genetic variation of dominant arboreal species in the study sites was reviewed and included in the analysis.
Factors influencing household’s decisions to maintain vegetation cover were compiled through a survey and interviews and analyzed.
All the samples of the agroforestry systems studied maintained on average nearly 59% plant species and 94% genetic variation
of dominant cacti occurring in the forests, although their ability to preserve endemic rare species is limited. Social factors
favoring maintenance of perennial species in agricultural plots include collective rules, households traditions, use of the
plants maintained in the systems, and the environmental information gathered from NGOs, the local Biosphere Reserve, and researchers.
However, agroforestry systems are losing their capability to maintain vegetation cover, mainly because of (i) decreasing amount
of land managed by households, determined by a progressive fragmentation of the land area given to new families, (ii) adoption
of technologies to intensify agriculture, and (iii) governmental programs penalizing the presence of vegetation patches within
agricultural lands since they are considered “useless” areas. Necessary policies to stop degradation of the agroforestry systems
and to improve their conservation capacity are discussed. 相似文献
16.
Smallholder perceptions of agroforestry projects in Panama 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
The potential effects of agroforestry systems on conservation and development have been well documented. Panama has seen a
substantial rise in the number of projects with an agroforestry component in the 1990s. There has been insufficient research
on the actual impacts of these projects on smallholders and of farmers' attitudes towards these systems. This study explores
the perceived socioeconomic and environmental impacts of five agroforestry projects in Panama. A total of 68 smallholders
were administered semi-structured interviews. In addition, 13 agroforestry experts from NGOs, government departments and research
institutes were interviewed, and their responses were compared with those of the smallholders. While the projects led to an
increase in the standard of living by providing wood products and fruit for domestic consumption, farm income levels generally
remained unchanged. This was due primarily to limited market development, the lack of marketing organizations and poor access
roads. In terms of environmental impacts, the farmers' responses suggested a slight decline in slash-and-burn agriculture,
and an increase in tree planting activities. Some environmental benefits were observed by farmers, including reduced soil
erosion, increased soil fertility, and improved quality and quantity of water sources. Nevertheless, slash-and-burn agriculture
was still the norm for the majority of farmers. Most farmers continued to harvest wood from primary and secondary growth to
meet their domestic wood requirements, rather than relying on trees planted in agroforestry projects. The main obstacles preventing
increased agroforestry adoption included insufficient agroforestry extension, inappropriate project design or management (such
as top-down management approaches, and the use of food incentives), smallholders' economic constraints, and larger policy
issues. Recommendations are proposed to improve project design and management, and to address the economic and policy constraints.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
In tropical regions where agricultural activities are limited, agroforestry is an alternative for both economic development and for the management and conservation of biodiversity. The potential role of different types of land use as reservoirs of dung beetle diversity in the wet tropical forest of the Pacific lowlands of Colombia is evaluated in three agroforestry systems that differ in canopy cover and the sowing density of Borojoa patinoi crops associated with timber forest. Although total species richness was similar among land use types, differences related to the decrease in the abundance and biomass of the species were remarkable, and reflected in turn by the diversity and structure of the guilds. The general pattern observed was one in which the structure of the dung beetle assemblage of B. patinoi growing below a diversified and permanent tree cover was similar to that of the primary and secondary forest. Beetle diversity in management systems with less tree cover or a high sowing density of B. patinoi was lower and very similar to that of abandoned agricultural fields. This suggests that B. patinoi agroforestry systems can be viewed as valuable instruments for biodiversity management and conservation in the wet tropical forests of the Pacific lowlands and not just as substitutes for forest, though we must be aware that structural changes in the beetle community may in turn affect the ecological processes regulated by these insects in the agrosystems under study. 相似文献
18.
Farm level rates of carbon sequestration are derived for timber and agroforestry systems based on Paraserianthes falcataria. An economic model is used to measure the incremental cost of carbon storage, based on the opportunity cost of land diverted
from annual crop production. The method is applied to the Manupali watershed, in the Philippine province of Bukidnon, to estimate
carbon storage potential and carbon storage costs at a landscape scale. Carbon storage via land use modification is calculated
to cost between $3.30 per ton on fallowed lands and $62.50 per ton on land that otherwise supports high value cropping. Carbon
storage through agroforestry is less costly than via a pure tree-based system; a strong argument for the role of agroforestry
rather than forestry per se, in re-forestation projects.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Historical development of agroforestry in China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
In China both agriculture and agroforestry originated in forests and developed side by side from their very beginnings. As revealed by archaeological evidence from ancient times, ancestral Chinese inhabited forests where they sheltered themselves from external hazards and lived on the edible parts of plants and animals through hunting and gathering activities.As early as the New Stone Age (7000–8000 years B.C.), fire was commonly used to burn the forests for slash-and-burn cultivation, which is a primitive form of agroforestry. Along with the rapid growth of population, the annexing of tribes, the collapse of clan society and the development of the slavery system, the nomadic mode of slash-and-burn farming evolved into settlement farming in the Xia Dynasty (2000-1600 B.C.). Peasants then engaged in settled cultivation.During the Shang and West Zhou Dynasty (1600-800 B.C.), perpetual settlement farming encouraged the development of private land-ownership. Peasants planted trees in or around the crop fields and grew fruit plants, vegetables and farmed domestic animals in their home yards for self-sufficiency. Since then, various forms of agroforestry have gradually developed and laid the fundamental framework of the Chinese small-farming economy for more than 3000 years.There has been a rapid growth of population in China over since the 1950s. At the same time, the area of arable land has decreased drastically and the environment has degraded rapidly as industrial development has taken place. The traditional labour-consuming and ineffective agroforestry management practices have not adapted to the current situation. In view of economic, ecological and social benefits, conversion of mono-biological production into a trinity system of agriculture, processing and marketing is suggested and planned experimentally. Such a management system, known as modern agroforestry, could be very beneficial to the development of modern China's rural economy and environmental conservation. 相似文献
20.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(4):61-80
Abstract Intensive, subsistence agriculture on hillsides of southeast Guatemala has caused extensive soil degradation. This retrospective study evaluated the success of an agroforestry treatment in improving the sustainability of mountainous agricultural systems in terms of soil nutrient status and erosion control. Three years after maize (Zea mays) and pasture fields were alley-cropped with N-fixing Gliricidia sepium trees, soil nutrient levels were examined and compared to nonalley-cropped controls. Agroforestry treatment showed significantly higher soil organic matter (SOM) over paired plots with no alley-cropping (mean 4.3% vs. 3.2% C, p < 0.05). Mean total N was also higher, with 0.12% in the nonagro-forestry control plots compared to 0.16% underthe agroforestry treatment (p <0.05). Some improvement in soil water-holding capacity(WHC) was also observed in the agroforestry systems. Differences in soil levels of available P, ranging from 8.0 to 64.4 μg/g, were not significant and correlated more with site than with agroforestry treatment versus control. Specific soil and site properties such as texture and slope as well as land use and ground cover management largely influenced improvements in soil nutrient status under the agroforestry treatment at each site. Despite increases in soil nutrients, maize plant productivity showed no response to the agroforestry treatment in terms of leaf chlorophyll index or maize plant height. Three years after the initiation of agroforestry, soil erosion rates showed no difference from paired controls; rates were correlated with ground cover and soil characteristics such as texture and surface rockiness rather than with agroforestry treatment. While soil nutrient status had not reached levels optimum for maize growth after three years, the positive trajectory of change in soil nutrients suggests the potential for using agroforestry systems in mountainous regions of Guatemala to increase the sustainability of agricultural production. 相似文献