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1.
１９９２－１９９４年，在浙江马尾松林里进行昆虫及蜘蛛群落，松毛虫天敌和种群动态的分析。结果表明：（１）１５年生马尾松针叶立体分布，确认砍枝取薪以留７轮为好，不低于留４轮；（２）马尾松林昆虫群落分属１８目１１８科，其中直翅目，鞘翅目，同翅目，膜翅目，半翅目占优势，经测定，龙游县落结构复杂，分布均匀，群落与层次，坡向，郁闭度，灌层盖度关系密切；（３）蜘蛛群落分属１９科４６种，其中萧蛸科，猫蛛科和蟹蛛科 相似文献
2.
１９９５年７月至１９９６年６月在湖南长沙县马尾松林内用溴氰菊酯和灭幼脲ＩＩ号作的喷药试验．结果表明：两种药剂对蜘蛛群落的物种组成和个体水平有明显影响，对物种数量影响不大．在试验过程中，其多样性水平有一定程度上升，防治效果显著的样地内群落稳定性改善．同时，两种药剂对灌木层亚群落影响要大于对林冠层的影响；在生产管理上，灭幼脲ＩＩ号可用于防治常灾区，而溴氰菊酯只宜在重灾区内集中施用． 相似文献
3.
浙江省宁海县基岩海岸马尾松林的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对浙江省基岩海岸的马尾松林进行了初步的调查研究，结果表明该地区马尾松林的胸径生长基本上呈正态分布，为稳定的群落结构。马尾松林分生产力较低，仅为４．６７ｍ３／ｈｍ２·ａ，局部林分生产力较高，同时不同地位指数级的林分生产力差异明显，林分平均高与平均优势高密切相关。 相似文献
4.
浙江会稽山主要人工林土壤酶活性及与土壤肥力的相关性研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对马尾松林、茶园和毛竹林土壤酶活性的研究表明:3种群落间,毛竹林的过氧化氢酶活性大于马尾松林、茶园(P<0.01),毛竹林的多酚氧化酶活性大于茶园(P<0.05),而马尾松林和茶园间无显著差异;脲酶在各群落间无显著差异.在垂直分布上,第1层过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性与其他层次间有显著或极显著差异,而多酚氧化酶活性在各层间无显著差异.进一步分析土壤酶活性与土壤肥力关系表明,马尾松林的过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性高低可作为评价马尾松林土壤肥力的指标;而人为扰动较大的茶园和毛竹林土壤酶活性高低不能作为评价其土壤肥力的指标. 相似文献
5.
6.
马尾松林昆虫群落多样性调查中抽样技术的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在进行马尾松林昆虫群落调查时，为了使抽样既能全面地反映群落中昆虫的种类和数量，又能省时省力，对马尾松林昆虫群落多样性调查中抽样技术进行了研究．结果表明：树冠层取样以每样地调查植株30株，每株取3个长约50cm的枝条为佳；灌丛取样以每个样点扫10网，每个样地扫30网即可；地表层以取4个50cm×50cm的小样方为宜． 相似文献
7.
本文对湖南省靖县排牙山林场六种不同类型马尾松林的昆虫群落(包括蜘蛛)进行了初步研究。在所获688种昆虫和蜘蛛中,没有一种在群落中占有绝对优势,其数量分布比较均匀。研究结果表明:不同类型的林分,其昆虫群落的稳定性有差异。在林龄和郁闭度这两个重要的林分因子中,以林龄对稳定性的影响较大。本文提出用昆虫群落多样性指数变化的年极差(ED)及天敌/害虫比值(NE/P)这两个指标来评定群落的稳定性,试图从实质上阐明昆虫群落是否稳定的原因。在马尾松林由幼林向中林、成林发育的过程中,昆虫群落的天敌数量逐渐增多,害虫数量则相对减少,因而昆虫群落的自控能力亦逐渐增强,使之由比较不稳定到比较稳定。 马尾松;;昆虫群落;;多样性指数 相似文献
8.
１９９５年７月至１９９６年６月,在湘中丘陵区马尾松林内用溴氰菊酯进行喷药防治害虫试验结果表明,溴氰菊酯对林内昆虫群落的物种丰富度和多样性均有影响．其中植食类群受影响的主要是同翅目、直翅目、鳞翅目、鞘翅目和半翅目昆虫,捕食类群主要是蚂蚁和蜘蛛．在药剂作用下,植食类群和寄生类群的物种丰富度及多样性水平均呈现下降,捕食类群的物种丰富度虽有所下降,但在整个群落中所占的比例及多样性水平均有较大程度的上升．施用溴氰菊酯可降低植食物种的优势度,提高天敌类群与植食类群之比值,使昆虫群落在一定时间内保持相对稳定．但它降低了群落内物种的丰富度（特别是稀有种和偶见种）及多样性水平,因此在生产上用其防治松林害虫时不宜在大面积范围内长期使用． 相似文献
9.
飞播马尾松林与昆虫群落特征及多样性的研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
将6600多hm2飞播和人工马尾松林及宜林荒山划分为7个生境类型，调查相应的昆虫群落，研究飞播马尾松林与昆虫蒺演替，稳定性及多样性的关系，结果表明，研究区域区的昆虫共有94种，隶属14目，66科，生境条件的差异对昆虫的种类和数量具有显著的影响，鞘翅目，鳞翅目昆虫与松树关系较为密切，同翅目，支翅目昆虫与宜林荒山关系密切，宜林荒山昆虫群落多样性指数和均匀性测定值均高于飞播马尾松林昆虫群落，不同生境昆虫群落稳定性和多样性指数大小顺序为：宜林荒山＞飞播林＞人工林。可将飞播马尾松林昆虫群落分为宜林山群落阶段，松林郁闭前期阶段和松林郁闭期阶段，昆虫群落多样性变化与不同演替阶段的关系图显示昆虫群落多样性指数随生境变化的规律和人为干扰对马尾松林昆虫多样的影响，并进一步表明经营措施是影响松林昆虫群落的主导因子，建议采取合理间伐等营林生产,以使飞播林获得稳定的昆虫群落，减少害虫的发生机率。 相似文献
10.
[目的]探究针叶林转换成阔叶林后土壤细菌群落多样性和结构的变化特征。[方法]以我国南亚热带地区针叶马尾松林及乡土阔叶红锥林、米老排林和火力楠林为对象，将收集于2017年2月各林分土壤表层（0～20 cm）、中层（20～40 cm）和底层（40～60 cm）的样品进行细菌16S rRNA基因高通量测序，基于该数据分析将马尾松林转换成乡土阔叶林后土壤细菌群落分类与系统发育的多样性和结构的变化特征。[结果]表明：（1）马尾松林改造成米老排林和火力楠林后，显著增加了土壤表层细菌群落分类与系统发育多样性，这主要由土壤含水量（SWC）所致。（2）红锥林、米老排林和火力楠林取代马尾松林后，表层土壤细菌群落分类结构发生了明显变化，而在中层只有红锥林有显著改变，受限于土壤SWC、总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）和碳氮比（C/N）。（3）马尾松林改建为乡土阔叶林后，不同土层的细菌群落系统发育结构仍为聚集，环境过滤始终是调控群落构建的主要因素。（4）在土壤表层和中层，马尾松林转换为红锥林的分类及系统发育转换率高于转换为米老排林和火力楠林，表明红锥林土壤细菌群落稳定性较差。[结论]综上，考虑土壤细菌群落分类和系统发... 相似文献
11.
《Forest Ecology and Management》1997,95(3):197-207
Between April and September 1994, six plots within Aberfoyle Forest in Scotland, three of Scots (Pinus sylvestris) and three of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), were surveyed for spiders and harvestmen, as these are predators of several forest invertebrate pests.A total of 64 species of spider were trapped in Scots and lodgepole pine; 56 in Scots pine and 32 in Lodgepole pine. The most abundant spiders, both in Scots and Lodgepole pine, were Linyphiidae.Scots pine plots were floristically more diverse and structurally more complex than lodgepole pine plots. More species of spiders and harvestmen (midsummer only) were found at ground level in Scots pine than lodgepole pine plots. More species and a greater numbers of spiders were found in the canopy of Scots pine than in that of lodgepole pine. However, no differences in the abundance of harvestmen were found between the canopies of Scots and lodgepole pine. Spider species diversity was greatest in Scots pine. 相似文献
12.
长沙岳麓山马尾松林的群落类型划分及物种多样性分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
运用TWINSPAN,flexible beta clustering,DCA,NMDS(non-metric multidimensional scaling)对岳麓山马尾松林群落类型进行划分,并采用Patrick指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数研究群落的物种多样性。结果表明:1)flexible beta clustering和NMDS相结合要优于TWINSPAN和DCA,是比较理想的群落数量分类方法;2)岳麓山马尾松分布于10种群落中,马尾松除了组成较大面积的纯林外,还与其他本土阔叶树种组成6种针阔混交林;3)马尾松纯林物种多样性低,丰富度指数、均匀度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数均为最低值,尤其是草本层物种多样性极低。相比之下,针阔混交林,尤其是马尾松+苦槠林物种多样性较高;4)样地中马尾松的重要值与乔木层的各物种多样性指数、与草本层的均匀度指数、优势度指数存在负相关,与灌木层的物种多样性不存在相关关系。 相似文献
13.
通过87个样地的调查研究表明,黄桑国家级自然保护区的主要植物群落有:栲林、木荷林、亮叶水青冈林、石栎林、华榛林、鹅掌楸林、桦木林、枫香林、华南五针松林、润楠林、马尾松林、杉木林、闽楠林、云山白兰林、三尖杉林、龙胜杜鹃林、映山红灌丛、竹林、马兰灌草丛等。植物群落景观具有明显的垂直性分布:海拔1 200 m以下为常绿阔叶林带;海拔1 200~1 400 m之间为常绿与落叶阔叶混交林(包括针阔叶混交林);海拔1 400~1 700 m之间为山顶矮林;海拔1 700 m以上为中山灌丛、草丛带。植物群落物种多样性与群落结构的复杂性呈正相关,各群落类型物种多样性指数普遍较高。 相似文献
14.
1997年7～8月在湖南省永州市千家洞自然保护区进行了不同海拔、不同林分状况下灌丛蜘蛛群落调查,并应用系统聚类和主成分分析研究了蜘蛛群落结构异质性.结果表明：植物层次好,灌木种类丰富的次生林蜘蛛群落结构优于灌木单调的残次林和人工林;在影响原始次生林蜘蛛群落结构的诸因素中,人为干扰的影响作用最大. 相似文献
15.
Róbert Gallé Nikolett Gallé-Szpisjak Attila Torma 《European Journal of Forest Research》2017,136(1):51-58
Plantation forests comprise an important part of the forested areas in European countries. Intensive forestry management and short-rotation cycles of plantation forests reduce habitat diversity and change the composition of invertebrate assemblages, mainly by reducing the number of habitat specialist species. Here, we analysed the effect of vegetation structure, amount of dead organic matter (DOM) and plantation age on spider functional diversity and assemblage structure in short-rotation plantations of native silver poplar in Hungary. Three stages, representing young plantations, 6- to 10-year-old stands (five stands), middle-aged plantations, aged between 23 and 26 years (five stands) and mature, 35- to 37-year-old forests at commercial maturity (five stands) were sampled. Each sample consisted of the data of ten pitfall traps. Traps were installed 5 m from each other in a 2 × 5 grid. Functional diversity was positively related to vegetation structure. High functional diversity indicates a higher number of available niches and potential resources. The abundance of moist habitat species and forest specialist species was positively correlated with DOM. Furthermore, moist habitat species were also related to vegetation structure. The most important environmental parameters affecting spiders were factors attributed to trees (litter and DOM), understory vegetation structure and, to a lesser extent, forest age. Different-aged stands may be similar in terms of species composition of their spider fauna if they comprise the same habitat structural patterns. Our study emphasises that the simple habitat structure of plantation forests has a negative effect on spider communities. 相似文献
16.
Katja Matveinen-Huju Matti Koivula Jari Niemel Anna Maria Rauha 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009,258(11):2388-2398
Green-tree retention is an integral part of forest management in the boreal zone. Retention of small spruce mires, proposed as ‘key habitats’ for many forest organisms, is recommended while logging, but the efficiency of such practices for the maintenance of forest species is poorly understood. Hence, we studied boreal spiders and carabid beetles at 11 retained mire patches (up to 0.55 ha) in Eastern Finland during 1998–2001. The adjacent surrounding drier forests of the focal mires were clear-cut during the winter of 1998/1999. We evaluated the importance of micro-habitat type (retention, edge or clear-cut plot), time since logging, and retention-patch size in determining the assemblages of spiders and carabids. Following logging, species associated with forests and mires generally decreased both in the retained mire patches and in their adjacent clear-cuts. In a GLMM, the number of standing trees in a retention patch – a surrogate for retention-patch size – had no significant effect on most of the tested species, but plot type (retention patch, its edge or clear-cut) was significant for many species. Semi-open-habitat species and open-habitat specialists increased following logging, especially in the clear-cut plots but even within the retention patches. In contrast, mature-forest and moist-habitat specialists became significantly less abundant in clear-cuts than in retention patches following logging. Spider assemblages showed pre-harvest differences among the mires, their edges and adjacent drier forests, but the fauna of logged plots rapidly diverged from that of mire and edge plots. However, after a 1–2 summers time lag, the spider fauna of mires and edges changed toward clear-cuts. For spiders, the post-harvest sample heterogeneity was significantly lower in clear-cuts than in retention patches, including their edges. Carabid responses were generally ambiguous. Multivariate regression trees showed that the number of trees in a forest patch better determined the spider assemblage structure than study area, study year or micro-site type (retention patch, its edge or clear-cut), indicating a strong impact of logging. For carabids, however, the study area better determined the assemblage structure; the other factors were of minor importance. Our results suggest that, as the spider and carabid faunas of the retention patches had drastically changed following logging, (i) retention patches should be considerably larger than the studied size range to efficiently maintain a ‘mire core’ spider and carabid assemblage; (ii) the effect of logging may take years to appear; (iii) spiders were more sensitive to habitat change than carabids; and (iv) harvesting not only changes the relative abundances of forest- and open-habitat associated species but it may also locally decrease the faunal variation. 相似文献
17.
Biologically mediated soil processes rely on soil biota to provide vital ecosystem services in natural and managed ecosystems. However, land use changes continue to impact on assemblages of soil biota and the ecosystem services they provide. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of land use intensification on the distribution and abundance of soil invertebrate communities in the Nilgiri, a human-dominated biosphere reserve of international importance. Soil invertebrates were sampled in 15 land use practices ranging from simple and intensively managed annual crop fields and monoculture tree plantations through less intensively managed agroforestry and pristine forest ecosystems. The lowest taxonomic richness was found in annual crops and coconut monoculture plantations, while the highest was in moist-deciduous and semi-evergreen forests. With 21 ant species, agroforestry systems had the highest diversity of ants followed by forest ecosystems (12 species). Earthworms and millipedes were significantly more abundant in agroforestry systems, plantations and forest ecosystems than in annual crop fields. Ants, termites, beetles, centipedes, crickets and spiders were more abundant in forest ecosystems than in other ecosystems. It is concluded that annual cropping systems have lower diversity and abundance of soil invertebrates than agroforestry and natural forest ecosystems. These results and the literature from other regions highlight the potential role that agroforestry practices can play in biodiversity conservation in an era of ever-increasing land use intensification and habitat loss. 相似文献
18.
Purely observational studies have documented differences in the abundance and diversity of several litter-dwelling arthropods between sites adjacent to, and far from, CWD, which suggests that reduction of fallen coarse woody debris (CWD) in temperate forests by traditional forestry practices may affect the litter arthropod community. As few field experiments have directly tested the impact of CWD on arthropods inhabiting the litter at different distances from CWD, we removed CWD from replicated open plots on the floor of a second-growth deciduous forest in order to reveal the causal connection between CWD and litter-dwelling spiders, often the most diverse and abundant predators among the litter macrofauna of temperate forests. We also documented the impact of the CWD manipulation on spider prey and several other major macroarthropod groups. Before removing CWD (∅ = 14.3 ± 0.7 cm), we measured response variables as a function of distance (0.5–1.5 m) from CWD in both removal and control plots. In agreement with results of previous research that solely utilized this observational approach in temperate forests, volume and dry mass of litter, spider diversity, overall spider density, and densities of 8 of 16 major spider genera were higher adjacent to CWD before experimental manipulations. Removing CWD reduced the amount of litter and the density of spiders in litter close to where the CWD had been. Removing CWD also altered spider community structure, which had differed between litter sites adjacent to, and far from, CWD prior to the experimental removal of CWD. The patterns, though, were not completely congruent, as some of the taxa affected by the manipulation had not differed between sites prior to the removal of CWD, and vice-versa. Our findings suggest that complex interactions among structural, biotic and microclimatic factors underlie the observed responses to CWD removal by spiders and other arthropods in the litter layer. We also conclude that drawing inferences solely from observational studies is not a reliable approach for predicting the impact of changes in the amount of CWD on arthropods of forest-floor leaf litter. Further field experiments manipulating different volumes of CWD are needed in order to determine the minimum amount of CWD that should be kept on the forest floor of managed forests in order to maintain densities and diversities of major leaf-litter arthropods. 相似文献
19.
《Forest Ecology and Management》2005,204(1):23-36
Spiders (Araneae) and ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) were studied in a woodland of the Northwest German lowland. An ancient oak–beech stand (170 years old) growing on mineral soil as well as a 110-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and a 55-year-old spruce (Picea spp.) forest growing on peat were investigated by pitfall trapping. A total of 155 species (39 carabids, 116 spiders) and 16,887 individuals (5269 carabids, 11,618 spiders) was recorded. Beetle diversity was high in the oak–beech stand and the spruce forest, but significantly lower in the pine forest. In both conifer plantations the activity density of carabids was considerably lower. Spider diversity was significantly higher in the spruce forest when compared to the beech and pine stand, respectively. Analyses of assemblage similarity distinguished clearly the fauna of all three stands. For each forest type, indicator species were detected. Although both conifer plantations were planted on former bogs, spider species typical of bogs were present only in the pine stand, not in the spruce stand. In both animal taxa, species typical of deciduous forests were more numerous and abundant in the oak–beech stand when compared to the conifer plantations. Although they were in direct contact, the conifer stands on peat only to a very low extent serve as secondary habitats for the epigeic fauna of the autochthonous deciduous woodland. During the 1990s, various agricultural programmes in Central Europe promoted such conifer plantations – in contrast, such afforestation measures on extensively used or fallow land of former bogs are not supported by the results of this study. 相似文献