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1.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative contributions of the muscles, tendons, and accessory ligaments to the passive force-length properties of the superficial (SDF) and deep digital flexor (DDF) myotendinous complexes. SAMPLE POPULATION: 8 cadaveric forelimbs from 6 adult Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURE: In vitro, limb configurations during slack position and myotendinous lengths during subsequent axial loading of forelimbs were recorded before and after transection of accessory ligaments. Expressions were derived to describe the force-length behavior of each muscle, tendon, and accessory ligament-tendon unit; linear stiffness was computed for these components. The elastic modulus was established for the SDF and DDF tendons. RESULTS; Linear stiffness was 2.80 +/- 0.38 kN/cm for the SDF muscle, 3.47 +/- 0.66 kN/cm for the DDF muscle, 2.73 +/- 0.18 kN/cm for the SDF tendon, 3.22 +/- 0.20 kN/cm for the DDF tendon, 6.46 +/- 0.85 kN/cm for the SDF accessory ligament, 1.93 +/- 0.11 kN/cm for the SDF accessory ligament-tendon unit, and 2.47 +/- 0.11 kN/cm for the DDF accessory ligament-tendon unit. The elastic modulus for the SDF and DDF tendons was 920 +/- 77 and 843 +/- 56 MPa, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Both the muscle-tendon and ligament-tendon portions of SDF and DDF myotendinous complexes had important roles in supporting the forelimb of horses. Although muscle tension can be enhanced by elbow joint flexion and active contraction, the accessory ligaments transmitted more force to the distal tendons than did the muscles under the conditions tested.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To develop and test an experimental model for in vivo short-term recording of peak isometric forces of the digital flexor muscles in the forelimb of adult horses. STUDY DESIGN: In vivo experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Four healthy, anesthetized, adult Thoroughbred horses (3 to 7 years old; 527 +/- 87 kg) METHODS: In dorsal recumbency, ulnar and median nerves were exposed and instrumented with insulated bipolar cuff stimulation electrodes for later connection to an electrical stimulator. In left lateral recumbency, a biplanar fixator was applied to the right humerus and a custom-made, rigid, aluminum frame connected to it, to allow loading of muscles distal to the fixator. Threaded transfixation pins through the radial and metacarpal condyles were clamped to the rigid frame so that the humerus, radius, ulna, and metacarpus were fixed in position. Each digital flexor muscle insertion tendon was transected just above the metacarpophalangeal joint, extracted from the carpal canal, and secured in a metal clamp positioned at the distal myotendinous (MT) junction. Distally, the clamp was connected in series to a load cell and a pneumatic actuator to record force and to maintain muscle length during nerve stimulation. A linear potentiometer was connected in parallel to the actuator to record MT junction position. Initial trials were conducted to identify median and ulnar nerve stimulation variables to achieve maximal muscle contraction. Isometric contractions were performed at different muscle lengths and peak forces registered during 3 seconds of supramaximal dual (ulnar and median) nerve stimulation. RESULTS: A stimulation voltage of 2.5 to 5.0 V at 50 Hz usually produced maximal force for both the superficial digital flexor (SDF) and deep digital flexor (DDF) muscles. Single ulnar and median nerve stimulation elicited force development not only in the DDF muscle but also in the SDF muscle. At voltages higher than 1 V, normalized force was greatest with combined median and ulnar nerve stimulation for both the DDF and SDF muscles; however, normalized force was greater for median nerve stimulation than ulnar nerve stimulation in the DDF muscle, and the opposite relationship was observed for the SDF muscle. Final recording of dual supramaximal nerve stimulation of SDF and DDF muscles resulted in peak isometric forces of 716 +/- 192 N and 1,577 +/- 203 N, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The instrumentation technique and experimental protocol enabled recording of peak isometric forces in the SDF and DDF muscles of anesthetized adult horses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Studies using this model will improve knowledge of SDF and DDF muscle mechanics with insight to functional implications of the complex architecture of these muscles. Knowledge of the dynamic performance of the SDF and DDF muscles would also be useful for the development of new treatment strategies for flexor deformities and tendon injuries in horses.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To calculate forces in the flexor tendons and the influence of heel wedges in affected and contralateral (compensating) forelimbs of horses with experimentally induced unilateral tendinitis of the superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon. ANIMALS: 5 Warmblood horses. Procedure-Ground reaction force and kinematic data were obtained during a previous study while horses were trotting before and after induction of tendinitis in 1 forelimb SDF and after application of 6 degrees heel wedges to both forehooves. Forces in the SDF, deep digital flexor (DDF), and the suspensory ligament (SL) and strain in the accessory ligament (AL) of the DDF were calculated, using an in vitro model of the distal region of the forelimb. RESULTS: After induction of tendinitis, trotting speed slowed, and forces decreased in most tendons. In the affected limb, SL force decreased more than SDF and DDF forces. In the compensating limb, SDF force increased, and the other forces decreased. After application of heel wedges, SDF force in both limbs increased but not significantly. Furthermore, there was a decrease in DDF force and AL strain. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The increase in SDF force in the compensating forelimb of horses with unilateral SDF tendinitis may explain the high secondary injury rate in this tendon. The lack of decrease of SDF force in either limb after application of heel wedges suggests that heel wedges are not beneficial in horses with SDF tendinitis. Instead, heel wedges may exacerbate the existing lesion.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To describe a method to calculate flexor tendon forces on the basis of inverse dynamic analysis and an in vitro model of the equine forelimb and to quantify parameters for the model. SAMPLE POPULATION: 38 forelimbs of 23 horses that each had an estimated body mass of > or = 500 kg. PROCEDURE: Longitudinal limb sections were used to determine the lines of action of the tendons. Additionally, limb and tendon loading experiments were performed to determine mechanical properties of the flexor tendons. RESULTS: The study quantified the parameters for a pulley model to describe the lines of action. Furthermore, relationships between force and strain of the flexor tendons and between fetlock joint angle and suspensory ligament strain were determined, and the ultimate strength of the tendons was measured. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The model enables noninvasive determination of forces in the suspensory ligament, superficial digital flexor tendon, and distal part of the deep digital flexor (DDF) tendon. In addition, it provides a noninvasive measure of loading of the accessory ligament of the DDF tendon for within-subject comparisons. However, before application, the method should be validated. The model could become an important tool for use in research of the cause, prevention, and treatment of tendon injuries in horses.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To measure the effects of transection of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor (SDF) muscle (superior check desmotomy) on flexor tendon and suspensory ligament (SL) strain in vitro. STUDY DESIGN: In vitro experimental biomechanical investigation. ANIMALS USED: Ten equine cadaver forelimbs. METHODS: The effects of superior check desmotomy were determined using equine cadaver forelimbs secured in a servocontrolled hydraulic testing machine. Strain sensors were used to measure strain on the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and SL, and a goniometer was used to measure joint angles when the limb was loaded at 890 N and 3,115 N before desmotomy, and at 3,115 N after desmotomy. RESULTS: Superior check desmotomy was associated with significantly increased strains on the SDF tendon and SL, and significant alterations in the angles of the metacarpophalangeal and carpal joints. CONCLUSIONS: The superior check ligament has an important role in maintaining joint angles and load distribution in the forelimb. Lengthening of the SDF musculotendinous unit after superior check desmotomy may be associated with increased strain on the SL. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Transection of the accessory ligament of the SDF muscle may predispose horses to SL desmitis postoperatively.  相似文献   

6.
The usefulness of inferior check ligament desmotomy as a treatment for acquired tendon contracture in horses was evaluated in 13 cases of deep digital flexor (DDF) contracture and in 3 cases of combined superficial digital flexor (SDF) and DDF contracture. In 8 of 9 cases of DDF contracture in which the dorsal surface of the hoof had not passed beyond being vertical to the ground, the surgical procedure was successful in returning the limb to a normal position and function. Compared with DDF tenotomy, inferior check ligament desmotomy was a superior treatment technique because of decreased postoperative pain, better postoperative appearance, and improved return to function. In 4 cases of DDF contracture in which the dorsal SDF contracture was also involved, inferior check ligament desmotomy was generally insufficient to allow return of the limb to normal alignment and function.  相似文献   

7.
Experimental tenectomies were performed in the mid metacarpal region of the superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon while the deep digital flexor (DDF) tendon was traumatized in 10 donkeys. In group I (n=8) the deep frozen tendons were used for grafting where as in group II (n=2) no grafting was done. Amniotic membrane casing was performed around grafted SDF and traumatized DDF tendons in group I only. Gross and histomorphological observations were recorded on the last day of the experiment, i.e., on the 15th (n=1), 30th (n=2), 60th (n=2), 90th (n=2) and 120th (n=1), post-operative days (POD) in group I and on the 60th (n=1) and 120th (n=1) POD in group II. Gross intraoperative observations suggested the presence of only thin filamentous adhesions in all but three animals at 30 (two animals) and 60 (one animal) days which were present only in the limited area of grafted tendon as compared to tenectomized SDF tendon that showed thick fibrous adhesion and thickening at both the cut ends. However, DDF tendon showed no adhesions in all except one animal of group I as compared to group II where adhesions were noticed in both the animals. Histological examination suggested an increase in fibroblastic activity at 2 weeks after grafting. Extrinsic and intrinsic healing response was observed in grafted tendons. Inflammatory reaction was reabsorbed by one month. The bundle formation was observed from two to three months. The histological structure appeared near normal by 4 months. Observation suggested that homologous tendon grafts remain viable by all histological criteria and healing was at a comparatively more advanced stage than tenectomized tendon. However, the traumatized DDF tendon healed completely by two months. It is concluded that the tendon healing was more rapid in animals where deep frozen grafts had been used.  相似文献   

8.
Effects of longitudinal compression before and after transection of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor (SDF) muscle were measured in eight equine cadaver forelimbs. When compression was increased from 890 N to 3115 N, the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and carpal joints hyperextended 20 degrees and 4 degrees, respectively, and strain in the SDF and deep digital flexor tendons was increased 3.5% and 1.4%, respectively. The accessory ligament did not elongate. Immediately after transection of the accessory ligament at 3115 N load, a 2.8 mm gap formed between the transected ends of the accessory ligament, and the muscle belly of the SDF elongated and moved distad. The MCP joint hyperextended 15.8% further and strain of the SDF tendon increased 11.2% further. These results show that the accessory ligament transferred load in the SDF musculotendinous unit away from the muscle belly and that desmotomy altered this function. Decrease in the MCP joint angle indicated that the accessory ligament contributed to the support of the MCP joint under load. Increase in SDF strain after desmotomy was probably influenced by the change in the moment about the MCP joint and increased length of the SDF musculotendinous unit.  相似文献   

9.
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Racing and training related lesions of the forelimb superficial digital flexor tendon are a common career ending injury to racehorses but aetiology and/or predisposing causes of the injury are not completely understood. OBJECTIVES: Although the injury takes place within the tendon, the lesion must be considered within the context of the function of the complete suspensory system of the distal limb, including the associated muscles. METHODS: Both muscle and tendon function were investigated in vivo using implanted strain gauges in 3 Thoroughbred horses walking, trotting and cantering on a motorised treadmill. These data were combined with assessments of muscle architecture and fibre composition to arrive at an overview of the contribution of each muscle-tendon unit during locomotion. RESULTS: The superficial digital flexor muscle has fatigue-resistant and high force production properties that allow its tendon to store and return elastic energy, predominantly at the trot. As running speed increases, deep digital flexor tendon force increases and it stabilises hyperextension of the fetlock, thus reinforcing the superficial digital flexor in limb load support. The deep digital flexor muscle has fast contracting properties that render it susceptible to fatigue. CONCLUSION: Based on these measurements and supporting evidence from the literature, it is proposed that overloading of the superficial digital flexor tendon results from fatigue of the synergistic, faster contracting deep digital flexor muscle. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Future research investigating distal limb system function as a whole should help refine clinical diagnostic procedures and exercise training approaches that will lead to more effective prevention and treatment of digital flexor tendon injuries in equine athletes.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the healing characteristics of deep digital flexor tenorrhaphy within the digital sheath. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS: Five mature horses. METHODS: Right thoracic limb, deep digital flexor tenorrhaphy was performed within the digital sheath. Limbs were cast in partial flexion using a short limb cast for 6 weeks. Next, extended heel shoes were used for limb support for 14 weeks. Healing was evaluated by sequential ultrasonographic examinations, and limb use was evaluated by force plate analysis. At 26 weeks, mechanical strength and morphologic characteristics of the repair site were evaluated. RESULTS: Gap (mean, 0.93 cm.) formation was evident in unloaded limbs at 3 weeks. This increased markedly by 6 weeks and was 5 cm at 26 weeks. Demarcation between the deep and superficial flexor tendons decreased as the transected ends adhered to the dorsal surface of the superficial flexor tendon. The intrathecal space was reduced by fibrous tissue. Mean maximum load to failure of the repair tissue was 4,616 +/- 3,556 N, with a mean stress of 12.99 +/- 2.78 MPa. The repair consistently failed at the adhesion between the transected tendon and the superficial flexor tendon. CONCLUSIONS: Intrathecal tenorrhaphy with external coaptation (in partial limb flexion) for 6 weeks resulted in gap healing, fibrous adhesion between the deep and superficial flexor tendons, fibrous tissue reduction of the intrathecal space, and a pasture-sound horse at 26 weeks. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Without improved methods for immobilizing the deep digital flexor tendon, intrathecal tenorrhaphy is unlikely to result in first intention tendon healing.  相似文献   

11.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the conformational changes in the distal forelimb of horses following heel elevation of 15 degrees and greater. An experimental study with repeated, within-horse measurements. PROCEDURE: Five clinically normal, mixed-breed horses were used to determine distal forelimb conformation following heel elevation from 0 to 45 degrees in 15 degree increments. Data were also compared to conformation of the limb in a Kimzey splint. Conformation was determined using lateral to medial radiographic projections. Conformation parameters assessed included measurement of apparent lengths of digital flexor tendons from the origin of their accessory ligaments to the points of insertion, and the joint angles of the distal limb. RESULTS: For angles of heel elevation from 15 to 45 degrees, the degree of joint angulation increased (increasing flexion) with heel elevation for the metacarpophalangeal, and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints. Conversely, the measured apparent lengths of the digital flexor tendons in the distal limb, decreased. CONCLUSION: The data supports the practice of elevating the heel (greater than 15 degrees) for conditions in which decreased fetlock extension may be desired such as with laceration or injury to the digital flexor tendons. Further study is required to determine whether heel elevation greater than 15 degrees reduces in vivo digital flexor tendon tension and also to ensure that the marked flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint with greater heel elevation is not detrimental over a prolonged period that may be required for the rehabilitation of flexor tendon injuries in the horse.  相似文献   

12.
OBJECTIVE: To test the failure strength and energy of 2 bioabsorbable implants applied to transected deep digital flexor tendons (DDFT) from adult horses. STUDY DESIGN: Ex vivo biomechanical experiment. SAMPLE POPULATION: Twelve pairs of deep digital flexor tendons harvested from the forelimbs of fresh equine cadavers. METHODS: Poly-L-lactic acid tendon plates were custom manufactured for application to the cylindrical surface of an adult equine deep digital flexor tendon. Twelve pairs of DDFTs were transected 2 cm distal to the insertion of the distal check ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon. One tendon of each pair was randomly selected for repair with a biodegradable plate or a 3-loop pulley method. Size 2 polydioxanone suture was used in both repairs. Repairs were tested in tension to failure, with peak force (PF) and total energy (TE) at repair failure recorded in Newtons (N) and Joules (J), respectively. A paired t-test was used for statistical evaluation with a significant level set at P< or = .05. RESULTS: Mean+/-SD PF for failure of plated tendons (1507.08+/-184.34 N) was significantly greater than for sutured tendons (460.86+/-60.93 N). TE was also significantly greater for failure of plated tendons versus sutured tendons. CONCLUSIONS: Plate fixation of transected cadaver DDFTs appear to have superior immediate failure strength than 3-loop pulley repairs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Whereas in vivo testing is required, a bioabsorbable tendon plate may provide initial increased strength to support tendon healing and decrease external coaptation requirements.  相似文献   

13.
Objective This study documents the results of non-surgical treatment and treatment by superior check desmotomy in Thoroughbred racehorses with superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendonitis. Design A prospective study was made of 124 thoroughbred racehorses with unilateral or bilateral SDF tendonitis. Procedure The flexor tendons were assessed by physical and ultrasonographic examination before treatment, and the lesions detected in affected tendons were characterised according to lesion type, length and cross-sectional area. Ninety three horses were managed non-surgically and 31 by superior check desmotomy. Recurrent or new injuries were defined as injuries affecting a previously injured superficial digital flexor tendon, the contralateral SDF tendon, or the suspensory ligament (interosseous muscle) in either forelimb. Results No statistically significant difference was found in ultrasonographic lesion severity between treatment groups. Horses managed by superior check desmotomy were 1.3 times more likely to complete five or more races than horses managed non-surgically (95% confidence limits 0.93–1.82). Horses treated surgically were 1.2 times more likely to develop recurrent or new injuries after returning to training than horses managed non-surgically (95% CL 0.95–1.55). Horses under-going superior check desmotomy were 5.5 times more likely to develop suspensory desmitis than horses treated non-surgically (95% CL 1.13–26.4). There was no difference in the time to recurrent or new injury between treatment groups. Conclusion There was no statistically significant difference between treatment groups in the proportions of horses able to complete five or more races after an episode of superficial digital flexor tendonitis. Superior check desmotomy did not appear to offer an advantage over non-surgical treatment in preventing recurrent or new injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses. Horses undergoing superior check desmotomy appeared to be at greater risk of developing suspensery ligament injuries than horses managed non-surgically.  相似文献   

14.
AIM: To determine the effect of polyester (terylene) fibre implants on normal equine superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon structure. METHODS: Normal forelimb SDF tendons (n=24) of 12 horses were divided into unoperated, sham-operated, and implanted (terylene fibre implant) groups. Horses were assessed for lameness and ultrasonographic changes to SDF tendons at intervals up to 48 weeks post-operatively. After euthanasia, SDF tendons were collected for histological and ultrastructural examination. Histological sections were examined for alcian blue staining intensity, cellularity, fibril bundle alignment, fascicle separation and crimp morphology. Mass-average diameters (MADs) of collagen fibrils were calculated from electron micrographs and compared between treatment groups. RESULTS: Insertion of terylene fibre implants resulted in short-term (8 weeks) lameness in implanted limbs. Ultrasonographically, the implants could be detected in 50% of implanted tendons, but were associated with tendon swelling and the presence of hypoechoic core lesions in 7/8 implanted limbs. There were significant alterations in alcian blue staining, cellularity and crimp morphology in the central fascicles of sham-operated and implanted tendons, and alteration in fibril alignment in the central fascicles of implanted tendons. Unoperated tendons remained histologically normal. MADs of collagen fibrils did not differ between sham-operated, implanted and unoperated limbs. CONCLUSIONS: Both the sham procedure and the insertion of terylene fibre implants led to alterations in tendon structure that persisted for up to 48 weeks. Persistence of disorganised connective tissue at the proximal and distal ends of the terylene fibre implants may predispose implanted tendons to continued risk of injury. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: It is unlikely that terylene fibre implants offer any advantage over standard non-surgical treatments for mild to moderate cases of SDF tendonitis in the horse.  相似文献   

15.
Objective To measure collagen fibril crimp angles and lengths as well as collagen fibril mass-average diameters in central and peripheral regions of the superficial digital flexor tendon of wild horses, to ascertain any age-related changes in either region in the absence of imposed galloping exercise.
Design Measurements from a random cull of wild horses.
Sample population Superficial digital flexor tendon samples were taken from 23 wild horses ranging in age from two to ten years.
Procedure Horses were divided into 'young' (< 5 years, n = 10), 'middle-aged' (5 to < 10 years, n = 9) and 'old' groups (10+ years, n = 4) and the mean crimp angle, mean crimp length and collagen fibril mass-average diameter calculated for the central region, and for the peripheral region of each group. Differences between groups and regions were analysed using two-tailed t tests.
Results The crimp angle for the central region was found to decrease with age, so that in old horses it was smaller than that for the tendon periphery (P < 0.05). The crimp angle for the latter region did not alter significantly with age. Crimp period lengths and collagen fibril mass-average diameters did not show significant changes with age in either region.
Conclusion Reduction of the crimp angle in the core of the superficial digital flexor tendon occurs normally with age, as tendons of older animals would have undergone a higher number of loading cycles. It is possible that athletic training increases the frequency and/or the magnitude of high loading cycles experienced by the tendon, and may accelerate and worsen the normal load-related ageing process in the superficial digital flexor tendons of young performance horses, particularly in the central regions where lesions usually occur.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate myofibroblasts in the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (ie, distal check ligament) and deep digital flexor tendon of clinically normal foals. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissue specimens from 25 foals that were necropsied for reasons unrelated to this study and unrelated to musculoskeletal disease. PROCEDURE: The distal check ligament and deep digital flexor tendon of both forelimbs were examined histologically. Myofibroblasts were identified by immunohistochemical staining specific for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). RESULTS: Most of the cells in the distal check ligament and deep digital flexor tendon of all foals stained positive for alpha-SMA. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Myofibroblasts made up most of the cells in the distal check ligament and deep digital flexor tendon of clinically normal foals. These cells have contractile ability and therefore, may play a role in flexure contracture of these tendons. The ability of tetracycline to chelate calcium or decrease the expression of the contractile protein alpha-smooth muscle actin could inhibit the myofibroblasts' ability to contract, thus providing a rationale for tetracycline administration as a treatment of distal interphalangeal joint flexor deformity in foals.  相似文献   

17.
Objective —To describe the tenoscopic anatomy of the carpal sheath of the flexor tendons (carpal sheath) viewed from a lateral approach.
Study Design —Tenoscopic observation of structures within the carpal sheath subsequently confirmed by dissection.
Animals or Sample Population—12 equine cadaveric forelimbs.
Methods —The limbs were positioned lateral side up with the carpus slightly flexed. After distention of the carpal sheath, a portal for the arthroscope was made approximately 3 cm proximal to the distal radial physis and 2.5 cm caudal to the radius between the tendons of the ulnaris lateralis and lateral digital extensor muscles.
Results —A lateral tenoscopic approach was adequate to identify all structures within the carpal sheath. From proximal to distal, structures identified using this approach were the radial head of the deep digital flexor muscle, accessory ligament of the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle, distal radial physis, tendons of the superficial and deep digital flexor muscles, accessory carpal bone, antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints, and vincula of the tendon of the deep digital flexor muscle.
Conclusions —A lateral tenoscopic approach offered an easy, repeatable entry into the carpal sheath and allowed good observation of all structures within the sheath except for the medial borders of the tendons of the deep and superficial digital flexor muscles.
Clinical Relevance —Applications of a lateral tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath include diagnostic procedures, lavage and synovial resection for septic tenosynovitis, desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle for flexural deformity or tendinitis, and removal of osteochondromas from the distal radial metaphysis.  相似文献   

18.
Effective treatments for horses diagnosed with severe deep digital flexor (DDF) tendinopathy are limited. In this study, three Quarter Horses diagnosed with severe bilateral DDF tendinopathy underwent bilateral desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the DDF tendon after failing to respond to conservative therapy. Lameness markedly improved in all three horses. Given that severe DDF tendinopathy is typically associated with persistent or recurrent lameness, desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the DDF tendon might be a treatment option to alleviate lameness in horses with DDF tendinopathy. This treatment option appears promising; however, a larger number of cases is necessary to support the results in these three horses.  相似文献   

19.
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The longissimus dorsi is the largest muscle in the equine back and plays an important role in locomotor ability and performance in the horse. In vivo studies suggest that the mechanical function varies between different muscle segments, in part determined by anatomy. It is possible therefore that variations in function reflect variations in the anatomy of the longissimus dorsi along its length. OBJECTIVES: To identify if there are regional variations in muscle architecture of the longissimus dorsi. METHODS: Computed tomography scans were obtained from 8 cadaver backs to identify the cross-sectional area and volume of the muscle. The 3D orientations of the muscle fascicles were quantified in situ by their direction cosines using a magnetic digitisation system. RESULTS: Mean +/- s.e. volume of the muscle was 2.34 +/- 0.18 l for each side and mean length of the vertebral column from T4 to L6 dorsal spinous processes was 56.57 +/- 2.0 cm. There were significant differences in the cross-sectional area and the moment arm lengths between muscle segments (P<0.05). In the lumbar region, the mediolateral moment arms were 2-3 times greater than the dorsoventral moment arms. There were significant variations in the direction cosines (n = 7129) between muscle segments and between different regions within each segment (P<0.05). POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: These observations indicate that the muscle fascicle architecture predisposes the longissimus dorsi to different functions both along its length and between different regions within each segment. Detailed 3D anatomical measures of the structure with in vivo measures of function (back motion and muscle activity) will be investigated in further studies.  相似文献   

20.
A relatively thick (diameter approximately 2 mm), ropelike (length ca. 20 mm) and elastic "Vinculum tendinis" connects--within the fetlock tendon sheath--the dorsal side of the deep digital flexor tendon with the dorsal part of the Manica flexoria (the communicating band of the Musculus interosseous medius to the superficial digital flexor tendon). The extensive fetlock tendon sheath can be involved in diseases such as aseptic and septic inflammations. Spreading of these inflammations makes in some of these cases the partial resection of the tendon of the deep digital flexor muscle and the cutting of these Vincula necessary. The results of this contribution, collected from 60 hindlimbs of adult bovines show variations in number, length, diameter and extent and the inner structure with blood vessels and nerves.  相似文献   

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