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《African Journal of Range and Forage Science》2013,30(4):219-225
The grasslands of the mountains in eastern Lesotho support large numbers of sheep, angora goats and other livestock during the summer, during which they are corralled nightly by herders at cattleposts. Few studies, however, have quantified the impact of grazing on the composition and structure of the mountain grasslands. Gradients of grazing and trampling intensity related to distance from 23 cattleposts in the subalpine and alpine belts (2 650–3 175 m above sea level) were examined to describe the long-term effects of livestock on unpalatable dwarf shrubs, bare area and plant species composition. The potential for shrub invasion and bare areas (low herbaceous cover) to develop was highest near cattleposts. Species composition also changed significantly along the grazing gradient, accompanied by a shift in dominants from grazing-sensitive to grazing-resistant grasses and shrubs. Species either decreased or increased monotonically along the grazing gradient or had an intermediate, unimodal response. The relative positions of species’ centroids along the grazing gradient were used to quantify their grazing sensitivity on a scale from 10 (most sensitive) to 0 (most resistant), which confirmed and contradicted previous classifications of their grazing responses. Basic ecological research on this important mountain grazing and catchment system is recommended. 相似文献
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高寒草原牧草生长缓慢,生态环境脆弱。试验就不同牦牛放牧强度对牧草生长的影响进行了研究。结果表明,低强度的放牧活动在随后的3年中牧草的产量基本保持一致,其差异性不显著(P>0.05),也就是说低强度放牧活动不但对草原牧草构不成危害,而且还有益处。禁牧及高强度放牧活动,在随后3年的牧草产量逐年下降,差异显著(P<0.05),即它们对草原牧草的危害较大。禁牧及不同放牧试验区在全部禁牧之后的3年平均产量的分布曲线呈现倒“V”字形,禁牧及放牧强度过大对草原有破坏作用呈现“双向退化现象”。 相似文献
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超载放牧与那曲地区高山嵩草草甸植被退化及其退化指标的探讨 总被引：20，自引：6，他引：14
对那曲地区中部高山嵩草草甸不同超载程度草地植被的调查分析结果表明,那曲地区中部高山嵩草草地超载严重,从定居点至放牧最远点,放牧压力逐渐降低,定居点附近超载高达3.73倍,超载最轻的草地也达到1.75倍;超载草地的多样性指数、植被盖度、地上现存生物量都显著低于围栏禁牧区;随超载程度的加大,莎草科植物、耐旱的杂类草、牲畜不喜食和不食的植物种有增加的趋势;综合分析超载下植被的不同特征变化并与现有的高寒草甸、草原类退化草地分类指标体系比较,初步认为,那曲地区的高山嵩草草甸都呈现退化加剧的趋势,已达到重度-中度退化程度,极重度超载区达到重度退化程度,重度和中度超载区达到中度退化程度,其比例分别达到9%和91%,远大于1996年的调查数据. 相似文献
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休牧是西藏主要放牧管理和草地保护的措施之一,目的是通过自然力的作用使退化草地的植被与土壤得到恢复,维持较高的多样性和生物量。本研究以西藏中部高寒草原和高寒草甸为研究对象,通过野外调查和室内试验分析,研究自由放牧和休牧对高寒草原和高寒草甸植物物种多样性、总生物量、地上地下生物量权衡以及土壤理化性质的影响,对比自由放牧和休牧对高寒草原和高寒草甸植被与土壤特征影响的差异。结果表明:在高寒草原与高寒草甸,休牧6~8年虽一定程度降低了植物群落的Simpson指数、Pielou指数、Shannon-Wiener指数,增加了植被总生物量,但变化均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。休牧6~8年提高了地上和地下生物量权衡值,并促使植物更多地向地上部分生长,且在高寒草甸的作用效果更为明显。另外,休牧和自由放牧对高寒草甸以及高寒草原草地土壤机械组成、土壤微团聚体、土壤营养元素影响没有显著差异。综合分析发现,休牧对西藏高寒草地的植被恢复尚未产生明显的效果,表现为休牧对群落生物多样性、植被生物量和土壤理化性质影响均未达显著水平,因此,对西藏休牧的实施效果还有待于今后进一步的观测和研究。 相似文献
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The use of degradation gradients for the assessment and ecological interpretation of range condition
Multivariate procedures were used to subdivide the southern African climatic climax grasslands of the 700–800‐mm rainfall zone into relatively homogeneous grazing areas. A degradation gradient was constructed for each of these areas. This was done by means of centred PCA ordination, using static data representing compositional differences induced mainly by grazing. The first axis of these ordinations represented a gradient of degradation. The second and higher axes were combined in a single value, namely, the Euclidean distance from the first axis. The degradation gradients were then used as a basis for ordinating new sites into the old ordinations, assessing their condition in an objective and quantitative way. The Euclidean distances from the first axis were used to determine the appropriateness of the degradation gradients for the assessment of the condition of a particular site. Knowledge of species response to grazing, community dynamics and recovery potential obtained through the ordination and regression studies was used to interpret the condition assessments. 相似文献
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不同植被带绢蝶Parnassius spp.生物多样性研究结果表明,绢蝶物种的丰富度由大到小为:亚高山灌丛草甸带(6种)>高山亚冰雪稀疏植被带,山地森林草原带(3种)>山地草原带(2种)>冰雪带(0种);多样性指数由大到小为:亚高山灌丛草甸带(0.785 8)>高山亚冰雪稀疏植被带(0.606 3)>山地森林草原带(0.112 4)>山地草原带(0.024 3)＞冰雪带(0).山地森林草原带和山地草原带的相似性系数最高(0.667),没有5个植被带共有的绢蝶种. 相似文献
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以托云牧场高寒草地为研究对象,通过设置3个放牧样地,一个对照样地,研究不同强度放牧对草地地上生物量的影响以及在不同放牧压力下羊体质量增加的效果。结果表明,1）托云牧场是以银穗草（Leucopoa albida）、羊茅（Festuca arioides）、点地梅（Androsace umbellata）和棘豆（Oxytropis falcatae）为优势种的高山草地;2）高寒草地地上生物量较低,禁牧区7月地上生物量（干物质）仅830 kg·hm-2;3）放牧活动对地上生物量有较大影响,重度放牧能显著降低牧场地上生物量;4）以羊体质量增加值为评价指标,该高寒牧场在载畜量为1.05羊单位·hm-2时能获得较好的体质量增加效果。 相似文献
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本试验研究了不同利用方式下温性草原植被特征及品质变化情况,旨在了解禁牧和放牧对草地群落产生的影响和群落变化过程,为合理利用与管理新疆温性草原提供理论依据。本研究以禁牧与放牧两种利用方式下的新疆温性草原为研究对象,2018年采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对整个生长季的草地群落生物量、数量特征、多样性及植被品质进行了动态观测。结果表明：放牧使群落基本数量特征（群落高度、盖度和密度）显著降低（P<0.05）,退化指示植物在群落中所占比重增加;与放牧草地相比,禁牧草地的群落优势物种生物量、总生物量均显著提高（P<0.05）,优势物种所占比重增加,群落丰富度下降,植物中粗蛋白含量降低,纤维含量显著增加（P<0.05）。本研究发现自由放牧会使草原群落向退化方向演替,长期禁牧会使得群落丰富度下降,在草原利用时要合理的将放牧与禁牧相结合,促进草地生态系统可持续发展。 相似文献
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青藏高原生态地位显著,草地退化影响区域生态安全,针对退化高寒草地土壤理化性质的研究众多但结果存在较大异质性。通过检索纳入79篇与退化高寒草地土壤理化性质相关的文献,采用整合分析方法用于定量述评不同退化程度高寒草地浅层土壤主要理化性质的效应及变化规律。结果表明：高寒草甸0～10 cm、10～20 cm土层内随着退化加剧土壤容重、pH上升,土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾下降;高寒草原0～10 cm、10～20 cm土层内随退化加剧,土壤容重上升,pH、含水量、有机碳、速效钾下降。总体反映出不同退化程度对高寒草地土壤主要理化性质产生较大负面影响,研究结果可为青藏高原高寒草地生态保护提供依据。 相似文献
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为探究天祝高寒草地不同退化程度生态系统的稳定性及物种多样性的动态变化特征规律,以天祝高寒草地为对象,采用样方法对不同退化程度草地植物群落结构和物种组成进行了分析,结果表明：天祝高寒草地轻度退化草地（LDG）、中度退化草地（MDG）和重度退化草地（SDG）植物群落四度一量特征整体呈现逐渐降低趋势且差异显著（P<0.05）,表现为LDG > MDG > SDG;研究区植物共11科19属21种,植物主要为豆科、菊科、禾本科、蔷薇科和莎草科,其中莎草科和禾本科对群落的稳定性起决定作用,其生态型群落呈现多年生草本植物占优势,一年生草本植物最少,无乔木层和灌木层,不同退化程度草地群落物种优势度指数在重度退化草地最高为0.31,丰富度指数和多样性指数在轻度退化草地最高分别为0.89和2.34。综上,随着天祝高寒草地退化程度的增加,其植物多样性逐渐降低,植物群落结构分布单一,应重视该地区草地的保护,合理利用和科学管理草地。 相似文献
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针对高寒草原冬春草场退化及草畜不平衡问题,为遏制草地生态系统进一步退化、提高草地生产力,本研究于2018年在青海省玛多县玛查理镇冬春草场开展返青期休牧育草试验。试验采用随机区组设计,设置返青期休牧和返青期放牧两个处理,在休牧结束时期和牧草生长高峰期(7月10日和8月10日)分别进行草地植物群落调查。结果表明:相对于放牧草地,7,8月份休牧草地的禾本科牧草株高增加了236.33%和123.83%(P<0.05),盖度增加了41.13%和61.71%(P<0.05),地上总生物量增加58.66%和33.62%;休牧以后草地主要植物种由原来的沙生风毛菊(Saussurea arenaria Maxim)、山莓草(Sibbaldia procumbens Linn.)等变为紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea Griseb)、疏花针茅(Stipa penicillata Hand.-Mazz)等;休牧草地和放牧草地样点植物群落结构存在差异;休牧草地植物群落物种丰富度、辛普森指数、香农-维纳指数较放牧草地均有所增加。因此,返青期休牧在高寒草原的实施改善了草地植被恢复情况,优化了草地植物群落结构,增强了生态系统多样性。本试验可为退化高寒草原植被恢复及休牧制度的实施提供科学理论依据。 相似文献
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青海省高寒草地土壤侵蚀强度及其空间分布特点 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
开展高寒草地土壤退化评价有助于掌握高寒草地退化的空间分布规律,对维持草地生态安全、保障区域可持续发展具有重要的意义。本研究基于改进的通用土壤侵蚀修订模型对青海省高寒草地土壤侵蚀退化强度和空间分布进行评价,并计算了2005—2014年青海省高寒草地土壤侵蚀评价指数,从而分析其变化趋势。结果表明：2014年度青海省高寒草地土壤侵蚀强度轻度、中度、重度和极度剧烈退化面积及占比分别为166 925 km2（39.5%）,98 729 km2（23.4%）,949 401 km2（22.5%）及61 787 km2（14.6%）。土壤侵蚀强度整体呈现以最剧烈区域为中心,向四周辐射的趋势,主要影响因素包括风蚀、水蚀及放牧强度等。此外,青海省高寒草地2005—2014年土壤侵蚀变化恢复面积为258 495 km2（61.2%）,反映了近年来青海省草地保护工作成效显著,然而在青海省的中东部地区高寒草地土壤退化的形势仍比较严峻,应当引起相关部门的高度重视。 相似文献
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本文以2003版《草原法》为基本依据,结合酒泉市2010～2011在基本草原划定过程中工作实际,概括提出了生态草地这个新概念,并且从概念的提出、范围的界定、存在的争议、区划中的应用、监管保护效果等五个方面进行了全面论述,最后得出生态草地是指以调节气候、涵养水源、保持水土、防风固沙、生物多样性保护等生态功能为主的、无放牧利用价值的、严重沙化、退化、荒漠化、必须封育保护的、盖度在5％以下的草地.生态草地概念的提出应用使多部门管理的边缘模糊地类管理权限得到明确,为生态草原管理提供了法律依据,促进了草原生态保护和恢复,概念应用价值显著. 相似文献
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Qin H.-R. Chen Z.-C. Hu Y.-M. Wang L.-Y. Xiao W. Zhao Z.-Z. Hu Y.-Q. Zhao L. Ma B.-Y. Huo J.-L. Wang F.-C. 《草地学报》2019,(1):104-112
The evaluation of alpine grassland soil degradation is helpful to grasp the spatial distribution of alpine grassland degradation, and has great significance to maintain grassland ecological security and ensure regional sustainable development. This study evaluated the soil degradation intensity and spatial distribution of alpine grassland in Qinghai Province based on the Improved Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, and calculated the evaluation index of soil erosion of Alpine Grassland in Qinghai Province from 2005 to 2014, to evaluate the changing trend of soil erosion of alpine grassland. The results showed that the mildly degraded area of alpine grassland in Qinghai Province was 166925 km2, accounting for 39.5% of the total grassland area; the moderately degraded area was 98729 km2, accounting for 23.4% of the total grassland area; the severely degraded area was 949401 km2, accounting for 22.5% of the total grassland area; the extremely severely degraded area was 61787 km2, accounting for 14.6% of the total grassland area in 2014. The overall intensity of soil erosion was centered on the most intense area and radiated to the surrounding area. The main influencing factors included wind erosion, water erosion, and grazing intensity. In addition, the restoration area of soil erosion of alpine grassland in Qinghai Province from 2005 to 2014 was 258495 km2, accounting for 61.2%, which reflects the remarkable achievements of grassland protection in Qinghai Province in recent years. However, the situation of soil degradation of alpine grassland in the middle east of Qinghai Province is still severe, which should be paid great attention by relevant departments. © 2019 Authors. All rights reserved. 相似文献
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基于高寒草地放牧系统次级生产力的优化放牧强度研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
依据小嵩草（Kobresia parva）高寒草甸和垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）/星星草（Puccinellia tenuflora）高寒混播人工草地牦牛放牧系统、紫花针茅（Stipa purpurea）高寒草原藏系绵羊放牧系统中草地次级生产力（家畜增重）的试验数据,构建了放牧家畜个体增重与放牧强度之间的模型：Y=a-bX（b>0）,以此为基础确定了单位面积草地次级生产力（家畜增重）与放牧强度之间的数学模型：Y=aX-bX2（b>0）;计算出各放牧系统最大生产力放牧强度：高寒草甸冷季和暖季草场分别是1.68头·hm-2和2.52头·hm-2,高寒人工草地牧草生长季为7.23头·hm-2,高寒草原冷季、暖季和全年连续放牧草场分别是4.33,6.45,2.36只·hm-2。 相似文献
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《Livestock Production Science》2003,79(2-3):169-182
Herbage intake and utilisation were measured in 12 Simmental and 12 Angus suckler cows with Angus sired calves grazing one subalpine (1000 m o.d. (ordinance datium)) and two alpine pastures (first and secondary growth; 2000 m). Calving periods were late autumn and late winter for both breeds. Herbage dry matter intake of cows and calves, determined with slow-release alkane capsules, increased from subalpine to alpine pastures from 11.9 to 15.8 and 1.1 to 3.5 kg/day, respectively. Nitrogen (N) intake was highest on regrowth pasture. Simmental cows consumed more herbage than Angus cows, even when corrected for metabolic body weight. Their calves did not differ in herbage consumption although crossbred calves had significantly higher daily gains (+16%) than Angus calves. Dam breed effects on N and phosphorous (P) excretion and N utilisation were small when corrected for differences in intake (higher in the Simmental groups). Compared to winter-calving, autumn-calving resulted in cows gaining weight but also resulted in lower daily gains of the calves despite higher herbage intake. This increased N and P losses per unit of weight gain even when calculated for cows and calves together. Accordingly, late-winter calving is advantageous for this type of alpine grazing system. 相似文献
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基于藏北高原的3个围栏与自由放牧试验样地,探讨了高寒草地牧草营养品质对放牧的响应机制。结果表明：在一个高寒草原化草甸冷季牧场,冷季放牧分别减少了24.29%和18.98%的杂草酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量,并增加了41.05%的杂草粗灰分含量,从而增加了杂草营养品质;而没有改变群落和优势牧草营养品质。在一个高寒草原化草甸暖季牧场,暖季放牧分别减少了31.82%和27.45%的群落酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量,并分别增加了137.35%和24.73%的群落粗灰分和粗脂肪含量,从而增加了群落营养品质;暖季放牧分别减少了22.04%和22.50%的优势牧草酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量,并增加了202.19%的优势牧草粗灰分含量,从而增加了优势牧草营养品质;而没有改变杂草营养品质。在一个高寒草甸暖季牧场,暖季放牧分别减少了37.18%和25.10%的杂草酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量,从而增加了杂草营养品质;增加了26.55%的优势牧草粗蛋白含量,从而趋于增加了优势牧草营养品质;而对群落营养品质无影响。植物群落营养品质与植物群落α和β多样性相关,优势牧草营养品质主要与土壤变量相关,杂草营养品质与土壤变量和杂草α多样性有关。因此,藏北高寒草地牧草营养品质对放牧的响应因草地类型和放牧季节的不同而不同,高寒草地应该采取分类放牧管理。 相似文献