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1.
1991,1992和1993年每年的9月7日～11月7日分别选用80头2岁春季初产母牛进行断奶和放牧试验。试验设计包括2个断奶处理和2个散牧处理(每个处理20头母牛),放牧处理分为天然沙岗草地和地下灌溉再生人工草地2个处理,断奶处理分为9月7日断奶和11月7日断奶2个处理。9月7日断奶后犊牛在人工草地放牧。食道瘘管牛从天然草地和人工草地上采食的日粮粗蛋白含量以有机质(OM)为基础分别为7.6％和12.3％,天然草地和人工草地牧草体外有机质消化率分别为55.1％和61.1％。年度×放牧处理或断奶×放牧处理间的互作效应不显著(P<0.01)。不同年度间试验牛有机质采食量差异较大,1991年为7.7kg/d,1992年为10.5kg/d,放牧和断奶处理间有机质采食量差异不显著(P>0.10)。人工草地上放牧母牛的增重和体况均比天然草地放牧母牛的好。于奶牛的增重和体况明显优于泌乳牛(P<0.01)。人工草地上放牧的泌乳牛可维持体重和体况,而天然草地上放牧的泌乳牛体重下降且体况变差。人工草地上放牧的未断奶犊牛比天然草地上放牧的多增重28.8 kg(P<0.01),比人工草地上放牧的断奶犊牛多增重34.4kg。人工草地上放牧的断奶犊牛的增重和天然草地上放牧的未断奶犊牛的增重差异不显著(P>0.10)。研究结果表明:9～10月份干奶牛和再生人工草地上放牧的母牛增 相似文献
2.
《草原与草坪》1989,(3)
人工草地和天然草地相结合的放牧系统可以提高每头带犊母牛和每公顷草地的生产能力,但目前还没有确定出人工草地与天然草地的适当比例以及在每种草地上的最适载畜量。1978—1985年在沙生冰草—天然草地地和雀麦—苜蓿—天然草地上进行了带犊母牛和1—2岁小牛不同放牧强度的研究。当放牧强度较低时,牛的日增重和母牛的怀胎率保持不变,而提高放牧强度后,日增重和怀胎率均直线下降。根据以上结果,在1980—1984年平均成本和价格的基础上,计算出冰草草地与天然草地的适当比例为1:3.94。在最适载畜量下,雀麦—苜蓿—天然草地每公顷的利润比冰草—天然草地的高3.38美元,但这不足以支付前者额外的灌溉费用。草地的最佳比例、载畜量和利润率随牧草产量、生产成本和牲畜的价格水平而变化。 相似文献
3.
垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans-星星草Puccinellia tenuiflora混播草地3个放牧季的牦牛放牧试验结果表明:相同放牧区每公顷草地牦牛总增重之间的差异不显著(P>0.05),同一放牧季各放牧区牦牛总增重之间的差异极显著(P<0.01).且各放牧季牦牛的个体增重与放牧强度均呈显著的线性回归关系;2003年单位面积草地牦牛增重随放牧强度的增加而增加,2004和2005年单位面积草地牦牛增重与放牧强度呈二次回归关系;通过二次回归方程计算得到:牧草生长季牦牛最佳放牧强度为7.23头/hm2. 相似文献
4.
垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans—星星草Puccinellia tenuiflora混播草地3个放牧季的牦牛放牧试验结果表明:相同放牧区每公顷草地牦牛总增重之间的差异不显著(P>0.05),同一放牧季各放牧区牦牛总增重之间的差异极显著(P<0.01),且各放牧季牦牛的个体增重与放牧强度均呈显著的线性回归关系;2003年单位面积草地牦牛增重随放牧强度的增加而增加,2004和2005年单位面积草地牦牛增重与放牧强度呈二次回归关系;通过二次回归方程计算得到:牧草生长季牦牛最佳放牧强度为7.23头/hm2。 相似文献
5.
垂穗披碱草/星星草混播草地优化牦牛放牧强度的研究 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
以植被和牦牛生产力变化为目标研究草地不退化的最大放牧强度,在垂穗披碱草/星星草高寒混播草地3年的牦牛放牧试验结果表明,1)优良牧草比例和牦牛个体增重的平均年度变化随放牧强度的增加而减小,牦牛个体增重和优良牧草比例的平均年度变化之间存在着正相关,因此确立了不同放牧强度下优良牧草比例的年度变化是评价高寒混播群落放牧价值的直接度量指标.2)虽然群落相似性系数和草地质量指数可以评价草场的相对变化,但相似性系数的变化与牦牛个体生产力没有显著关系,因而不能反映草场放牧价值的变化,而计算草地质量指数时,不同植物类群盖度的测定和适口性的判别受人为因素的干扰较大,因此它也不是一个很客观的指标.3)当放牧强度为9.97头/hm2时,优良牧草比例和牦牛个体增重的年度变化能维持基本不变,因此,可以认为该放牧强度是高寒人工草地生长季放牧不退化的最大放牧强度. 相似文献
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7.
高寒牧区牦牛育肥试验研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
试验结果表明 :天然草地不同牧草利用率下 ,牧草利用率为 3 0 %的绝对增重、相对增重和日增重比 5 0 %和 70 %的分别高 2 2kg和 8 1kg、2 3 4%和 8 5 1%、0 0 2kg和 0 0 7kg ,各处理间差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但处理内不同放牧期间差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ;天然草地、人工草地上不同年龄组条件下 ,天然草地上绝对增重和日增重分别高于人工草地上的 ,0 5岁犊牛组的相对增重高于对应的 1 5岁犊牛组 ,日增重各处理间差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但处理内不同放牧期牦牛日增重差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ;在暖棚舍饲条件下 ,高精料组 (第一组 )的绝对增重、相对增重和平均日增重分别比低精料组 (第二组 )和对照组高 5 9kg、4 94%、0 9kg和 3 1 44kg、2 6 5 9%、0 49kg ,低精料组 (第二组 )比对照组高 2 5 5 4kg、2 1 65 %和 0 4kg ,两处理之间同一放牧期牦牛的日增重差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ,处理内不同放牧期牦牛的日增重差异显著 (P <0 0 5 )。 相似文献
8.
不同放牧强度对牦牛生长和草地第二生产力的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
试验研究了６种放牧强度对牦牛生长及草地第二性生产力的影响，结果表明，放牧强度对牦牛日增重有明显影响，日增重以０．２４牦牛单位／ｈｍ＾２处理组最高，达７０７．９ｇ随着放牧强度的增大，牦牛日增重明显降低。其中，放牧强度对１岁牦牛影响最大，２岁牦牛次之，３岁牦牛再次。试验全期当放牧强度于１．２牦牛单位／ｈｍ＾２时，增大放牧强度，草地第二性生产力明显提高，当放牧强度高于１．２牦牛单位／ｈｍ＾２时，增大放牧 相似文献
9.
在夏秋草地对牦牛，藏羊进行１２０天放牧加补饲试验。结果：补饲后，２岁牦牛和当年羔羊增重率分别比对照牛、羊提高１８．２６和１１．８３个百分点，其他年龄组随年龄的增加，增重率逐渐减少；成年母牦牛的受胎率和产犊率提高２９．３３和２０．６３个百分点；但从经济效益看，仅２岁牦牛和当年羔羊略有盈利外，其他组效益不佳。试验结果说明：试验点的夏秋草地不能满足牦牛、藏羊生长发育和繁殖的营养需要，用补饲精料的方法补充 相似文献
10.
放牧强度对高寒混播人工草地牦牛增重的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
高寒混播人工草地牦牛放牧试验结果表明:①在三个放牧季内,牦牛总增重随放牧强度的增加而减小;②回归分析表明,放牧强度与各放牧区牦牛总增重之间呈显著的线性回归关系,不同放牧强度下牦牛日增重随时间的变化呈极显著的高次多项式回归关系。 相似文献
11.
Christopher L. Crawford Zoe M. Volenec Martin Sisanya Robert Kibet Daniel I. Rubenstein 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2019,72(1):204-209
Rangelands and the wildlife and livestock they support are critical to human livelihoods, but rangeland ecosystems increasingly suffer from overgrazing and degradation. Planned grazing, a strategy that commonly involves time-controlled rotations of high-density (bunched) groups of cattle across a pasture, is marketed as a method to enhance rangeland health and lessen livestock impacts. However, the behavioral mechanisms underlying any potential rangeland improvements resulting from rotational, high-density planned grazing have rarely been examined. To investigate these mechanisms, we compared planned grazing with conventional continuous grazing management in a savanna ecosystem in Kenya. We surveyed cattle grazing behavior, measured changes in vegetation characteristics through surveys conducted before and after cattle grazing, and measured native ungulate abundance following grazing using camera traps. Stocking rates were held constant across treatments, resulting in a commensurate decline in total foliar hits per pin (a proxy for vegetative biomass) across treatments. Planned grazing management altered cattle behavior and reduced grazing selectivity by restricting movements, causing cattle to walk more slowly while grazing and to take more bites per step. Vegetation survey results supported this finding: cattle in the planned grazing treatment ate significantly more Pennisetum grasses (typically avoided because of their unpalatability), creating the opportunity for regrowth of more palatable species after seasonal rains. We also documented significantly higher zebra presence in planned grazing plots after cattle grazing, likely due to increased relative abundance of more palatable grass species. This investigation of grazing behavior, and specifically decreased grazing selectivity as a mechanism underpinning the benefits of planned grazing, shows that when conducted at appropriate stocking densities, planned grazing has the potential to help mitigate rangeland degradation and improve rangeland sustainability for both livestock and wildlife in pastoral African savanna ecosystems. 相似文献
12.
Michaela Stejskalová Pavla Hejcmanová Vilém Pavlů Michal Hejcman 《Animal Science Journal》2013,84(8):622-629
An experiment to reveal functional response and heifers' performance to sward characteristics and forage chemical composition was conducted for 5 years in rotational (RSS) and continuous (CSS) stocking systems on native species‐rich upland grassland. We measured sward characteristics, forage chemical composition, heifers' grazing behavior and live‐weight gains from July to September. Mean sward surface height was lower on CSS than on RSS; grass and forb density, and white clover stolon length, were similar. Herbage on CSS had higher crude protein content and lower crude fiber content than on RSS. No difference existed in time budgets of grazing, ruminating and resting between stocking systems and season, while grazing rates were higher on CSS. Stocking rate was 1671 and 1332 kg per ha on CSS and RSS, individual daily live‐weight gain 683 and 652 g on CSS and RSS. Gain per ha was 20 kg higher on CSS. Results suggested stocking systems on native species‐rich grassland had no effect on activity time budgets or animal performance. Both RSS and CSS allow similar outputs for stocking rates in terms of individual daily live‐weight gain. Key parameters determining heifers' behavior and performance were sward height, grass and forb density in the sward, and content of crude fiber and protein in forage. 相似文献
13.
选取内蒙古自治区典型草原区封育恢复中天然放牧草场,进行毛肉兼用细毛羊的暖季放牧试验.采用2×5完全随机试验设计,设定不同放牧方式（不放牧,连续放牧,四区、五区、六区轮牧）及2种放牧强度（1.0,1.4 hm2/un.sh）,运用酶分析方法分析比较了围封过程中放牧绵羊对封育草场牧草细胞壁成分月动态变化及营养价值的影响.结果表明,整个暖季放牧期内,不同放牧区牧草营养物质含量主要受到放牧方式的显著影响（P＜0.05）.具体表现为,不放牧处理牧草细胞壁有机物（OCW）含量始终显著低于各放牧处理,不同放牧处理间没有明显差异;划区轮牧处理牧草始终保持着较高的消化性部分且显著高于连续放牧处理;不放牧处理牧草始终保持着较高的Oa和较低的Ob,而连续放牧处理与其相反,各轮牧处理间没有显著差异;轮牧处理总可消化养分（TDN）和代谢能（ME）含量较高,尤其在牧草生长旺盛期（八月份）,六区轮牧放牧场牧草可利用营养物质含量最高,营养价值最高. 相似文献
14.
基于高寒草地放牧系统次级生产力的优化放牧强度研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
依据小嵩草（Kobresia parva）高寒草甸和垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）/星星草（Puccinellia tenuflora）高寒混播人工草地牦牛放牧系统、紫花针茅（Stipa purpurea）高寒草原藏系绵羊放牧系统中草地次级生产力（家畜增重）的试验数据,构建了放牧家畜个体增重与放牧强度之间的模型：Y=a-bX（b>0）,以此为基础确定了单位面积草地次级生产力（家畜增重）与放牧强度之间的数学模型：Y=aX-bX2（b>0）;计算出各放牧系统最大生产力放牧强度：高寒草甸冷季和暖季草场分别是1.68头·hm-2和2.52头·hm-2,高寒人工草地牧草生长季为7.23头·hm-2,高寒草原冷季、暖季和全年连续放牧草场分别是4.33,6.45,2.36只·hm-2。 相似文献
15.
高寒地区暖季草场放牧牦牛的生产性能及其土壤养分变化 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
旨在通过不同放牧强度下高寒小嵩草(Alpine Kobresia parva(Nees)Wang et Tang ex Y.C.Yang)草甸和垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)/星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora(Griseb.)Scribn.et Merr.)高寒混播草地暖季草场植物初级生产力、土壤养分含量以及牦牛生产性能的研究,为草地合理利用提供有益的依据。结果表明:牦牛个体增重与放牧强度均呈线性关系;高寒小嵩草草甸暖季草场最适放牧强度为1.26头/hm2,垂穗披碱草/星星草混播高寒混播草地暖季草场的最适放牧强度是7.23头/hm2;放牧强度对高寒混播草地速效氮和速效磷的影响不显著,对速效钾的影响显著(P<0.05);随着放牧强度的提高,高寒小嵩草草甸土壤有机质、有机碳、全氮、全磷的含量呈减小趋势;当放牧强度分别达到1.07头/hm2,1.08头/hm2和1.22头/hm2时,0~5 cm,5~10 cm,10~20cm土壤速效氮含量依此达到最小;随着放牧强度的提高,高寒小嵩草草甸禾草和莎草的比例下降,可食杂草和毒杂草比例增加,而高寒混播草地垂穗披碱草的比例降低,星星草和杂类草的比例增加。 相似文献
16.
为更好地了解青藏高原高寒草甸区暖季放牧条件下人工草地牧草的生长特点,为制定合理放牧制度提供依据,于2001~2003年开展了暖季放牧牦牛对多年生人工草地影响的试验。结果表明:放牧2年后轮牧人工草地播种牧草比例为95.27%,连续放牧人工草地为86.15%,无放牧人工草地为58.01%。轮牧人工草地牧草月风干重最高值3 198.8 kg/hm2,连续放牧人工草地为3 023.2 kg/hm2。放牧可以提高人工草地牧草生长率,轮牧人工草地的牧草生长率高于连续放牧人工草地。放牧还影响着第2年播种牧草的生长,轮牧能促进种子出苗数,播种牧草的鲜重,风干重和种子产量分别达到了5 088.88 kg/hm2,3 053.33 kg/hm2和480 kg/hm2,均高于连续放牧人工草地和无放牧草地,轮牧人工草地杂草鲜草产量最低,为193.33 kg/hm2。适宜的放牧是保持人工草地可持续利用的手段之一。 相似文献
17.
《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2020,73(6):796-810
A comprehensive understanding of multipaddock, rotational grazing management on rangelands has been slow to develop, and the contribution of adaptive management (Briske et al. 2011) and sufficient scale (Teague and Barnes 2017) have been identified as key omissions. We designed an experiment to compare responses of vegetation and cattle in an adaptively managed, multipaddock, rotational system with that of a season-long, continuous system at scales comparable with those of a working ranch. We hypothesized that 1) year-long rest periods in the adaptively managed, rotational pastures would increase the density and productivity of perennial C3 graminoids compared with continuously grazed pastures and 2) adaptive management, supported with detailed monitoring data, would result in similar cattle performance in the rotational as in the continuously grazed pastures. However, we found little supporting evidence for grazing management effects on C3 graminoid abundance or production under either above-average or below-average precipitation conditions during the 5-yr experiment. Furthermore, adaptive rotational grazing resulted in a 12–16% reduction in total cattle weight gain relative to continuous grazing each year. Our work shows that the implementation of adaptive management by a stakeholder group provided with detailed vegetation and animal monitoring data was unable to fully mitigate the adverse consequences of high stock density on animal weight gain. Under adaptive rotational grazing, C3 perennial grass productivity and stocking rate both increased following above-average precipitation. But when adaptive rotational management was directly compared with continuous grazing with the same increase in stocking rate, continuous grazing achieved similar vegetation outcomes with greater cattle weight gains. We suggest that managers in semiarid rangelands strive to maintain cattle at stock densities low enough to allow for maximal cattle growth rates, while still providing spatiotemporal variability in grazing distribution to enhance rangeland heterogeneity and long-term sustainability of forage production. 相似文献
18.
本研究依托沿海拔梯度布设的三个配对的围栏和自由放牧样地探讨了土壤真菌系统发育多样性对放牧的响应规律.结果表明:暖季放牧和冷季放牧都没有改变高寒草原化草甸土壤真菌系统发育α多样性,暖季放牧也没有改变高寒草甸土壤真菌系统发育α多样性;暖季放牧和冷季放牧都显著改变了高寒草原化草甸土壤真菌群落系统发育结构,且暖季放牧也显著改变... 相似文献
19.
研究轮牧方式对草地植被特征的影响,可为草地合理放牧提供科学依据。在宁夏荒漠草原,以载畜率0.75只·hm-2为水平,以围封禁牧草地为对照(CK),对连续放牧(CG)、二区轮牧(TG)、四区轮牧(FG)和六区轮牧(SG)方式下草地物种植被组成、群落盖度、生物量、净初级生产力、物种多样性以及群落稳定性进行研究。结果表明:1)轮牧使荒漠草原优良牧草重要值下降,但可增加植物物种种类;增加轮牧分区有利于优良牧草和多年生草本重要值的保持,但对半灌木的影响较小;2)植被盖度以封育和四区轮牧较高,地上生物量和净初级生产力以四区轮牧和六区轮牧草地较高,地下生物量以封育和六区轮牧处理较高,草地凋落物量以封育较高;3)轮牧可增加物种丰富度、多样性以及优势度,但群落均匀度指数下降;4)各处理下植物群落均不稳定,相比之下,围封禁牧群落稳定性最高,连续放牧最低。综合植被特征和生产中的便利性,研究认为四区轮牧是研究区最适宜的轮牧方式。 相似文献
20.
Roelof J Oomen Anja Linstädter Jan C Ruppert Katharina Brüser Jürgen Schellberg Frank Ewert 《African Journal of Range and Forage Science》2016,33(3):185-198
In rangelands, grazing management is a main driver of rangeland condition. Due to masking effects of seasonal climate fluctuations, little is known about (dis)similarity of management effects on rangeland condition and forage provision across major dryland biomes. Taking a macro-ecological perspective, we analysed if management effects differed between South Africa’s central grassland and Kalahari savanna biomes. We recorded proxies of forage provision (phytomass, vegetation cover and their ratio) over five seasons, annual rainfall to account for seasonal climate fluctuations, and rangeland condition (through relative abundances of increaser and decreaser species). Regarding forage provision, we found effects of management for the savanna, where, irrespective of rainfall, rotational grazing management resulted in higher phytomass and phytomass–cover ratios than management with continuous grazing. In the grassland, however, this difference was only discernible for phytomass–cover ratio in two years with above-average antecedent rainfall. This suggests that management effects are biome-dependent and that modulating effects of annual rainfall are stronger in the grassland. In either biome, management effects on the dominance of increaser and decreaser species were negligible, i.e. rangeland condition did not differ across management types in either biome. We conclude that investigations on management effects should account for interactions with biome and rainfall. 相似文献