首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
食蟹猴阴茎电刺激采精及精液特征的初步研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
采用阴茎电刺激采精法对食蟹猴进行采精,电刺激参数设为电压从32～56V,频率25～30Hz范围调整,波宽固定为10ms,电刺激时间1～10s,在非麻醉情况下成功采精,采精量为(0.20±0.16)mL。在采精过程中没有发现阴茎损伤。对食蟹猴精液特征进行研究,结果发现精子的活力为(88.37±9.33)%,精子密度为(2169.79±1922.38)×106个/mL。扫描电子显微镜观察,精子的形态特点是头部的长径比较短而显两端较钝圆的卵圆形,长(6.58±0.28)μm,宽(4.12±0.20)μm;尾部中段长(13.47±0.36)μm,主段和末段长(67.08±1.52)μm。平均死活精子率9.1%,平均精子畸形率为13.1%,平均精子顶体异常率为3.3%。  相似文献   

2.
辅助生殖技术在非人灵长类动物上有重要的应用价值,获得高品质精液是有效开展辅助生殖研究工作的基本前提。电刺激采精与精液冷冻保存技术是目前获得高品质非人灵长类动物精液的重要手段。本综述在广泛参阅国内外研究成果的基础上,对当前非人灵长类动物电刺激采精与精液冷冻保存技术的利用现状进行整理和论述,旨在为将来开展非人灵长类动物的辅助生殖技术研究提供参考。  相似文献   

3.
本文研究对兔的采精技术、精液性状、精液的冷冻保存和低温保存以及输精方法等问题进行了一系列试验。用自制的假阴道采精,春季西德长毛公兔平均每次滤精量0.89±0.310毫升,射出精子总数5.025±2.09亿,西德杂种公兔分别为0.66±0.322毫升和3.623±1.751亿;本地长毛公兔分别为0.8±0.324毫升和3.190±1.514亿。冬季西德长毛公兔平均每次滤精量0.675±0.175毫升,射出精子总数2.568±0.561亿;西德杂种公兔分别为0.947±0.368毫升和4.272±1.434亿。同品种但个体不同,滤精量和射出精子总数差异很大。精液冷冻保存,可用含有甘油和DMSO的Tris稀释液,在液氮中(-196℃)保存。用冷冻精液输精母兔230只,情期受胎率73.9％,平均每窝产仔数4.4只。精液低温保存试验,以用葡—柠—蛋—奶稀释液与葡—柠—蛋稀释液稀释在2～5℃中保存,效果较好,在农村中进行输精试验的结果,前者情期受胎率68.7±18.739％,后者63.72±12.987％,差异不显著(P>0.05),因后者配制较简便,目前在农村中乃推广此种。精液稀释倍数分三组,即1:10、1:15、1:20,试验结果以1:15为宜。输精时,发情母兔静注HCG50单位诱排,输精量0.5毫升,输入有效精子数1,000～1,400万,实践证明是适宜的。兔的人工授精技术已在广西14个县(市)重点推广,据不完全统计,两年来共输精母免约10万只次,抽查17,184只,平均情期受胎率62.90％,平均每窝仔数4.04只。  相似文献   

4.
西部风沙区不同采煤沉陷区位土壤水分中子仪监测   总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2  
为探究西部风沙区采煤沉陷对土壤水分的影响,选取大柳塔某工作面为研究对象,采用中子仪法,对沉陷盆地的盆底区、边缘区和未受开采影响的未开采区2 m以内土壤含水量进行为期2 a的定位动态监测(包括采前—采中—采后0.5 a—采后1 a—采后1.5 a—采后2 a)。研究表明:1)研究区2 m内土壤含水量具有明显的分层特征,在10~60 cm内含水量呈线性增加,60~200 cm内基本稳定;2)采煤沉陷对土壤水分的影响具有明显的分区分层特征,使盆底区土壤含水量在10~130 cm内减小,130~200 cm内含水量增加,使边缘区含水量在2 m内均减小;整体而言,对边缘区的影响大于盆底区;3)采后盆底区土壤含水量呈现自我恢复现象,采后1 a土壤含水量便可恢复到采前水平,采后1.5 a和2 a,表现出高于未开采区的特点;边缘区含水量自我恢复效果不明显,采后2 a 10~130 cm土层内仍没达到未开采区的水平。因此,在对西部风沙区采煤沉陷地进行土地复垦和生态修复时,要分区治理,盆底区要充分依靠土壤水分的自我恢复能力,对边缘区要施以人工修复措施,使含水量及时恢复,满足植物生长的需要;这样尽量依靠自然的力量,有针对性、有重点的治理,既可以减小人工修复带来二次扰动的可能性,又可以减少生态修复成本。  相似文献   

5.
为了促进性控精液体外受精胚胎的产业化应用,本实验从卵母细胞体外成熟后卵丘细胞脱除程度(不脱除~完全脱除)、种公牛个体(A~C)、性控精液受精滴体积(30~100μL)和性控精子密度(0.3×106~1.0×106个/mL)4个方面,研究影响牛性控精液体外受精效率的因素。结果表明:(1)卵丘细胞部分脱除组的卵裂率(67±4.74)%显著高于不脱除组(41±2.23)%和完全脱除组(37.50±2.88)%(P<0.05);(2)种公牛B的性控精液进行体外受精,卵裂率(61.25±5.78)%和囊胚率(26.53±3.31)%显著高于A(42.5±3.45,17.65±3.65)%和C(30±2.62,16.67±2.36)%(P<0.05);(3)50~100μL受精滴卵裂率(60±3.54)%~(64.17±3.04)%和囊胚率(20.41±4.33)%~(23.38±4.47)%无显著性差异(P>0.05),但显著高于40、30μL的卵裂率[(48.33±2.89)%,(33±2.74)%]和囊胚率[(13.79±2.02)%,(12.12±3.73)%](P<0.05);(4)精子密度0.5×106~1....  相似文献   

6.
研究旨在建立优化的猪精液冷冻保存方法.实验表明,采用ZORLESCO(ZO)液对猪精液进行预稀释,室温平衡1 h.加入冷冻Ⅰ液后于5℃水浴平衡1.5 h,再加入冷冻Ⅱ液平衡2 h后装入0.25 mL细管,液氮面上3cm处平衡10 min投入液氮,采用37℃水浴解冻30 s,可获得最佳冷冻效果.解冻后的精子活力平均为0.58±0.03,质膜完整率为(63.2±1.2)%,顶体完整率为(51.4±2.6)%;精子畸形率最低,仅为(14.0±3.0)%.  相似文献   

7.
解救被压哺乳仔猪是提高规模化养殖场生产效益的重要手段,其中电刺激是最新技术之一,为优化目前电刺激技术研究参数单一,母猪过度反应等问题,该研究基于反应有效性和惊吓指数两类参数分析了产后母猪不同身体部位在不同刺激电压下的反应,确定了电刺激技术参数适宜值,并验证了该参数对母猪生产性能的影响。结果表明：电刺激装置通电0.5 s后,母猪在刺激电压2 000和2 400 V下的有效反应率皆为75%以上,且这2种刺激电压下发生有效反应的概率极显著高于1 200 V(P<0.01)。母猪腰部的有效反应率为70.8%,该部位发生有效反应的概率比侧腹部和大腿根部高将近3倍左右。当刺激部位为腰部,刺激电压为2 400 V时,母猪惊吓指数上限高于60%;当刺激部位为腰部,刺激电压2 000 V时,惊吓指数上限低于60%,综合有效反应和惊吓指数结果,建议电刺激适宜参数为：电压2 000 V,刺激部位为腰部。生产试验结果表明：在整个哺乳期,执行电刺激适宜参数的试验组母猪的平均日采食量（5.50 kg）和断奶窝质量（58.91 kg）略高于对照组的日采食量（5.45 kg）和断奶窝质量（58.42 kg）,但...  相似文献   

8.
通过盆栽试验,设置单独Cd处理与Cd+Se复合处理(土壤镉浓度为0~200 mg kg~(-1)),研究不同处理下,壶瓶碎米荠(Cardamine hupingshanensis)植株的镉含量特征。结果表明:两种处理方式下,壶瓶碎米荠植株地上部和地下部镉含量随土壤中镉浓度升高而增加,呈线性相关。单独Cd处理,壶瓶碎米荠植株地上部镉含量变化范围为0.02~808.51 mg kg~(-1),地上部与地下部镉含量的平均比值为1.10,变化范围为1.05~1.23;富集系数的平均值为5.65,变化范围为4.04~7.85。Cd+Se复合处理,相同镉浓度处理下,壶瓶碎米荠地上部和地下部的镉含量均低于单独Cd处理组,最高浓度达到617.74 mg kg~(-1)和531.48 mg kg~(-1)。表明,壶瓶碎米荠是一种富集镉能力强的超积累植物,而添加硒可以降低其对Cd的富集,且不会影响其对Cd的吸收和向地上部转运的能力,在Cd污染场地的修复中前景较好。  相似文献   

9.
以春小麦品种‘陇春27’为试材,采用田间试验法,以裸地平作为对照,研究半干旱区旱地全膜覆土穴播和全沙覆盖平作对小麦田土壤水分和产量的调节作用。结果表明:与裸地平作(CK)相比,全膜覆土穴播(PM)和全沙覆盖平作(SM)小麦田0~40 cm土壤水分条件明显改善,尤其在干旱年份,能满足小麦前期生长,同时促进小麦出苗后对0~200 cm土壤水分的利用;种植第1年PM在60~80 cm土层耗水量最大,SM和CK在40~60 cm土层耗水量最大;种植第2年PM以120~180 cm土层耗水量最多,SM和CK则以60~80 cm土层耗水量最多。连续种植两年后,PM耗水深度从120 cm延伸到200 cm,SM耗水深度从120 cm延伸到140 cm,CK耗水深度无变化;小麦田休闲效率PM最大,SM次之,CK最小,但是各处理休闲效率随种植年限增加而降低。可见,PM和SM能改善小麦前期生长水分环境,促进出苗后耗水,并加快小麦对土壤深层水分的利用,因而与CK相比,PM产量增加48.77%~815.79%,SM产量增加49.41%~702.24%。但随种植年限增加,耗水深度加大,休闲效率降低,多年种植可能对土壤水分生态产生不利影响。  相似文献   

10.
夏季休闲是黄土高原旱地小麦常见的蓄纳雨水、恢复地力的措施。随着氮肥用量的增加,一季小麦收获后,旱地土壤剖面累积的硝态氮量不断增加,休闲期间降雨量高,残留硝态氮的去向是值得研究的问题。利用~(15)N标记法研究小麦收获后残留肥料氮在黄土高原旱地(陕西长武)夏季休闲期间的去向,即小麦收获后在微区土壤表层(0~15 cm)施入~(15)N标记的硝态氮肥(30 kg hm~(-2)(以纯氮计),约相当于当地小麦一季作物收获后土壤残留肥料氮量),休闲结束后,采集0~200 cm土壤样品,测定了土壤全氮、硝态氮含量及其~(15)N丰度。结果表明,小麦收获(即休闲开始)时0~200 cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积量在205~268 kg hm-2之间(平均244 kg hm~(-2)),累积量较高。夏季休闲期间降水量为157 mm,属欠水年,但休闲结束后,~(15)N标记肥料氮向下迁移已达80 cm土层,下移深度在45~65cm之间,说明,旱地休闲期间硝态氮的淋溶作用不可忽视。夏季休闲结束后,加入的~(15)N标记肥料氮平均损失率为28%,损失机理值得进一步研究。  相似文献   

11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

16.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

17.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

18.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

19.
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.  相似文献   

20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号