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1.
Compensatory growth following stress is a strategy aquatic animals use to adjust themselves to a variable environment. Studies on the recovery growth of aquatic animals are not only of theoretical value in ecophysiology and evolution, but also important to applications in aquaculture and fisheries resource management. In this experiment, juvenile Fenneropenaeus chinensis with an initial average body weight of about 3.72 g were exposed to hypoxic water (about 2.08 and 3.11 mg/l of dissolved oxygen (DO) content) for 10 days and then switched to normoxic water (about 5.63 and 5.59 mg/l DO). Compared with juveniles in normoxia, juveniles in the hypoxia period allocated a greater proportion of energy to metabolism and exuviations but allocated less energy to daily metabolism per gram shrimp weight (J/g/day). This reduced feed conversion efficiency and feeding rate. Finally, F. chinensis suffered growth depression. The juveniles completely compensated for hypoxia-induced growth depression in 30 days after being switched into normoxic water and the compensation was achieved mainly by hyperphagia and slightly by improvement of feed conversion efficiency. During the recovery period the hypoxic-stressed shrimp showed higher daily metabolic energy (J/g/day) than controls (P < 0.05). Which means the stressed shrimp had more energy for feeding-related activities. So hyperphagia was observed. Energy analysis indicated that F. chinensis improved feed-conversion efficiency mainly by reducing the percentage of energy lost in feces and exuviations. The results showed that short-term non-lethal hypoxia would not affect the growth of juvenile F. chinensis if there were enough time for the stressed shrimp to recover. This suggested F. chinensis was capable of adapting to DO fluctuation to some extent and short-term non-lethal hypoxia would not have an obvious effect on natural, released, and cultured shrimp stock.  相似文献   

2.
An energetic method was used to investigate the effects of stocking density and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on the growth of juvenile Paralichthys olivaceus. Fish, with initial weights of 14±2.1 g, were exposed to a normal and a high DO of 5.5±0.5 and 14±2 mg L?1, as well as four stocking densities per DO concentration (100, 200, 300 and 400 ind m?2 for the normal DO and 200, 400, 600 and 800 ind m?2 for the high DO). The feed efficiency (FEW) decreased significantly with increasing stocking density and increased significantly with increasing DO concentration. The maximum weight was achieved at 400 ind m?2 under a high DO depending on our rearing conditions. The stocking density and DO concentration change energy ingestion and its allocation for respiration, growth and excretion lost in nitrogen excretion, but do not affect the energy loss through faeces. The results of the body composition of fish indicated that the stocking density and DO concentration had no significant effects on the moisture, lipid content and gross energy, but are affected by the same. Energetic analysis demonstrated that high DO concentrations could alleviate the growth depression caused by high stocking densities, decrease energy loss in respiration and nitrogen excretion and increase the energy proportion allocated to growth.  相似文献   

3.
实验采用循环水养殖系统,通过水流量控制溶解氧供给,设计不同溶解氧供应和限制溶解氧供应及恢复两个实验来研究褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼生长及能量分配等指标的响应。在不同溶解氧供应实验中,溶解氧含量梯度设置为2.24 mg/L,3.14 mg/L,4.27 mg/L,5.38 mg/L,6.94 mg/L,实验结束时褐牙鲆幼鱼体重、日生长系数、摄食率、以湿重表示的饲料转化效率与溶解氧含量呈正相关(P0.05)。单尾鱼的摄食能随着溶解氧含量的下降而减少,生长能的比例在溶氧为5.38 mg/L时最高。排粪能的比例则随着溶解氧含量的下降而上升,排泄能比例随溶解氧含量下降也略有增加,代谢能的比例随着溶解氧含量的下降呈先下降后上升的趋势,在溶解氧含量为5.38 mg/L时最低(37.66%)。单位体重能量收支中,所有指标与溶解氧含量都有明显的正相关关系(P0.05),随着溶解氧含量的提高而显著提高。实验表明,低溶解氧含量下,褐牙鲆幼鱼通过减少能量供应降低摄食率和饲料转化效率,其生长受到抑制。在限制溶解氧供应及恢复实验中,经历10 d低溶解氧含量2 mg/L(S_2)和4 mg/L(S_4)胁迫的褐牙鲆幼鱼生长受到抑制,但在恢复正常溶解氧后10 d内体重即与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。恢复期间褐牙鲆幼鱼的摄食率明显高于对照组(P0.05),饲料转化效率略高于对照组。恢复阶段不同处理在摄食能、生长能比例和呼吸能比例上没有显著差异(P0.05),但经历低溶解氧胁迫的处理摄食能和生长能比例略高于对照处理,而代谢耗能比例略低于对照处理。S2处理的排泄能比例显著低于其余2个处理(P0.05)。实验表明褐牙鲆幼鱼对短期低溶解氧含量有较强的适应能力,能够通过提高摄食率在较短的恢复期获得完全补偿生长。本研究揭示了褐牙鲆在低溶氧胁迫下的能量分配规律,为深入研究鱼类适应溶解氧波动环境的策略积累资料。  相似文献   

4.
The present study investigated the growth performance of juvenile barramundi Lates calcarifer (Bloch) fed conspecific prey (CP), formulated diet (FD) and a mix of both (MIX) using a bioenergetics approach. Fish in the MIX treatment ingested significantly more CP than FD by dry mass. However, prey mass ingestion and cannibalism rate in the MIX treatment were significantly lower than in the CP treatment. This indicates that the provision of alternative food does not complete mitigate cannibalism, but it can significantly reduce cannibalism in barramundi. Fish in the FD treatment showed a significantly higher daily food intake than fish in the CP or MIX treatments. However, fish fed conspecifics showed significantly better feed conversion efficiencies, apparent digestibility rates and growth performances. Exclusive cannibalistic barramundi assimilated significantly more energy consumed, with 1.5% of energy lost in faeces comparing with 7.3% of siblings feeding exclusively on FD. Consequently, exclusive cannibals channelized more energy consumption into growth (57.1%) than those fed solely on FD (43.9%). Therefore, high energy allocation into growth promoted better feed conversion efficiency and growth performance of cannibalistic barramundi than siblings fed solely on FDs. This study implies that fast‐growing cannibals may continuously prey on slow‐growing conspecifics due to growth advantage through cannibalism. Therefore, size heterogeneity should be reduced at initial stocking and controlled as fish grow to avoid the emergence of new cannibals.  相似文献   

5.
This study was conducted to determine the effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) levels on growth performance, energy budget and antioxidant responses of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Yellow catfish was exposed to four levels of DO, consisting of hypoxia (2.28 mg L?1), moderate hypoxia (4.04 mg L?1), saturation (6.51 mg L?1) and super‐saturation groups (9.11 mg L?1), respectively, for 8 weeks. Specific growth rate and feed efficiency in dry matter were lowest in hypoxia and highest in the saturation and super‐saturation groups. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and energy increased with increasing DO levels. Gross energy and growth energy were lowest for hypoxia, followed by moderate hypoxia and the highest for other two groups. Faecal energy was highest in hypoxia and lowest in saturation and super‐saturation group. DO levels also significantly influenced activities of antioxidant enzymes and malondialdehyde level in liver and serum. Based on the observation described previously, saturated DO level helps to improve growth performance, feed utilization and antioxidant responses in yellow catfish. Super‐saturation did not increase fish performance. To our knowledge, this is the first study involved in the effect of DO levels on energy budget of fish and provides new insight into aeration regime for yellow catfish culture.  相似文献   

6.
溶氧水平对黄颡鱼稚鱼摄食、生长及呼吸代谢的影响   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6  
在(28±0.5)℃循环水环境中设置4种溶氧水平,分别为2.92 mg/L(G1组)、4.71 mg/L(G2组)、6.77 mg/L(G3组)、9.68 mg/L(G4组),研究初始体重为(1.62±0.02)g的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidracoR.)稚鱼的生长、摄食及呼吸代谢规律。结果显示:G3组特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FE)均显著高于其它各试验组(P<0.05)。试验鱼的耗氧率、排氨率与溶氧水平无正相关性,G3组的耗氧率、排氨率始终显著高于其它三组。第6周测定发现:摄食后1~4 h内耗氧率和排氨率均呈现迅速上升,到达最大值后再缓慢下降,二者均在09∶00和21∶00出现高峰,G3组的耗氧率高峰值分别为0.345、0.331 mg/g.h,G3组的排氨率高峰值分别为24.194、17.770μg/g.h。结果表明:不同溶氧条件下,黄颡鱼稚鱼的耗氧率、排氨率变化过程具有类似的特征,二者在能量代谢机制上相互关联;在6.77 mg/L的溶氧水平下,黄颡鱼稚鱼生长最快、呼吸代谢最为旺盛。  相似文献   

7.
Losses of king crabs (deaths) in massive rearing conditions are frequently attributed to cannibalism. As several factors could influence cannibalism intensity during culture, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of molt condition, stage and density on cannibalism among Lithodes santolla juveniles. Comparisons between intermolt and molt conditions and between C1 and C2 stages during intermolt were performed at three densities (6, 12 and 18 individuals per flask; that is equivalent to 236, 472 and 708 individuals m?2). After 16 days of juvenile coexistence, cannibalism (injured + dead) was higher during molting (33.9 ± 4.5 %) than intermolt (21.7 ± 3.9 %), even though only 36 % of crabs had molted. Although cannibalism was similar in C1 and C2 stages, the proportion of dead animals was higher by a factor of three in C1 stage, probably due to the fact that animals reach the first juvenile stage with low energetic reserves, after the lecithotrophic larval development. Density was the main factor influencing cannibalism in our experiments. Higher densities promoted higher deaths, while agonistic interactions evidenced by injured crabs remained constant. Walking appendages were lost more often than chelipeds during first agonistic encounters. We recommend the use of intermediate densities (450 crabs m?2 at most), the early detection of exuviae and the sorting of crabs after molting, for L. santolla rearing.  相似文献   

8.
The present work evaluated the effect of three inexpensive diets (frozen minced mussel and edible cockle (MMC), frozen minced squid (MS) and gilthead seabream feed (GSF)) on growth, survival, sex reversal, lipid classes and fatty acid (FA) profile of juvenile ornamental shrimp Lysmata seticaudata. Shrimp fed GSF displayed the highest survival rate (±SD) (85.2±1.8%) and the highest percentage (±SD) of shrimp changing from male to simultaneous hermaphrodite (SH) phase (25.2±2.2%). All diets promoted growth rates superior to those reported in the wild, with SH shrimp displaying higher total lengths (TL). Shrimp in SH phase fed GSF displayed the highest TL (±SD) (40.6±1.2 mm). Cultured shrimp reflected the lipid content of experimental diets, with shrimp fed GSF displaying the highest triacylglycerols and sterols (ST) contents. The higher rearing density induced by lower mortality rates of shrimp fed GSF, and the high ST levels present in the diet, may explain the higher proportion of shrimp in SH phase. The higher levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) displayed by MS did not promote higher survival or growth rates. The low polyunsaturated fatty acids and HUFA content of MMC was not reflected in cultured shrimp, probably because of a selective retention of these FA.  相似文献   

9.
This study compared the feed preference and growth response of Litopenaeus vannamei to chemoattractants. A diet with 3% fishmeal was supplemented with either 3% salmon meal (POS), 3% soy protein concentrate (NEG), 3% krill meal (KRM), 3% squid meal (SQM), 3% shrimp head meal (SHM), 3% shrimp meal (SM), 3% squid liver meal (SLM), or 5% liquid sardine hydrolysate (SAH). Shrimp with a body weight (BW) of 0.99 ± 0.08 g were stocked at 100 animals/m2 in 56 tanks of 1 m3 and fed 10 times daily for 74 days. Feed preference was evaluated by feeding shrimp of 10.87 ± 1.82 g in excess twice a day for 10 days in two separate feeding trays allocated in 50 tanks of 0.5 m3. Survival reached 93.3 ± 5.80% and was unaffected by supplementation. Final BW was the highest for shrimp fed the KRM‐supplemented diet (11.97 ± 0.93 g), followed by POS (11.11 ± 0.77 g) and SQM (11.01 ± 1.17 g). Diets SHM, SM, SLM, and NEG showed a lower shrimp BW than POS, but were not statistically different among them. Shrimp fed the SAH diet achieved the lowest BW (10.06 ± 1.02 g). The highest gained yield was obtained with diets KRM and POS. No statistical difference was observed in shrimp yield among other diets. The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was achieved with shrimp fed KRM (1.31 ± 0.05) when compared to diets SHM (1.47 ± 0.05), SAH (1.47 ± 0.07), and SLM (1.45 ± 0.17). Two‐by‐two comparisons indicated that shrimp preferred SHM and KRM, except when these were compared to SQM and SLM. No difference in feed preference was found between diets with SQM and SLM. SAH was the least preferred raw material in all comparisons. Results indicated that KRM acts as a powerful feeding effector and growth enhancer in fishmeal‐challenged diets for whiteleg shrimp. A dietary supplementation with 3% KRM is more effective than the same dose of any other chemoattractant evaluated.  相似文献   

10.
孙建明  张洪  赵慧慧  纪瑾 《水产科学》2007,26(3):134-137
在封闭式循环养殖系统中，采用气／水混合溶解机调节虹鳟养殖水中的溶氧量。设置4种溶氧量，分别为7．05、8．82、11．84、15．80mg／L，其中8．82mg／L为对照组，充空气；试验30d，对虹鳟幼鱼（体长13．0—18．5em）的生长率、能量收支及机体的营养组成进行研究。试验结果表明，7．05mg／L的低溶氧组鱼在生长率和饲料转化效率方面均明显低于对照组（P〈0．05），而11．84mg／L和15．80mg／L的高氧组鱼食物转化效率高，生长率明显提高。由摄食能的分配结果可见，随着溶解氧的升高，虹鳟幼鱼的摄食能用于生长和代谢的比例提高。表明在封闭式循环养殖系统中高溶解氧对虹鳟幼鱼生长具有良好的促进作用。  相似文献   

11.
An outdoor growth trial was conducted for 75 days to investigate the effect of C:N ratio and bamboo substrate (S) in brackish water shrimp culture. Penaeus monodon juveniles (0.35 ± 0.03 g) were stocked in experimental tanks with and without bamboo substrate. C:N ratio of 10 and 20 was manipulated with shrimp feed containing 32 % crude protein and rice flour as carbohydrate source. Addition of substrate and higher C:N ratio (CN20+S) significantly reduced (p < 0.01) inorganic nitrogen NH3–N by 48.2 %, NO3–N by 41.6 %, NO2–N by 42.7 % compared with CN10. Substrate addition significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the turbidity by 22.4 % (CN10+S against CN10) and 20.7 % (CN20+S against CN20). Periphyton biomass and total heterotrophic bacterial load were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in CN20+S in comparison with CN10+S treatment. The autotrophic index increased from 123.4 ± 0.62 to 158.9 ± 3.8 for CN10+S and, 121.8 ± 1.6 to 228 ± 9.11 for CN20+S system. Provision of substrate and carbohydrate addition resulted in the highest body weight, 4.87 ± 0.12 g in CN20+S against 3.66 ± 0.07 g in CN20 and 2.90 ± 0.12 g in CN10 through provision of natural food in the form of periphytic algae and heterotrophic bacterial community. Treatment with substrates showed a higher survival rate by 7 % in comparison with without substrate treatments as it acted as shelter to shrimp during molting and there by reduced cannibalism. Thus, our results demonstrated that high C:N ratio and substrate addition improved growth, reduced FCR and better water quality conditions.  相似文献   

12.
Performance traits and body composition of juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis) in response to hypoxia were evaluated in replicate tanks maintained at constant dissolved oxygen concentrations that averaged 23.0 ± 2.3%, 39.7 ± 3.0% and 105.5 ± 9.5% dissolved oxygen saturation. Fish were fed a commercially formulated feed daily to apparent satiation. Total feed intake and fish growth and yield increased linearly in response to increased dissolved oxygen concentration. Nutrient utilization was reduced significantly only at the greatest level of hypoxia. With the exception of whole body protein content, whole body compositional indices and nutrient retention efficiencies were linearly related to dissolved oxygen concentration. Results demonstrate that as hypoxia becomes more severe, juvenile hybrid striped bass feed intake is reduced, which affects growth and nutrient retention.  相似文献   

13.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth and physiological status of Litopenaeus vannamei subjected to one constant temperature (25°C) and four cyclical temperature change regimes (25 ± 1°C, 25 ± 2°C, 25 ± 3°C and 25 ± 4°C). The growth rates of shrimp at 25 ± 2°C or 25 ± 3°C were significantly higher than that at a constant temperature of 25°C. On the other hand, the growth rate in 25 ± 4°C regime was significantly lower than those in other regimes. The daily feed intake rate of shrimp at 25 ± 4°C was the lowest, and the food conversion efficiency was also significantly lower than those at 25 ± 2°C and 25 ± 3°C, respectively. The food conversion efficiency at 25 ± 2°C or 25 ± 3°C was significantly higher than those in other regimes. Thus, it can be inferred that the growth enhancement in the test shrimp at the suitable diel fluctuating temperatures was due to high food conversion efficiency. Studies of the physiological parameters showed that at 25 ± 4°C, the hemolymph glucose content of the test shrimp was the lowest, while the activity of PK in hepatopancreas was the highest, which indicated that the test shrimp at 25 ± 4°C was in a stressed condition. The hemolymph glucose content of the test shrimp at 25 ± 3°C was the highest, and the activity of HK in hepatopancreas was the lowest. These results indicated that the test shrimps at 25 ± 3°C were not in a stressed condition. Compared with the constant temperature regime, the expression of HSP70 in any of the four cyclical temperature change regimes was not significantly increased. The reason for this might be that the fluctuation amplitude of ± 4°C did not induce the increased expression of HSP70.  相似文献   

14.
Three intensive growout trials using Penaeus vunnumei were conducted in round ponds in Hawaii in 1987. A 337 m2 experimental pond was stocked at 100 shrimp/m2 for two trials; a 2,000 m2 commercial prototype pond was stocked at 75/m2 for one trial. In the experimental pond trials, shrimp survival averaged 88 ± 10% (SE) and feed conversion averaged 2.2 ± 0.2. Growth averaged 1.5 ± 0.3 g/week, yielding 18.2 ± 1.7 gram shrimp in 80 ± 5.5 days. Combined production in the experimental trials was 32,272 kg/ha in 174 days (from stocking of trial 1 to harvest of trial 2). Comparing these results to 1986 results (Wyban and Sweeney 1988), it was concluded that shrimp growth is not affected and production is doubled by increasing stocking density from 45/m2 to 100/m2. Pooling data from 1986 and 1987, a significant linear regression was obtained when weekly growth of shrimp above four grams individual size was regressed on mean weekly pond temperature: growth = 0.37 * temperature - 8.44, (r2= 0.41; P < 0.01). Multiple regression to examine effects of shrimp size, pond biomass, and shrimp age on the temperature-growth relationship was not significant. In the commercial prototype pond trial, survival was 67% and feed conversion was 2.0. Growth averaged 1.4 g/week, yielding 18.1 gram shrimp in 88 days. Production was 9,120 kg/ha. Individual shrimp size distribution at harvest in the commercial pond was similar to experimental pond results, indicating that shrimp growth in the two systems was comparable. Financial characteristics of a hypothetical 24 pond shrimp farm using these results were determined using an electronic spreadsheet model (hung and Rowland 1987). Feed costs were 40% of total operating costs while postlarvae and labor were 14% and 16% of total operating costs, respectively. Breakeven price (BEP) was far more sensitive to changes in revenuedetermining inputs such as survival and growth than to comparable changes in costdetermining inputs such as feed and postlarvae costs. Together these results suggest that commercial scale round pond production mimics experimental scale production and that round pond technology has commercial potential.  相似文献   

15.
低氧胁迫对鲻幼鱼生长、能量代谢和氧化应激的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
为研究低氧胁迫对鲻幼鱼生长、能量代谢和氧化应激的影响,实验将其放在溶解氧(DO,mean±SE)含量分别控制在(1.66±0.41)、(4.35±0.53)、(7.03±0.36)mg/L的条件下养殖10 d,然后恢复至接近饱和溶解氧含量7.0 mg/L的条件下养殖30 d,研究其特定生长率、排氨率、耗氧率、氧氮比和血浆、肌肉、肝脏及鳃组织的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、抗超氧阴离子活力(ASOR)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、乳酸(LD)含量、总谷胱甘肽(T-GSH)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量。结果表明:低氧胁迫对鲻幼鱼的生长、能量代谢影响显著,较严重缺氧组鲻的体质量、特定生长率(SGR)、耗氧率和排氨率显著低于其他处理,不具有补偿生长的能力;而轻微缺氧组获得完全补偿生长。低氧胁迫对鲻氧化应激指标影响显著,胁迫结束时鲻通过提高某些抗氧化酶的活力来增强抗氧化能力,以提高其应对恢复正常溶解氧环境可能带来的氧化应激的能力,同时在恢复溶氧后鲻氧化应激反应也较强烈。在恢复溶解氧阶段,肝脏中GSH显著增加,说明鲻体内的保护机制被激活。肝脏和鳃中MDA的含量在低氧胁迫后与溶解氧含量呈明显的负相关性,在复氧30 d后仍然高于对照组,表明低氧胁迫加强鲻肝脏和鳃组织脂质过氧化反应。  相似文献   

16.
The effects of protein restriction in the diet with subsequent realimentation on growth responses of juvenile Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis (initial mean wet weight 1.347 g), were investigated. The control group (Group C) was fed an adequate diet containing 44.6% crude protein and 18.5 kJ gross energy/g dry matter throughout the experiment. For treatment Groups T15 and T30, in the restriction phase (weeks 1–2) dietary crude protein contents were reduced to 15.0% and 29.3%, respectively, with constant energy supply, while in the realimentation phase (weeks 3–6) they were supplied with the same diet as the control group. Protein restriction led to significant decrease in specific growth rates and body weight of shrimp. However, when the shrimp were transferred from protein restriction to realimentation, they had significantly increased specific growth rates in terms of dry matter, protein and energy (SGRd, SGRp and SGRe) compared with the control shrimp. At the end of the experiment, the shrimp in Group T30 achieved complete growth compensation, while those in Group T15 were still significantly smaller than the controls. As dietary protein levels reduced, feed conversion efficiencies and apparent protein digestibility decreased, but feed intake and protein efficiency ratio increased. The shrimp responded to a change from protein restriction to realimentation by displaying improved feed conversion efficiencies (FCEd, FCEp and FCEe) compared with the controls, although those in Group T15 delayed in showing the enhanced FCE values. In the initial 2-week realimentation, the shrimp in Group T15 showed significantly higher feed intake, and lower apparent digestibility of dry matter and protein than those of the controls. There was no significant difference in protein efficiency ratio among all groups in the realimentation phase. The above results suggest that compensatory growth in Group T30 is mainly dependent on improved feed conversion efficiencies, while that in Group T15 is attributable to both improved feed conversion efficiencies and increasing feed intake. After 2-week restriction, the shrimp showed lower body crude protein, lipid and energy content, and higher moisture and ash content than the controls. However, during the course of realimentation, the differences between the previously protein restricted shrimp and the controls diminished. This indicates that compensatory growth after a period of protein restriction in juvenile Chinese shrimp was accompanied by a complete recovery in body composition and energy content.  相似文献   

17.
Litopenaeus vannamei were stocked in 25 clear‐water 500‐L tanks at 100 shrimp m?2 and in 25 green‐water 1000‐L tanks at 60 animals m?2. Four diets were formulated to include krill meal at 10, 50 or 110 g kg?1; or krill oil at 25 g kg?1 by replacing fish meal, fish oil, soybean lecithin and cholesterol. Diets had similar levels of crude protein, total energy and essential amino acids. After 72 days, shrimp reared in clear and green water showed no differences in performance among diets. In clear water, shrimp attained 13.1 ± 0.59 g body weight, 1.00 ± 0.06 g week?1 growth, 81.4 ± 7.3% survival, 780 ± 118 g m?2 yield, 16.9 ± 1.8 g shrimp?1 apparent feed intake (AFI), and 2.18 ± 0.29 food conversion ratio (FCR). In green water, shrimp attained 14.3 ± 0.81 g body weight, 1.04 ± 0.09 g week?1 growth, 91.4 ± 5.4% survival, 569 ± 69 g m?2 yield, 20.9 ± 3.2 g shrimp?1 AFI, and 2.22 ± 0.34 FCR. Diets containing krill meal or krill oil were able to fully replace the protein and lipid value of fish meal, fish oil, soybean lecithin and cholesterol at no cost to performance.  相似文献   

18.
Indoor, intensive, nursery-based recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) can provide high-quality juvenile shrimp for indoor or pond-based production systems in a biosecure manner. However, it is unclear what type of RAS is most appropriate for indoor shrimp nurseries. This study compared three types of RAS nurseries: biofloc (BF), clear-water (CW), and hybrid (HY). Each treatment included four, randomly assigned 160 L (0.35-m2) tanks that were stocked with 3000 post-larvae shrimp m−3. The post-larvae (PL10) shrimp had an initial average weight of 7 ± 0.0 mg and were grown for 48 days. The BF tanks included external settling chambers as the only filtration mechanism. The CW tanks had settling chambers, foam fractionators, and external biofilters to fully clarify the water and process nitrogenous waste. Hybrid tanks included settling chambers, and external biofilters to maintain some suspended solids along with external biofiltration. Overall, the CW treatment had significantly higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH levels than the BF and HY systems. The HY treatment had significantly higher DO than the BF treatment. Nitrite concentration was significantly higher in the HY treatment than the CW treatment. Turbidity in the BF treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments. On the final sample date, the BF treatment had significantly higher nitrite and nitrate concentrations than the other treatments. Differences between treatments in terms of shrimp survival, mean harvest weight, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio were not significant. The final weight of the shrimp at 48 days for the BF, CW, and HY were 670 mg, 640 mg, and 590 mg respectively. A stable isotope mixing model indicated that, in the BF treatment, 13% of the C and 34% of the N in harvested shrimp tissue may have originated from biofloc material, signifying some nutrient recycling. The nitrification process was more effective with the inclusion of an external biofilter. All three system types appear suitable for RAS shrimp nursery production although consideration should be given to water quality consistency and filtration costs.  相似文献   

19.
The effect of sublethal hypoxia exposure on stress and immune responses and susceptibility to Edwardsiella ictaluri infection in juvenile channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, was investigated. Fish were monitored for temporal changes in glucose and cortisol concentrations before, during, and after 2 h exposure to sublethal hypoxia (<2 mg/L dissolved oxygen [DO]) and when maintained under normoxic conditions (6.0 ± 0.3 mg/L DO). Both blood glucose and plasma cortisol increased significantly in response to hypoxic conditions. Fish exposed to hypoxic or normoxic conditions were challenged with a high dose (1.3 × 107 colony‐forming units [CFU]/mL) or a low dose (1.3 × 105 CFU/mL) of E. ictaluri or sterile culture broth by 30‐min immersion bath. Approximately 1% of fish in both the normoxic and the hypoxic groups died when challenged with the low dose of E. ictaluri. However, when challenged with the high dose of E. ictaluri, catfish exposed to hypoxic conditions had significantly higher cumulative mortality (36 ± 12.1%) than those maintained under normoxic conditions (12 ± 1.1%). Total hemolytic complement and bactericidal activities and antibody response were lower in hypoxia‐exposed channel catfish, indicating that increased susceptibility of channel catfish to E. ictaluri may be the result of the immunosuppressive effects of the stress response to hypoxia.  相似文献   

20.
The present study was carried out using juveniles of silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus, produced in the hatchery by stripping eggs from spawners collected from the wild during 2004 and 2005 culture period. The experiments carried out during 2004 investigated the efficiency of using salmon feed mixed with cyclopeeze, salmon feed mixed with shrimp meat, salmon feed alone, and shrimp meat alone in the diet using 1 m3 capacity round fiberglass tanks in three replicates for each treatment with flow‐through seawater. The results showed that inclusion of shrimp meat in the diet either with salmon feed or alone give significantly high (P < 0.01) weight gain of up to 1.10 ± 0.06 g/fish/d and significantly lower (P < 0.001) feed conversion ratio compared to that of feeds without shrimp meat. The experiments carried out during 2005 investigated the use of commercially available feeds with feed additives. The results showed that feeding with “Gemma” feed with 54.0% crude protein and 19.0% crude fat or salmon feed with 41.4% crude protein and 23.9% crude fat give significantly high (P < 0.01) growth rates compared to that of pompano feed with 43.0% crude protein and 6.0% crude fat. The results of these investigations although show high growth rate of the fish compared to that of previous observations; there is yet an urgent need to formulate a suitable feed for this fish species for commercial ventures.  相似文献   

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