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1.
The aim of this study was to provide a reference value for the safe regulation and control of ammonia nitrogen in the aquaculture of Sepia pharaonis. The effects of acute and chronic toxicity of ammonia on the cuttlefish, S. pharaonis, were tested experimentally using juvenile S. pharaonis. The results showed that the half‐lethal concentration (LC50 ) values of ammonia nitrogen in juvenile S. pharaonis with a body weight of 6.52 ± 0. 23 g at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 31.72, 25.77, 23.33, and 18.33 mg/L, respectively, and the corresponding un‐ionized ammonia nitrogen (UIA‐N) concentrations were 1.66, 1.35, 1.22, and 0.96 mg/L, respectively. Compared with the control, the survival rate, specific growth rate, and feed intake of juvenile S. pharaonis declined significantly, and the feed conversion ratio and hepatosomatic index increased significantly at 56 d after exposure to >1 mg/L ammonia nitrogen. Juvenile S. pharaonis should be maintained at a concentration of ammonia nitrogen of no more than 1 mg/L (UIA‐N is 0.056 mg/L) in culture, and removing harmful nitrogenous wastes from the seawater is critical in maintaining cuttlefish culture.  相似文献   

2.
Bioassays in static water (mean ± SD; temperature, 20–22 C; pH, 8.2–8.4; alkalinity, 205 ± 10 mg/L CaCO3; total hardness, 220 ± 10 mg/L CaCO3) were used to determine median lethal concentrations (LC50) of un-ionized ammonia (NH3-N) for striped bass Moronc saxatilis and hybrid striped bass M. saxatilis × M. chrysops. The 96 h LC50 for striped bass was 1.01 ± 0.24 mg/L NH3-N3 and was significantly higher than the LC50 for hybrid striped bass (0.64 ± 0.05 mg/L NH3-N). The effects of sublethal ammonia were evaluated after fish were exposed for 96 h to 0.0, 0.25, or 0.5 mg/L NH3-N or to additional exposure to oxygen depleted water (about 2.0 mg O2/L). Plasma ammonia of striped hass did not change as sublethal ammonia increased, but exposure to oxygen depletion caused a decrease in plasma ammonia. In contrast, plasma ammonia of hybrid striped bass increased as environmental ammonia increased, and increased further after exposure to oxygen depletion. Plasma cortisol levels of striped bass were significantly higher and more variable than cortisol levels of hybrid striped bass; additional exposure to oxygen depletion increased this variability, but these responses may be due to the stress of handling and confinement. Mean differences also existed between species for hemoglobin and hematocrit, while differences in variability occurred for osmolality and oxygen depletion rates. Striped bass tolerated ammonia better than hybrid striped bass but were more susceptible than hybrid striped bass to the additional stress of oxygen depletion. Most changes in physiological characteristics were relatively independent of environmental ammonia, but they were affected by oxygen depletion challenge.  相似文献   

3.
While the effects of ammonia on fish and prawn larvae are well documented, little is known of its effect on mud crab (Scylla serrata) (Forsskål, 1755) larvae. Two experiments were conducted in 5 L hemispherical plastic bowls, containing 3 L of ultra‐filtered and settled seawater and various larval stages of mud crab to (1) determine the acute median lethal concentration (LC50) of unionized ammonia and (2) to determine the chronic effects of unionized ammonia on survival and percentage moulting to zoea and megalop stages. The larval stages that exhibited the highest tolerance to ammonia over 24 h were zoea 1 (LC50 of 4.05 mg L?1 of unionized ammonia) and zoea 5 (LC50 of 6.64 mg L?1 of unionized ammonia). The megalop stage had the lowest total ammonia LC50 at both 24 and 48 h, making it the larval stage most susceptible to total ammonia. Exposure to 6.54 mg L?1 of unionized ammonia resulted in 100% death of all larvae within 24 h. The tolerance of S. serrata larvae to total ammonia did not appear to increase with ontogenetic development. The results indicate that the concentrations at which total ammonia produces an acute or chronic response in mud crab larvae are far higher than those experienced in current larval production systems (0–0.5 mg L?1 of total ammonia) used as industry standards in Australia.  相似文献   

4.
This study evaluated the toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to different larval stages of Macrobrachium carcinus. Three replicated groups of larvae in the zoea stages II, V, and VIII (hence named Z2, Z5, and Z8, respectively) were exposed separately to five ammonia (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg total ammonia nitrogen [TAN]/L) and six nitrite concentrations (5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg NO2‐N/L), plus a control treatment with no addition of ammonia and nitrite, at a salinity of 20 g/L. The ammonia LC50 values at 96 h for Z2, Z5, and Z8 were 8.34, 13.84, and 15.03 mg TAN/L (0.50, 0.71, and 0.92 mg NH3‐N/L), respectively, and the nitrite LC50 values at 96 h for Z2, Z5, and Z8 were 3.28, 9.73, and 34.00 mg NO2‐N/L, respectively. The estimated LC50 values for NO2‐N were lower than those for TAN in most of the stages evaluated. This observation suggests that M. carcinus larvae are more tolerant to ammonia, except at Z8, in which larvae had a higher tolerance to nitrite. Based on the lethal concentrations at 96 h, it may be concluded that the tolerance of M. carcinus to ammonia and nitrite increases with larval development. Safe levels were estimated to be 0.834 mg TAN/L (0.05 mg NH3‐N/L) and 0.328 mg NO2‐N/L; therefore, efforts should be made to maintain lower concentrations of these compounds throughout the larval rearing of M. carcinus.  相似文献   

5.
Salt (NaCl) and gypsum (CaSO4) are used as water additives to mitigate fish stress and improve specimen survival. High stocking densities and the transportation of fish can increase aqueous ammonia, which can, in turn, alter fish cortisol secretion. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of salt, gypsum, and aqueous ammonia on some stress‐induced physiological responses of jundiá, Rhamdia quelen, juveniles induced by captivity and handling, and to determine the lethal ammonia concentration for this species. Jundiá juveniles were subjected to the following five treatments: water only, water + ammonia (0.4 mg/L), water + NH3 + NaCl (6 g/L), water + NH3 + gypsum (150 mg/L), and water + NH3 + NaCl + gypsum. Blood samples were taken after intervals of 1, 5, 24, and 96 h, and the concentrations of cortisol, glucose, chloride, ammonia, and hematocrit were determined. The NH3 LC50 value after 96 h of exposure (LC50?96h) was measured to be 1.9 mg/L NH3. Either salt or gypsum reduced both cortisol and glucose levels during most of the experimental period, but the combination of both reduced these levels even further. The combined use of NaCl and CaSO4 demonstrates a synergic effect on mitigating stress responses induced by handling and aqueous ammonia in jundiá juveniles.  相似文献   

6.
Sea bream, Sparus aurata, is one of the most important fish species that is commonly cultured in the Mediterranean and the eastern coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. The life cycle of sea bream in its natural habitat passes through hyposaline and hypersaline lagoons. It is important to determine the tolerance of the fish to nitrogenous compounds for aquaculture at maximum stocking densities. In the present study, a series of acute experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of salinity on ammonia and nitrite toxicity to sea bream. The fish were exposed to different ammonia and nitrite concentrations according to the static renewal methodology at three different salinities (10, 20, and 30 ppt) and at a temperature of 20 C and a pH of 8.2. The toxic effect of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite nitrogen (NO2‐N) decreased with increasing salinity levels (P < 0.001). Acute toxicity (96‐h lethal concentration 50 [LC50]) values of TAN were determined to be 5.93, 11.72, and 19.38 mg/L at 10, 20, and 30 ppt salinity, respectively. The 96‐h LC50 values of NO2‐N were determined to be 370.80, 619.47, and 806.33 mg/L at 10, 20, and 30 ppt salinity, respectively. Results indicate that sea bream is less tolerant to ammonia but more tolerant to nitrite compared with some other fish species.  相似文献   

7.
The combination of open facilities, moisture, and warm weather during channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, spawning season causes mosquito‐infestation problems. A common solution to mosquito problems in hatcheries is to use mosquito repellents applied to exposed skin and clothing. DEET (N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide) is the active ingredient in most personal insect repellents. We determined the 24‐h acute toxicity of DEET to channel catfish fry. The toxicity test consisted of 10 sac fry in three replications of six concentrations (range: 157–478 μL/L) and a control. In addition to toxicity testing, a trial was conducted to determine the amount of active ingredient dispensed from two different applicators: a pump sprayer and an aerosol can. The 24‐h lethal concentration (LC10) was 274 ppm, and the 24‐h LC50 was 345 ppm. The concentration required to kill 50% of the organisms was above the 100 ppm threshold to be considered practically non‐toxic. The pump sprayer (98.11% active ingredient) dispensed 113.3 ± 0.57 mg (mean ± SEM) active ingredient per pump. The aerosol can (30% active ingredient) dispensed 526.8 ± 6.71 mg (mean ± standard error mean [SEM]) active ingredient per second. In hatcheries where air movement by fans is not sufficient to control mosquitoes, using insect repellent products containing DEET should be safe.  相似文献   

8.
The tolerance of Litopenaeus vannamei larvae to increasing concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) using a short‐term static renewal method at 26°C, 34 g L?1 salinity and pH 8.5 was assessed. The median lethal concentration (24 h LC50) for TAN in zoea (1‐2‐3), mysis (1‐2‐3) and postlarvae 1 were, respectively, 4.2‐9.9‐16.0; 19.0‐17.3‐17.5 and 13.2 mg L?1TAN (0.6‐1.5‐2.4; 2.8‐2.5‐2.6 and 1.9 mg L?1 NH3‐N). The LC50 values obtained in this study suggest that zoeal and post‐larval stages are more sensitive to 24 h ammonia exposure than the mysis stage of L. vannamei larvae. On the basis of the ammonia toxicity level (24 h LC50) at zoea 1, we recommend that this level does not exceed 0.42 mg L?1 TAN – equivalent to 0.06 mg L?1 NH3‐N – to reduce ammonia toxicity during the rearing of L. vannamei larvae.  相似文献   

9.
There has been strong interest in the use of peracetic acid (PAA) in aquaculture as it can be used to disinfect water and hard surfaces and thereby eliminate or lower the burden of fish pathogens. Unfortunately, there has been little research on the toxicity of PAA to fish. Twelve species of fingerling fish that are important to aquaculture were exposed to PAA for 24 h in static toxicity bioassays in well water. These fish were: fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas; black‐nose crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus; bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus; blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus; channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus; golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas; goldfish, Carassius auratus; grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella; largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides; rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss; sunshine bass, Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis; and walleye, Sander vitreus. Median lethal concentration (LC50) values were estimated with the trimmed Spearman–Karber method using nominal PAA concentrations. The mean 24‐h LC50 values ranged from 2.8 to 9.3 mg/L PAA. Fathead minnow were very sensitive and blue tilapia were very tolerant to PAA exposure; LC50 values of other species tested were within the range of 4.1–6.2 mg/L PAA. More importantly, the 24‐h no‐observed‐effect concentration (NOEC) ranged from 1.9 to 5.8 mg/L PAA; the NOEC would be considered as the safe range for culturists to investigate the use of PAA. Decreased alkalinity/hardness increased the toxicity of PAA, while a small increase of dissolved organic content had no effect on PAA toxicity. Results of the present study are important information on the safe application of PAA for the aquaculture industry.  相似文献   

10.
As aquaculture evolves from extensive pond culture to intensive tank and cage systems, chemical dips and baths are increasingly being used to treat a concomitant increase in ectoparasitic and bacterial infestations. Some of the main disease‐causing agents are ectoparasites on the skin and gills of fish. Consequently, application of chemotherapeutics is increasing in aquaculture industries in order to control outbreaks of parasitic infestations. However, the toxic effect of commonly used chemotherapeutic agents on specific aquacultured fish species is often unknown. The present work was performed to test the effect of four commonly used chemical treatments on rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus. The lethal concentrations for 50% of population (LC50) of formalin, copper sulfate, potassium permanganate, and hydrogen peroxide for S. rivulatus juveniles treated for 1 h were assessed. Formalin and potassium permanganate tolerance values were determined by calculating 72‐h LC50 values through probit analysis. The 72‐h LC50 values for the formalin toxicity tests were 551.0 and 1.68 mg/L, respectively. LC50 of copper sulfate and hydrogen peroxide could not be determined from the concentrations tested but were found to be >3 and >700 mg/L, respectively. Accordingly, treatment concentrations of formalin and potassium permanganate used for other fish species could be lethal to S. rivulatus, but the species appears to be quite tolerant to copper sulfate and hydrogen peroxide.  相似文献   

11.
急性氨氮暴露对大弹涂鱼炎性反应相关基因表达的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
宋美泽  黎明  李健  袁莉霞  王日昕  石戈 《水产学报》2018,42(11):1704-1710
为研究急性氨氮胁迫对大弹涂鱼炎性反应相关基因表达的影响,实验挑选初始体质量为(15.14±0.05) g的健康大弹涂鱼幼鱼180尾,进行96 h的急性氨氮胁迫实验。结果显示,大弹涂鱼96 h氨氮半致死浓度为8.99 mg/L总氨氮(0.11 mg/L非离子氨,T-AN);氨氮胁迫后TNF基因的mRNA表达量分别于12和96 h时显著上调,96 h时表达量达到0 h时的2倍;IL-1基因的mRNA表达量12 h时显著上调,为0 h时表达量的6倍;氨氮胁迫后IL-6基因的mRNA表达量分别于12和96 h时显著上调,表达量达到0 h时的1.5倍;氨氮胁迫后IL-8基因的mRNA表达量在24 h时出现显著下调。研究表明,大弹涂鱼96 h氨氮半致死浓度为8.99 mg/L总氨氮;半致死浓度的氨氮胁迫48 h后,TNF、IL-1、IL-6和IL-8基因的mRNA表达量持续升高,推测过度炎性应激可能是导致鱼类氨中毒死亡的原因之一。  相似文献   

12.
This study evaluated the median lethal concentration values (LC50) and the histopathological effects of un‐ionized ammonia (NH3‐‐N) on juvenile maroon clownfish Premnas biaculeatus. After 96 h of exposure to different concentrations of ammonia, juveniles were sampled for histopathological evaluation. The 24 and 96 h LC50 values of NH3?‐N determined were 1.68 and 0.89 mg L?1 respectively. Maroon clownfish exposed to different ammonia concentrations displayed histopathological alterations in the gills, kidney, liver and brain. Gill tissue damage included lamellar hyperplasia, lamellar shorting and hyperplasia and hypertrophy of mucous cells. The kidney showed hyperanaemia, enlarged sinusoids within an apparently decreased amount of haematopoietic tissue, oedema on tubular cells and tubular necrosis, and an enlarged Bowman's capsule. The liver presented dilatation of hepatic sinusoids, fatty deposition in hepatocytes and Mallory bodies. Examination of the brain revealed a proliferation of glial cells, and the Virchow‐Robin space indicated a severe perivascular oedema and signs of neuronal suffering with satellitosis. The results of this study indicate that juvenile maroon clownfish are relatively sensitive to ammonia and particular attention must be given to this toxic compound in culture systems.  相似文献   

13.
False clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris, is one of the most commercialized fish species in the world, highly produced to supply the aquarium market. The high stocking densities used to maximize fish production can increase ammonia and nitrite to toxic levels. In this study, A. ocellaris juveniles (1.20 ± 0.34 g) were exposed to six concentrations of ammonia ranged from 0.23 to 1.63 mg/L NH3-N and eight concentrations of nitrite (26.3–202.2 mg/L NO2 ?-N). The LC50- 24, LC50-48, LC50-72 and LC50-96 h were estimated to be 1.06, 0.83, 0.75 and 0.75 mg/L for NH3-N and 188.3, 151.01, 124.1 and 108.8 mg/L for NO2 ?-N. Analysis of gill lesions caused by sublethal concentrations of these nitrogenous compounds showed that both nitrogenous compounds induced tissue lesions such as hyperplasia of epithelium cells, hypertrophy of chloride cells and lamellar lifting to all concentrations tested. However, histopathological alterations were more conspicuous accordingly the increase of ammonia or nitrite in fish exposed to 0.57 mg/L NH3-N or 100 mg/L NO2 ?-N. Based on our results, we recommend to avoid concentrations higher than 0.57 mg/L of NH3-N and 25 mg/L of NO2-N in water.  相似文献   

14.
The acute tolerance of juvenile Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus L. (mean weight±SE=8.1±0.5 g) to environmental unionized ammonia‐nitrogen (NH3‐N) and nitrite‐nitrogen (NO2‐N) at various salinities was determined via a series of static exposure trials. Median‐lethal concentrations (LC50 values) of NH3‐N and NO2‐N at 24, 48, and 96 h of exposure were calculated at salinities of 6.3, 12.5 and 25.0 g L?1 at 28 °C (pH=8.23–8.36). Tolerance of pompano to acute NH3‐N exposure was not affected by salinity, with 24, 48 and 96 h LC50 values ranging from 1.05 to 1.12, 1.00 to 1.08 and 0.95 to 1.01 mg NH3‐N L?1 respectively. Regarding NO2‐N, tolerance of pompano to this environmental toxicant was compromised at reduced salinities. Median‐lethal concentrations of NO2‐N to pompano at 24, 48 and 96 h of exposure ranged from 67.4 to 220.1, 56.9 to 140.7 and 16.7 to 34.2 mg NO2‐N L?1 respectively. The results of this study indicate that juvenile Florida pompano are relatively sensitive to acute NH3‐N and NO2‐N exposure, and in the case of the latter, especially at lower salinities.  相似文献   

15.
This study was performed to estimate the nitrite toxicity to southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in brackish water (7.5 ppt of salinity). For a LC50 test, 20 fingerlings (5.7 ± 0.4 cm) in each aquarium (15 L) were exposed to the concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg NO2?‐N/L in duplication for 10 d. Median lethal concentration at 96 h (96‐h LC50) was calculated as 81.6 mg NO2?‐N/L. For a verification test, young flounder (164.2 ± 9.1 g) were exposed to a simulated culture condition in recirculating systems (1000 L). Sodium nitrite was not added to control system, whereas it was added to Treatment system 1 (TS 1) and Treatment system 2 (TS 2) to maintain nitrite concentrations of 20 and 30 mg NO2?‐N/L, respectively. The plasma nitrite concentrations of the young flounder in TS 1 and TS 2 were 4.5 and 6.6 mg NO2?‐N/L, respectively, after 2 wk. At this time, the methemoglobin percentages in TS 1 and TS 2 reached 85.8 and 89.7%, and survival rates were 37.5 and 25.0%, respectively. The results of these tests indicate that southern flounder do not concentrate nitrite in blood from the environment, but they seem to be more sensitive to nitrite compared with other species that do not concentrate nitrite.  相似文献   

16.
A comprehensive acute toxicity trial was conducted using a static water system to study the toxic effect of ammonia on haematology and enzyme profiles of Cirrhinus mrigala H. The LC50 of total ammonia‐nitrogen (TAN) was 11.8 mg L?1 TAN (1.029 mg L?1 NH3‐N). The sub‐lethal test revealed that with increasing concentration of TAN, the total erythrocyte counts were reduced in lower concentrations (1–4 mg L?1 TAN) followed by higher levels in fish exposed to higher concentrations (8–16 mg L?1 TAN). In contrast, the total leucocyte counts were opposite. With increasing concentration of TAN, haemoglobin and serum protein content were reduced, whereas the blood glucose level increased. As the concentration of ammonia increased, there was a reduction in acetylecholinesterase activity in the brain and liver; alkaline phosphatase activity in the serum, brain and gill; and acid phosphatase (ACP) activity in the gill. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the gill, liver, kidney and brain increased with increased concentration of ammonia. In addition, activities of ACP in the serum and brain, alanine aminotransferase in the serum, brain and gill, and aspartate aminotransferase in the serum, brain and gill were increased.  相似文献   

17.
Sea bass, Lates calcarifer, fingerlings were acclimated to 0. 15, and 32 ppt, and the toxic effects of nitrite exposure were assessed. The 96-hour median lethal concentrations (96-hour LC50 for nitrite were estimated to be 14.5 mg/L at 0 ppt, 105 mg/L at 15 ppt and 93 mg/L at 32 ppt salinity. Chronic exposure to a nitrite concentration equivalent to 10% of the respective 96 hour LC50 resulted in marked growth reduction: growth being reduced in the order of 0 ppt > 32 ppt > 15 ppt. In nitrite-free water, growth rate for fish raised at a salinity of 15 ppt was higher compared to fish raised at salinities of 0 ppt and 32 ppt, a phenomenon which probably reflected the advantage of a reduction in osmoregulatory work in an iso-osmotic environment.  相似文献   

18.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of 2‐phenoxyethanol (2‐PE), which is an anaesthetic, on survival rates of normal juveniles and malformed juveniles having lordosis or nonfunctional swim bladders of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758) and to establish the LC50 (the concentration lethal to 50% of test animals at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4 and 4.5 mL L−1) and LT50 (the time lethal to 50% of test animals after 10‐, 20‐, 30‐, 40‐, 50‐ and 60‐min time periods) of 2‐PE at 19±0.5°C, salinity 38 g L−1, pH 7.4–7.8 and dissolved oxygen >8 mg L−1. Between concentrations of 0.05 and 0.25 mL L−1, 2‐PE did not cause any mortality or toxicity on normal, lordosis and nonfunctional swimbladder juveniles of sea bass during the 60‐min exposure period. On the other hand, significance in each group fish in their mortality rates between concentrations of 0.30 and 0.45 mL L−1 was observed (P<0.05). The nonfunctional swimbladder juveniles showed lower LC50 than normal and lordosis juveniles respectively. Also, nonfunctional swimbladders juveniles showed lower LT50 than normal and lordosis juveniles respectively. At concentrations of 0.30, 0.35, 0.40 and 0.45 mL L−1, induction times were found to be significantly different among the three groups (P<0.05). Recovery times were not found to be significantly different in two groups at concentrations of 0.30 and 0.40 mL L−1 (P>0.05). The toxic effect of 2‐PE on sea bass juveniles increased depending on the exposure times (P<0.05). The most suitable concentrations of 2‐PE were 0.30–0.35 mL L−1 between minutes 10 and 30, although the normal juveniles can resist to 0.45 mL L−1 of 2‐PE concentration for 20 min. The 2‐PE showed toxicity in relation to the concentrations and exposure time combinations among the three groups in the order; nonfunctional swimbladder fish >lordosis fish >normal fish.  相似文献   

19.
The white shrimp Penaeus setiferus is a potential species for culture in the Gulf of Mexico. It has been demonstrated that postlarval P. setiferus is a species sensitive to ammonia and nitrite. In this study, the effect of ammonia and nitrite on the oxygen consumption of Penaeus setiferus postlarvae subjected to different dissolved oxygen concentrations was investigated. Un-ionized ammonia tended to reduce the oxygen consumption of P. setiferus postlarvae. The addition of 0.4 mg/L un-ionized ammonia-N modified the response of the postlarvae to lower dissolved oxygen levels. Exposure to 0.7 mg/L un-ionized ammonia-N caused severe effects on the respiratory rate and it was lethal at low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Nitrite exposure decreased the respiratory rate of post-larvae in high dissolved oxygen concentrations, whereas postlarvae exposed to nitrite under hypoxic conditions showed higher oxygen consumption than unexposed animals. The decreases of the oxygen consumption induced by the interactive effect of ammonia or nitrite and low dissolved oxygen concentration indicate a harmful condition. The results indicate that P. setiferus postlarvae is a sensitive organism to the combined effect of un-ionized ammonia or nitrite and low dissolved oxygen concentrations.  相似文献   

20.
This study investigated the potential of linalool as an anaesthetic during transportation of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The fish were transported at a loading density of ~103 g/L for 3 hr in 12 plastic bags (3 L water and 6 L pure oxygen) divided into four triplicated treatments: control (without linalool), L50 (50 mg linalool/L), L100 (100 mg linalool/L) and L200 (200 mg linalool/L). After 3‐hr transportation, serum physiological responses and water physico‐chemical parameters were compared among the treatments. Results showed that water total and un‐ionized ammonia increased and dissolved oxygen decreased in all treatments after transportation. Water total ammonia and dissolved oxygen levels in the linalool‐treated bags were significantly lower than the control. After transportation, the control fish showed significant elevation in serum cortisol and glucose levels; however, the levels were significantly lower than the linalool‐treated fish. All fish showed similar serum lactate levels, significantly lower than the value obtained before transportation. The control fish showed serum urea levels similar to the level obtained before transportation; however, the linalool‐treated fish had significantly higher serum urea levels compared to the control and before transportation levels. After transportation, all fish had decreased serum chloride and sodium levels compared to the before transport level. Overall, the present results showed that linalool is not beneficial for carp transportation in plastic bags, because it reacts with water oxygen, increases stress in fish, interferes with ammonia excretion and has no benefits in preventing ion loss.  相似文献   

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