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1.
寄主龄期对半闭弯尾姬蜂生物学特性的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在24℃下研究了小菜蛾幼虫龄期对半闭弯尾姬蜂子代发育、存活及雌蜂寄生能力的影响.结果表明,寄生不同寄主龄期的半闭弯尾姬蜂从卵发育到结茧的历期存在显著差异,寄生于4龄幼虫的个体比寄生2、3龄幼虫的个体发育显著要快,但结茧至成蜂羽化的历期无显著性差异;寄生不同龄期小菜蛾幼虫的寄生蜂的结茧率、羽化率无显著差异;寄生各个龄期的后代雌蜂在羽化当天的寄生能力没有差异,但寄生3龄小菜蛾幼虫羽化出的蜂每雌总产卵量显著高于寄生2龄和4龄幼虫羽化出的蜂,雌蜂的寿命也比寄生2龄和4龄的显著要长.  相似文献   

2.
草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith),又称秋黏虫,是新入侵我国的外来物种。为探究本土天敌斑痣悬茧蜂寄生不同龄期草地贪夜蛾幼虫后的生长发育表现,本研究检测了斑痣悬茧蜂寄生2龄、3龄和4龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫后子代蜂幼虫发育历期、茧历期、羽化率、茧重、成蜂个体大小和成蜂寿命。结果表明,寄主龄期对子代蜂的幼虫发育历期、茧历期和成蜂寿命存在显著影响。与寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂相比,寄生2龄和3龄幼虫的子代蜂幼虫发育历期分别平均延长了2.08 d(z=5.42,P0.05)和1.64 d(z=4.23,P0.05);寄生2龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期平均延长了0.46 d(z=3.51,P0.05),但寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期与寄生3龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期无显著差异。4龄幼虫体内羽化的子代蜂成蜂寿命比在2龄和3龄幼虫体内羽化的子代蜂成蜂寿命分别平均延长了1.46 d(z=-2.60,P0.05)和1.68 d(z=-2.98,P0.05)。寄主龄期对子代蜂羽化率、茧重和成蜂个体大小无显著影响。随寄主龄期增大,子代蜂的发育速度加快,但寿命缩短。研究结果将为揭示斑痣悬茧蜂与寄主草地贪夜蛾的互作关系提供参考。  相似文献   

3.
为评估斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis(Wesmael)对其寄主斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)幼虫的寄生作用,在室内研究了斑痣悬茧蜂对2、3和4龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫的寄生功能反应和搜寻效率。结果表明斑痣悬茧蜂对不同龄期斜纹夜蛾幼虫的寄生功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型模型的预测,对3龄寄主幼虫的攻击率大于对2龄寄主,对后者的攻击率又大于对4龄寄主幼虫的攻击;寄主处理时间随寄主龄期增大而延长。此外,斑痣悬茧蜂的搜寻效率随寄主密度增加逐渐降低,相同寄主密度下,斑痣悬茧蜂对2、3龄寄主幼虫的搜寻效率均高于对4龄寄主幼虫的搜寻。研究结果说明,斑痣悬茧蜂对斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫的寄生作用大于对高龄幼虫的寄生。  相似文献   

4.
棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂寄主识别行为的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂室内寄生行为观察发现，无选择条件下，处女蜂对棉铃虫和斜纹夜蛾幼虫的寄生偏爱强于甜菜夜蛾，第3次遭遇，雌蜂对棉铃虫、斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾幼虫的累计产卵刺探率分别为73．3％、70％和30％；产卵经历能显著增强雌蜂对最优寄主和次优寄主的寄生能力；雌蜂不具同种识别过寄生能力，具一定自身识别过寄生能力，但时效期短于8h。雌蜂对混合种群的寄生选择研究发现，寄生蜂对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的寄生率显著高于甜菜夜蛾幼虫，分别为91．0％和76．3％；雌蜂对3日龄、4日龄和5日龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫的寄生率分别为71．7％、67．8％和63．4％，三者之间差异不显著，均显著高于对6日龄幼虫的寄生率（30．4％）。  相似文献   

5.
为评估淡足侧沟茧蜂对草地贪夜蛾的防控效果,在室内环境条件下,研究了草地贪夜蛾幼虫寄主日龄和所取食食物对淡足侧沟茧蜂寄生效果的影响。结果表明,无论草地贪夜蛾幼虫取食人工饲料或玉米叶片,淡足侧沟茧蜂对3日龄和5日龄寄主幼虫的寄生率、结茧率、出蜂率及对寄主致死率均显著高于8日龄寄主。另外,在同日龄情况下,淡足侧沟茧蜂对取食玉米寄主的寄生率、结茧率以及子代出蜂率均高于寄生于取食人工饲料的幼虫上的相关指标。寄主取食不同食物会影响淡足侧沟茧蜂的寄生效果,且淡足侧沟茧蜂对5日龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫寄生效果较好。本结果可为室内条件下利用草地贪夜蛾幼虫扩繁淡足侧沟茧蜂,以及应用淡足侧沟茧蜂对草地贪夜蛾进行田间防控提供理论依据。  相似文献   

6.
寄主大小棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂产卵和发育的关系   总被引：5，自引：4，他引：5  
以在27℃下、室内人工饲养的棉铃早和棉铃早齿蜃 为材料，研究了寄主大小对棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂产卵和生长发育的影响。结果表明，寄主大小对雌蜂产卵有显著的影响。寄生率随寄主体重增加而降低，在被寄生产卵的棉铃虫幼虫中，体重小于18mg的占92％，大于18mg的幼虫不适宜该寄生蜂产卵；人工饲料上饲养的棉铃虫幼虫，自孵化后的136h为适合被寄生的时段，对数据的相关和回归分析表明，寄主寄生时体重与蜂近似幼虫体重、蜂近似幼虫体重与成蜂体重均呈显著的正相关，尤其在雌蜂上表现得更为显著；成蜂在一定的范围内，体重越大，寿命越长，体重过大或过小，寿命均有下降的趋势，寄主大小对的发育历期无显著影响。  相似文献   

7.
研究了甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒对斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis发育及存活的影响。正在蜕皮的甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua 2龄幼虫被斑痣悬茧蜂寄生后,当其发育到3龄与4龄时分别饲以95%致死浓度(LC_(95))或10×LC_(95)甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒(SpeiNPV),研究表明:甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒对斑痣悬茧蜂发育及存活产生不利的影响,影响程度取决于寄生与饲毒的间隔期以及饲毒量。被寄生的甜菜夜蛾幼虫发育到第3龄(即被寄生后第1天,1dpp)分别饲以LC_(95)或10×LC_(95) SpeiNPV的处理,没有寄生蜂老熟幼虫从寄主体内钻出;被寄生的甜菜夜蛾幼虫发育到第4龄(4 dpp)分别饲以LC_(95)或10×LC_(95) SpeiNPV的处理,分别有25.62%与16.31%寄生蜂老熟幼虫从寄主体内钻出。甜菜夜蛾是否饲毒对寄生蜂的出蜂率、化蛹率及羽化率影响显著;饲毒浓度影响寄生蜂的出蜂率、化蛹率,但不影响羽化率。甜菜夜蛾饲毒与否对寄生蜂幼虫及蛹的发育历期无显著影响,但饲毒甜菜夜蛾体内寄生蜂幼虫、蛹及成蜂显著小于未饲毒的甜菜夜蛾体内寄生蜂幼虫、蛹及成蜂。  相似文献   

8.
在亚致死浓度下，研究了Bt对棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂寄生几率和生长发育的影响。结果表明：随着Bt浓度的增加，明显抑制了棉铃虫幼虫的生长，从而显著延长齿唇姬蜂适合寄生的时间；近似蜂幼虫和蜂成虫的体重随着Bt浓度的增加而下降，蜂成虫寿命随着Bt亚致死浓度的增加而缩短，而齿唇姬蜂卵和幼虫期随着Bt浓度的增加而延长；Bt对齿唇姬蜂茧期和茧重也有一定的影响，但没有一致的趋势。  相似文献   

9.
寄主大小对中红侧沟茧蜂产卵和发育的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
以室内饲养的棉铃虫和中红侧沟茧蜂为材料,研究了寄主大小对中红侧沟茧蜂产卵和生长发育的影响。结果表明,中红侧沟茧蜂成蜂产卵行为对寄主大小有显著的选择性。成功寄生率随寄主体重的增加而降低。寄主体重介于2～6mg时,成功寄生数占总寄生数的54．03％。被茧蜂成功寄生的95．51％为体重小于14mg的寄主幼虫,大于14mg的棉铃虫幼虫不适宜该寄生蜂产卵。对数据的相关分析表明,寄主体重与中红侧沟茧蜂茧重、茧重与成蜂重以及成蜂重与成蜂寿命之间存在极显著的正相关,寄主体重与中红侧沟茧蜂的卵和幼虫期在0．05水平上存在负相关,而茧期不受寄主大小的影响。  相似文献   

10.
夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus Nixon是夜蛾科害虫的重要卵期寄生性天敌,可用于草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的生物防治。为了提高夜蛾黑卵蜂规模化繁育的生产效率,本文研究了利用斜纹夜蛾S. litura繁育夜蛾黑卵蜂时寄主卵龄、寄主产卵时间和蜂卵比对夜蛾黑卵蜂寄生率和羽化率的影响。结果表明：斜纹夜蛾卵龄对夜蛾黑卵蜂羽化率有显著影响,卵龄为1日龄时羽化率高达90.81%,显著高于2日龄和3日龄的斜纹夜蛾卵;夜蛾黑卵蜂对产卵时间在1~7 d内的斜纹夜蛾卵具有较高的寄生效率,寄生率均在97.5%以上,羽化率均在82%以上,显著高于7 d后产的卵;当蜂卵比为1：30和1：50时,寄生率和羽化率最高,分别可达到99%和80%以上,均显著高于1：70和1：100的处理。研究结果显示,选用斜纹夜蛾成虫羽化后前7 d产的1日龄卵,蜂卵比为1：50繁育夜蛾黑卵蜂生产效率最佳。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

15.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

16.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

17.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

18.
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.  相似文献   

19.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

20.
Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.  相似文献   

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