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1.
对山西菜田捕食性食蚜蝇优势种及对菜蚜的控制效果进行了研究，菜田常见捕食性食蚜蝇有黑带食蚜蝇，大灰食蚜蝇，斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇，野食蚜蝇，四条小食蚜蝇，短翅细腹食蚜蝇6种，以黑带食蚜蝇种群数量最大，平均占全年发生总量的36.3%，通过对食蚜蝇产卵量，卵化率，幼虫期捕食量和羽化率测试，筛选出的黑带食蚜蝇，大灰食蚜蝇，斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇幼虫对菜蚜均有较强的捕食能力，其中黑带食蚜蝇为山西菜田菜蚜捕食性食蚜蝇优势种，用黑带食蚜蝇三龄幼虫对菜蚜进行防治试验，结果以1：180防效最佳，72h后控制效果达93.5%。 相似文献
2.
用三种蚜虫饲养黑带食蚜蝇对其生长发育的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黑带食蚜蝇[Episyrphusbalteatus(DeGeer)]是昆明地区烟草、玉米、油菜、甘蓝、花椰菜及豌豆等多种作物和蔬菜上蚜虫的重要捕食性天敌[1,2]。有关黑带食蚜蝇的生物学特性及应用已有研究报道[3～5]。目前国内外还没有用人工饲料饲养黑带食蚜蝇成功的报道[1,6]。本文报道用3种蚜虫饲养黑带食蚜蝇的结果,供人工繁殖利用该蝇时参考。1 饲养方法从烟田采回黑带食蚜蝇成虫,雌雄配对移入养虫笼(30cm×30cm×30cm)内,放入新鲜玉米雄花和带蚜虫的莲花白叶片,供成虫取食、产卵。产卵后将卵移入培养皿内待孵化。食蚜蝇卵孵化后,单个移入培养皿内,用… 相似文献
3.
食蚜蝇是北疆地区棉花蚜虫的一类常见天敌。本研究于2014-2015年系统调查棉田及其周边生境中不同植物上食蚜蝇种类和种群数量。结果表明,细腹食蚜蝇属、小蚜蝇属、粗股蚜蝇属为优势属,短翅细腹食蚜蝇、宽尾细腹食蚜蝇、短舌小蚜蝇和黄环粗股蚜蝇为优势种,黑带食蚜蝇为常见种;在两年的调查中,各食蚜蝇均喜选择有蚜虫或开花的植物,其中,宽尾细腹食蚜蝇、短翅细腹食蚜蝇、短舌小蚜蝇、阔斑食蚜蝇、黄环粗股蚜蝇等均比较偏好访问被蚜虫侵染的植物。本文还提出了食蚜蝇田间保护的可行性建议,为下一步发展北疆棉区食蚜蝇种群保育与利用对策提供了科学依据。 相似文献
4.
非昆虫源人工饲料饲养的七星瓢虫对豆蚜的捕食功能 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为评价非昆虫源人工饲料饲养七星瓢虫的捕食能力,在室内比较了用人工饲料饲养的七星瓢虫种群和蚜虫饲养的七星瓢虫种群对豆蚜捕食作用的异同。结果表明,两种七星瓢虫种群各虫态的捕食量均随着猎物密度的增加而上升,当猎物密度增加到一定水平,捕食量趋向稳定,捕食功能反应曲线均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程。人工饲料饲养种群的1～4龄幼虫、雌成虫和雄成虫的理论最大日捕食量分别是20.9、36.0、100.2、403.2、490.9和395.3头,蚜虫饲养种群的1～4龄幼虫、雌成虫和雄成虫的理论最大日捕食量分别是20.0、28.9、102.1、476.2、472.2和396.4头。结果说明两种种群各虫态对豆蚜的最大日捕食量差异不大,表明人工饲料饲养的七星瓢虫对豆蚜也有较强的控制作用。 相似文献
5.
6.
黑带食蚜蝇生物学特性及捕食作用的研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
采用田间调查和室内饲养的方法，研究了黑带食蚜蝇Ｓｙｒｐｈｕｓ ｂａｔｔｅａｔａ的生物学特性和捕食作用。结果表明，该虫每年发生５代，以蛹在土壤中越冬，７－８月则以３代蛹越夏，各龄幼虫对蚜虫的功能反应均为Ｈｏｌｌｉｎｇ－Ⅱ型，随着幼虫的生长，其捕食量逐渐增大。 相似文献
7.
8.
2016—2017年，利用扫网法系统调查了北疆棉田周边的非作物生境中9科13种常见植物上的食蚜蝇种群发生情况。研究发现，食蚜蝇种群密度在不同植物上有显著差异，种群发生高峰主要集中在各种植物开花期，种群消长还与这些植物上的蚜虫发生有明显跟随关系。5—6月，食蚜蝇在大部分植物上都有发生，但主要集中于新疆大蒜芥和罗布麻等；7—8月，在碱蓬、大麻、顶羽菊等上种群密度高；9月，主要在甘草、顶羽菊、罗布麻等上。本研究为今后充分利用棉田周边非作物生境，提升对食蚜蝇种群保育功能及棉花害虫生态控制水平提供了科学依据。 相似文献
9.
食蚜瘿蚊是多种蚜虫的捕食性天敌。深入研究影响该虫繁殖力的关键性因子有助于改进规模化饲养以及提高该虫在生物防治中的应用效果。本文选用玉米蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜作为寄主昆虫，通过设置猎物蚜虫斑块的3种混合方式（单一种群、两种或三种均匀混合种群），以及每种混合方式下的4个密度梯度（总虫量6～48头/株），研究混合蚜虫斑块对食蚜瘿蚊终身产卵量的影响。结果表明：无论是在单一猎物斑块，还是在两种或三种混合猎物斑块上，食蚜瘿蚊的终身产卵量均随着蚜虫密度的增加而增加，且4个猎物密度处理之间呈极显著差异。其中，猎物斑块密度为24～48头/株时，所得终身产卵量最高。在相同猎物密度条件下，食蚜瘿蚊在单一猎物斑块上的终身产卵量最低，而在三种混合猎物斑块上的产卵量最高，呈现出“三种混合>两种混合>单一种群”猎物斑块的趋势。由此可见，食蚜瘿蚊的终身产卵量受到猎物斑块密度和斑块内蚜虫种群混合方式的双重影响；较高的猎物斑块密度和混合猎物斑块中较多的蚜虫种类，均有利于食蚜瘿蚊产下较多数量的卵。 相似文献
10.
11.
利用当地天敌综合治理棉蚜的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
棉蚜是朝阳棉区的重要害虫,由于单纯依靠化学杀虫剂防治,结果虫害越来越重。朝阳县十二台公社自1975～1981年以来,采取了利用和保护当地天敌,积极开展综合防治棉蚜,几年来收到了明显的效果。1980年全公社9249亩棉田中7817亩棉田完全未用杀虫剂,1107亩棉田基本没有使用化学杀虫剂,仅点片阶段点涂1～2次,就是在棉蚜特大发生的1981年,全社12240亩棉田中5225亩棉田完全未用杀虫剂,5220亩棉田也仅仅点涂1～2次,这两年都有效地控制了棉蚜的危害。几年来防治费用大大降低,仅十二台公社3年就节省用药资金十万多元。皮棉单产接近或略高于同类地块的纯化防棉田。实践证明这种方法是可行的。 相似文献
12.
In September 1993, a colony ofHarmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae) was imported from France into Greece. In 1994, insectary-reared adults were released in
11 citrus orchards in four citrus-growing areas of Greece. Between May 19 and June 8, 1994,H. axyridis was recovered from a total of seven localities in three of these areas. This species was established on orange, mandarin
and sour orange trees heavily infested withToxoptera aurantii, Aphis spiraecola andA. gossypii; its absence from the remaining four localities may have been the result of low prey densities. Twenty-three days after the
initial releases,H. axyridis larvae comprised 57.9% and 83.3%, respectively, of the aphidophagous coccinellid larval populations in two localities (on
Chios Island). In samples taken at Leonidion 43 days after the introduction release, both adult and larval populations ofH. axyridis represented approximately one-third of aphidophagous coccinellid adults and larvae found, whereas the indigenousAdalia bipunctata comprised about one-half of the population. In cages placed outside the Athens laboratory,H. axyridis completed four overlapping generations annually; average longevities of 56.2, 66.8, 78.9 and 102.2 days, respectively, were
recorded for the successive generations. Adults of the 3rd and 4th generations overwintered, giving rise to the following
year’s 1st generation. Oviposition began in April and emergence of 1st generation adults occurred in mid-May. The egg-laying
activity of the females throughout the warm period of the year indicates thatH. axyridis does not diapause in summer. From December until March, small aggregations (2-4 individuals) were observed within the cages
at protected sites. 相似文献
13.
M. Ibrahim Ali 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(3):328-333
Abstract In an insect pests survey of soybean during 1977–1980, in the rabi and kharif seasons, 14 species were more, and 33 species less abundant, representing 19 families under seven orders. The occurrence of Aphis spp., Atractomorpha spp., Spilosoma obliqua W., Monolepta signata Olv., Nezara viridula L., Myllocerus spp., Riptortus spp., and Jassids were most notable. 相似文献
14.
新疆核桃-小麦间作麦田杂草组成及群落特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为明确新疆核桃与小麦间作对麦田杂草种类及群落结构的影响,于2012—2017年对新疆南疆核桃-小麦间作、单作麦田杂草发生情况进行了调查。结果表明,南疆麦区杂草有39种,隶属14科33属,其中以菊科、禾本科、藜科为主;优势杂草有9种,分别是灰绿藜Chenopodium glaucum L.、稗草Echinochloa crusgalli(L.)Beauv.、播娘蒿Descurainia sophia(L.)Schur.、扁蓄Polygonum aviculare L.、硬草Sclerochloa kengiana L.、田旋花Convolvulus arvensis L.、离蕊芥Malcolmia africana(L.)R. Br.、小蓟Cephalanoplos segetum(Bunge.)Kitam.、苣荬菜Sonchus brachyotus DC.;与小麦单作田相比,核桃-小麦间作麦田杂草物种丰富度及Shannon-Wiener指数较高,2017年物种丰富度最高达27种,代表杂草优势集中性的Simpson指数则是小麦单作田高于核桃-小麦间作麦田,2013年高达0.32;核桃-小麦间作有利于麦田播娘蒿、苣荬菜和离蕊芥发生,但不利于萹蓄发生,其它5种优势杂草在间作和单作麦田的发生密度无显著差异。 相似文献
15.
Extensive surveys of vegetable, ornamental and weedy plant species were conducted in highland and lowland vegetable production areas in Indonesia with the aim of recording leafminer species present and their associated natural enemies. The most common dipterous species reared from samples was the pea leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). This introduced pest was particularly serious in highland vegetables in Java, Sumatra and South Sulawesi, causing yield losses as high as 60-70%. Another alien species, the vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, contributed to problems in lowland areas on the north coast of West Java, where cucumbers were heavily damaged. An Asian leafminer species, Chromatomyia horticola Goureau, was more common in snow peas (Pisum sp.). Intensive sampling of leafminer-infested leaves from surveyed host plants yielded 11 species of hymenopteran parasitoids: 10 eulophids (Asecodes sp., Chrysocharis sp., Cirrospilus ambiguus (Hansson and LaSalle), Closterocerus sp., Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault), Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), Neochrysocharis sp., Pnigalio sp., Quadrastichus sp., Zagrammosoma sp.) and 1 eucoilid (Gronotoma sp.). The most abundant parasitoid species was H. varicornis. Levels of parasitism varied among crops and growing seasons, but were usually low, especially on potato (< 3%). Surveys revealed that most farmers (63%) attempted to control leafminers by applying insecticides twice weekly although these applications were neither effective nor economical according to responses of about 72% of the farmers. An integrated pest management approach is suggested that emphasizes IPM training for vegetable farmers and includes reductionor elimination of broad spectrum chemicals that would adversely affect parasitoids that may already be present as well as those that may be introduced. The initiation of a classical biological control programme is recommended to enhance the limited parasitoid complex present in Indonesia and increase levels of biological control. 相似文献
16.
Abstract The egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is an important biological control agent of stinkbugs worldwide. Although honey has been used as adult food in culturing the parasitoid, no previous studies have explored the potential for maximising its fitness by provision of plant nectars in conservation biological control. In laboratory experiments, we measured the longevity of adult T. basalis females provided with each of 10 nectar-bearing flowering plant species: Lobularia maritima L., Brassica napus L., Tagetes patula L., Ocimum basilicum L., Fagopyrum esculentum Moench., Cosmos bipennatus Cav., Calendula arvensis L., Coriandrum sativum L., Tropaeolum majus L. and Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham. Longevity was greatest (33 days) on flowering T. patula shoots and significantly lower on shoots of this species from which the inflorescence had been removed (8 days). Of the other plant species, only L. maritima flowers did not enhance longevity. These results indicate that adults of T. basalis benefit from access to floral nectar and also suggest plant species that merit field testing to identify species best suited to enhancing the efficacy of this parasitoid in conservation biological control. 相似文献
17.
Aqueous extracts of fifteen Euphorbia species induced germination of Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. seeds to varying extents. Extracts from E. supina Raf., E. pilulifera Jacq., E. acalyphoides Hochst. ex. Boiss, E. prunifolia (Jacq.) Hort. Schoent., E. hirta L., E. aegyptiaca Boiss, E. splendens Boj., and E. granulata Forsk, were the most active. Extracts from E. acalyphoides and E. pilulifera were inhibitory at high concentrations. Undiluted extracts from E. pilulifera, E. aegyptiaca and E. hirta induced haustorial initiation. The stimulatory substance(s) were widely distributed in plants of E. aegyptiaca. Extracts from E. aegyptiaca also stimulated seed germination and haustorial initiation in a range of Striga species and strains. 相似文献
18.
J. Uoti 《EPPO Bulletin》1975,5(4):419-424
Several Fusarium species occurred abundantly in spring cereal seed samples studied in 1966, 1968 and 1972 in Finland. A total of 17 species of Fusarium were isolated and identified. The most frequently isolated species were F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc., F. culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc., F. poae (Peck) Wr. and F. tricinctum (Cda) Sacc. These species were found in more than 40% of the seed samples from 1972. The same 4 Fusarium species in addition to F. graminearum Schwabe were used in the pathogenicity test. Artificially inoculated spring wheat and barley seeds were grown in the field during the growing season of 1973. Of these 5 species F. culmorum was clearly the most pathogenic. This species significantly lowered the shooting percentage and the yield of both cereals. Foot rot assessment also revealed F. culmorum as the most damaging species. Natural soil-borne infection obviously increased the foot and root rot, and thus the soil-borne F. culmorum strongly affected all treatments. In the harvested seed F. poae dominated in all treatments, but F. culmorum still occurred most abundantly in the seed lot harvested from plots originally inoculated with this species. 相似文献
19.
A survey of common and uncommon weed species usually showing Verticillium wilt symptoms was carried out during 1992–2000 in
Crete, Greece.Verticillium dahliae was isolated in 48 out of 182 sampled fields, in which several weed species were grown, from several locations in Oropedio,
Lasithi. Altogether, 124 isolates ofV. dahliae were recovered from the vascular stem-tissue of 19 weed species, belonging to ten botanical families. Pathogenicity trials
with 13 out of 19 weed species that have never been reported as hosts of the fungus, using for inoculation isolates which
originated from the same weed species, resulted in infection of all of them, showing various disease symptoms. Seven weed
species (Anthemis melanolepis, Cardaria draba, Convolvulus arvensis, Erodium sp.,Euphorbia helioscopia, Helminthotheca echioides andSinapis alba) are new hosts worldwide, and six additional species (Euphorbia sp.,Lactuca serriola, Raphanus raphanistrum, Sinapis arvensis, Sonchus oleraceus andTrifolium sp.) are new hosts for Greece. The most susceptible (isolation frequency: 27.9–52.8%, moderate disease severity) species
were:Capsella bursa-pastoris, C. draba, Chenopodium album, Senecio vulgaris andSolanum nigrum. Less susceptible (isolation frequency: 4.8–17.8%, slight disease severity) were:Amaranthus sp.,A. melanolepis, C. arvensis, Erodium sp.,Euphorbia sp.,E. helioscopia, H. echioides, L. serriola, Malva sylvestris, R. raphanistrum, S. alba, S. arvensis, S. oleraceus andTrifolium sp. Some species —C. draba, C. album, L. serriola andS. nigrum L. — that usually showed external and vascular wilt symptoms, occasionally exhibited only reduced growth. Visible symptoms
under natural field conditions in all 13 weed species that had never been reported as hosts ofV. dahliae were similar to those observed after their artificial inoculation. The fungus was not isolated fromFoeniculum vulgare ssp.piperitum, Oxalis corniculata andStellaria media, among other species.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 18, 2002. 相似文献
20.
Abstract The impact of native natural enemies, supplemented by augmentative releases of the green lacewing, Chrysoperia rufilabris Burmeister (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and/or the cecidomyiid, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), on the population dynamics of the green apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer (Homoptera: Aphididae), was assessed in a series of experiments conducted in north central Washington State, USA. In one trial, C. rufiabris alone was released at a rate of 200 eggs or first instar larvae per tree per week for 6 weeks; in a second experiment, it was released in combination with A. aphidimyza at rates of 400 eggs and 250 pupae respectively per tree per week. In a final trial, A. aphidimyza alone was released at a rate of 200 pupae per tree per week for the duration of the growing season. The dominant native natural enemies in the study area were Chrysopa nigricornis Burmeister, A. aphidimyza. Onus sp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), and various species of Syrphidae, Chamaemyiidae, and Coccinellidae (principally Coccinelle transversoguttata Faldermann and Hippodamia convergens Guerin). Exclusion cage techniques indicated that this native natural enemy complex caused significant mortality of A. pomi. However, no effect of the augmentative release treatments could be demonstrated, and where plant growth was vigorous and aphid populations high, the numerical response of indigenous generalist predators was insufficient to keep A. pomi densities below damaging levels. 相似文献