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1.
Nigel A. R. Urwin 《Euphytica》2014,196(3):331-339
Double podding in cultivated chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) can increase yield and yield stability. In the present study, we performed reciprocal crosses of ‘kabuli’ (double podded) and ‘desi’ (single podded) chickpeas to determine (i) the expressivity and penetrance of double podding, (ii) the correlations of yield and yield components, and (iii) the heritability of double podding, flower color, and stem pigmentation in F2 plants. Reciprocal crosses were performed with two genotypes, AC 2969 (kabuli) and ICC 4969 (desi), to generate F1 and F2 plants. The results indicated hybrid vigor (heterosis) for yield in F1 plants and better performance of F2 plants. Yield and yield components of some lines in F2 were superior to the best parent, indicative of transgressive segregation. In particular, the presence of double podding (‘s’ allele) significantly increased yield in some of the transgressive segregants. Expressivity and penetrance of the ‘s’ allele depends on the background of the female parent. Some of the double podding progeny had greater seed yields than those of the single podding progeny and greater seed yields than the best parents. Double podding, stem pigmentation, and pink flowers each appears to be governed by a single recessive gene. Stem pigmentation and pink flowers appear to be linked traits that depend on the genetic background of the crossed chickpeas. Taken together, our studies of reciprocal crosses of kabuli and desi chickpeas clearly showed that yield could be improved by selection for transgressive phenotypes that have double podding.  相似文献   

2.
Reza Mohammadi  Ahmed Amri 《Euphytica》2013,192(2):227-249
The genotype × environment (GE) interaction influences genotype selection and recommendations. Consequently, the objectives of genetic improvement should include obtaining genotypes with high potential yield and stability in unpredictable conditions. The GE interaction and genetic improvement for grain yield and yield stability was studied for 11 durum breeding lines, selected from Iran/ICARDA joint program, and compared to current checks (i.e., one durum modern cultivar and two durum and bread wheat landraces). The genotypes were grown in three rainfed research stations, representative of major rainfed durum wheat-growing areas, during 2005–09 cropping seasons in Iran. The additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis, genotype plus GE (GGE) biplot analysis, joint regression analysis (JRA) (b and S2di), six stability parameters derived from AMMI model, two Kang’s parameters [i.e., yield-stability (YSi) statistic and rank-sum], GGE distance (mean performance + stability evaluation), and two adaptability parameters [i.e., TOP (proportion of environments in which a genotype ranked in the top third) and percentage of adaptability (Ad)] were used to analyze GE interaction in rainfed durum multi-environment trials data. The main objectives were to (i) evaluate changes in adaptation and yield stability of the durum breeding lines compared to modern cultivar and landraces (ii) document genetic improvement in grain yield and analyze associated changes in yield stability of breeding lines compared to checks and (iii) to analyze rank correlation among GGE biplot, AMMI analysis and JRA in ranking of genotypes for yield, stability and yield-stability. The results showed that the effects due to environments, genotypes and GE interaction were significant (P < 0.01), suggesting differential responses of the genotypes and the need for stability analysis. The overall yield was 2,270 kg ha?1 for breeding lines and modern cultivar versus 2,041 kg ha?1 for landraces representing 11.2 % increase in yield. Positive genetic gains for grain yield in warm and moderate locations compared to cold location suggests continuing the evaluation of the breeding material in warm and moderate conditions. According to Spearman’s rank correlation analysis, two types of associations were found between the stability parameters: the first type included the AMMI stability parameters and joint regression parameters which were related to static stability and ranked the genotypes in similar fashion, whereas the second type consisted of the rank-sum, YSi, TOP, Ad and GGED which are related to dynamic concept of stability. Rank correlations among statistical methods for: (i) stability ranged between 0.27 and 0.97 (P < 0.01), was the least between AMMI and GGE biplot, and highest for AMMI and JRA and (ii) yield-stability varied from 0.22 (between GGE and JRA) to 0.44 (between JRA and AMMI). Breeding lines G8 (Stj3//Bcr/Lks4), G10 (Ossl-1/Stj-5) and G12 (modern cultivar) were the best genotypes in terms of both nominal yield and stability, indicating that selecting for improved yield potential may increase yield in a wide range of environments. The increase in adaptation, yield potential and stability of breeding lines has been reached due to gradual accumulation of favorable genes through targeted crosses, robust shuttle breeding and multi-locational testing.  相似文献   

3.
Roger T. Chetelat 《Euphytica》2016,207(2):319-330
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6.
The aim of this work was to study the phenotypic segregation of different agronomic and fruit quality traits, and their relationships, in Monastrell × Syrah wine grape progeny. Twenty-two agronomic traits were evaluated and compared for three consecutive years in this progeny. The results show the phenotypic diversity existing in a cross between two different wine grape cultivars. Most of the phenological, productive, morphological, and enological parameters evaluated displayed continuous variation within the progeny, suggesting a polygenic inheritance. Some correlations between traits were detected by the Spearman correlation test, although high coefficients were not found for most of them. Cluster analysis of the progeny grouped the hybrids based on criteria with significance for wine grape breeding. Also, we investigated the relationship between the skin color and total content of anthocyanins with the VvmybA genotype, using the CAPS (Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence) marker 20D18CB9. The results show that hybrids with two copies of the functional color allele tend to have increased anthocyanins content. Based on this study, 14 genotypes were pre-selected from the breeding population for additional quality studies.  相似文献   

7.
The main objective of this research was the evaluation of the variability present in a segregating wine grape population derived from a cross between Graciano × Tempranillo, two Spanish varieties, in order to select improved genotypes with potential for producing high-quality wines in a climate change scenario. For that purpose, the phenotypic segregation of 16 agronomic traits related to production and phenology and 11 enological traits related to technical and phenolic maturity was studied in the progeny for three consecutive years. All traits presented transgressive segregation and continuous variation. Year effect was significant for all traits except total, extractable and skin anthocyanins content. However, a high level of genotype consistency for enological traits was revealed by repeatabilities and correlations between years. Significant correlations among traits were observed but most associations were weak. Furthermore, the CAPS (Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence) marker for the VvmybA genotype was tested to determine whether it would be useful in indirect selection for berry anthocyanins content. The results showed that the number of homozygous and heterozygous genotypes for the functional colour allele adjusted to a 1:1 segregation ratio, and that homozygous genotypes had significantly higher anthocyanins content. Principal component analysis found eight variables that contributed up to 80 % of the phenotypic variability present in the population. Seven groups of hybrids were distinguished based on ripening time, cluster weight, berry weight and anthocyanins content by cluster analysis; and fourteen genotypes were pre-selected for further research.  相似文献   

8.
Nineteen agrochemical traits of 20 almond inter-specific backcrosses progenies were evaluated and compared for three consequence years to find out their phenotypic diversity and determine the relationships of fruit quality traits in almond × peach backcrosses breeding progenies. The variation was observed for traits of phenology parameters (blooming time, ripening time), Physical parameters (fruit weight, width, height, shape, thickness, skin pubescences, colour and flower type), chemical parameters (total sugar content, soluble solids content and acidity) and sensory parameters (attractiveness, taste, and flavor) and yield. Many fruit characteristics that are important to breeders are present in this collection. A high variability was found in the evaluated almond progenies and significant differences were found among them in all studied quality attributes. Year-by-year variations were observed for majority of traits. A significant correlation was found among the fruit height, fruit width, skin pubescences and yield. Fruit height showed a significant positive correlation with fruit weight and fruit thickness and some other traits and a negative correlation with the titratable acidity, skin pubescences and fruit flavour. A high negative correlation was found between the fruit weight and titratable acidity (?0.8). Low coefficients were got between the flower colour and skin pubescences. In addition, principal component analysis it possible to established similar groups of genotypes depending on their quality characteristics and to study relationships among pomological traits in almond progenies evaluated.  相似文献   

9.
Using embryo rescue, we generated an intergeneric hybrid between Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Maoyan’ and Artemisia japonica Thunb. Cytological tests confirmed that regenerated plantlets were all genuine hybrids possessing 45 chromosomes, with 27 chromosomes inherited from C. × morifolium (2n = 6x = 54) and the other 18 derived from A. japonica (2n = 4x = 36). Hybrid plant flowered normally. The shape and color of the hybrid flowers and leaves resembled those of chrysanthemum, while leaf width, leaf length, plant height, and inflorescence diameter were intermediate between those of the parents. Hybrid plant had higher levels of chlorophyll and free proline, and lower concentrations of malondialdehyde and Na+, than the maternal parent (C. × morifolium), and these levels were correlated with the hybrid’s enhanced salt tolerance. These results clearly demonstrate that intergeneric hybridization is an effective method of cultivar improvement in chrysanthemum.  相似文献   

10.
Cultivated barley is the major livestock feed grain in the Northern Plains and Northwestern United States due to the fact that its short growing season and limited rainfall limit the planting and production of corn. Starch and fiber content play a significant role in feedlot performance of animals raised on barley feed. To study the underlying genetic locations and mechanisms for these traits, a recombinant inbred line population was derived from a cross between the hulled barley cultivar Valier and a hull-less Swiss landrace line, PI370970. Valier has a high acid detergent fiber content (ADF) and low starch and protein while PI370970 contains low ADF and high starch and protein content. To detect associated QTLs, data were collected and analyzed from irrigated and rain-fed environments. A total of 30 main effect QTLs and four epistatic QTLs were identified which conditioned ADF, starch and protein content under rain-fed, irrigated and combined analyses. These QTLs were located on chromosomes 2H, 3H, 5H, 6H and 7H. Major ADF and starch QTL were identified on chromosome 7H near the nud locus (the locus controlling hulled vs. hull-less caryopsis). High heritability estimates for both ADF and starch content suggest that early selection for these traits during breeding would be productive. Low ADF-QTL were independently verified in a second population in a different genetic background.  相似文献   

11.
More than half of the barley grown in the USA is used for livestock feed, with the remaining stocks diverted for human food and malting purposes. The use of barley grain as a major source of cattle feed has been criticized because of its rapid digestion in the rumen, which can result in digestive disorders in cattle. In sacco dry matter digestibility (ISDMD) and particle size (PS) after dry rolling have been found to play a role in the feedlot performance of barley as a feed grain. Reducing the rate of ISDMD is predicted to result in significantly improved animal health and average daily gain. A recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between a high ISDMD, two-rowed barley cultivar (Valier) and a six-rowed Swiss landrace line (PI370970) exhibiting far slower ISDMD has been developed for studying the underlying genetic locations and mechanisms of these traits. To detect associated quantitative trait loci (QTLs), we collected and analyzed data from irrigated and rain-fed environments. A significant negative correlation was observed between ISDMD and PS. High heritability estimates for ISDMD and PS suggest that early selection for these traits during breeding would be achievable. Four QTLs were identified on chromosomes 2H, 6H, and 7H, explaining 73–85% of ISDMD phenotypic variation, while three QTLs on 2H and 7H were associated with variation in PS and explained 58–77% of its variation. A major QTL on chromosome 2H tightly linked to the morphology-modifying gene vrs1 was found to dramatically control 35–62% of the phenotypic variation of ISDMD and 26–53% of that of PS. The impact of the vrs1 locus on ISDMD was validated in two populations representing different genetic backgrounds. Our results suggest that it may also be advantageous to simultaneously overlap these QTLs around the vrs1 locus.  相似文献   

12.
Tipburn is a calcium related and environmentally induced physiological disorder causing economic damage in all lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production regions. The objectives of this research were to determine (1) the genetic variation for tipburn incidence, (2) the genotype (G) × environment (E) interaction (GE) for tipburn incidence, and (3) the efficiency of field selection for tipburn resistance. Tipburn incidence was recorded over 2 years in Salinas, CA, and Yuma, AZ, for 55 romaine, crisphead, green leaf, and red leaf type cultivars, and over 3 years in Quebec for 15 romaine cultivars. Analysis revealed that G, E, and GE affected tipburn incidence, including crossover interactions that were not repeatable over years. This indicates that cultivar/breeding line evaluations should be based on mean performance and stability over multiple environments. Among lettuce types, only crisphead had significant genetic variability for tipburn resistance, reflecting the greater breeding effort applied to this type compared romaine, green and red leaf types. Analysis of a dataset with five romaine cultivars in eight environments in California, Arizona, and Quebec for 2 years revealed that Yuma in 2006 and Saint-Blaise in 2005 were highly correlated (r = 0.923, P < 0.05), and were the most discriminating and most representative environments for tipburn evaluation. Single plant selection for tipburn resistance in three F2 romaine populations was ineffective. Further, the degree of head closure was significantly associated with tipburn incidence. Identification and selection of morphological characters associated with resistance in conjunction with direct selection against tipburn may be an effective method for genetic improvement of tipburn resistance.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with additive (a), additive × additive (aa) epistatic effects, and their treatmental interactions (at and aat) were studied under salt stress and normal conditions at seedling stage of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A set of 182 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from cross Xiaoyan 54 × Jing 411 were used. A total of 29 additive QTLs and 17 epistasis were detected for 12 traits examined, among which eight and seven, respectively, were identified to have QTL × treatment effects. Physiological traits rather than biomass traits were more likely to be involved in QTL × treatment interactions. Ten intervals on chromosomes 1A, 1D, 2A (two), 2D, 3B, 4B, 5A, 5B and 7D showed overlapping QTLs for different traits; some of them represent a single locus affecting different traits and/or the same trait under both treatments. Eleven pairs of QTLs were detected on seemingly homoeologous positions of six chromosome groups of wheat, showing synteny among the A, B and D genomes. Ten pairs were detected in which each pair was contributed by the same parent, indicating a strong genetic plasticity of the QTLs. The results are helpful for understanding the genetic basis of salt tolerance in wheat and provide useful information for genetic improvement of salt tolerance in wheat by marker-assisted selection.  相似文献   

15.
Capitalizing on the yield potential in available groundnut germplasm, and high stability of kernel yield are important requirements for groundnut producers in semiarid environments. Forty-seven groundnut genotypes were evaluated from 2003 to 2005 at 4 locations representative of the Guinea and Sudan savanna ecologies in Ghana. The objectives were to assess genotypic differences in reaction to early and late leaf spot infections under natural field conditions, assess the extent of genotype × environment (G × E) interaction for kernel yield, and determine the relationship between yield potential and yield stability. Genotypes differed significantly in their reaction to leaf spot infections indicated by the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). Genotypic AUDPC was negatively correlated with maturity period (P < 0.01), with kernel yield (P < 0.05) at each of the 3 locations in the Guinea savanna ecology but not in the Sudan savanna ecology and with each of four stability parameters (P < 0.05). High or low yielding genotypes were grouped based on Dunnett’s test at P < 0.10. High yielding groups had significantly low AUDPC, high biomass, high partitioning of dry matter for kernel growth, and were later in maturity compared to low yielding genotypes. Significant G × E interaction effect for kernel yield was dominated mainly by the lack of correlation among environments variance (76–78%) relative to the heterogeneity of genotypic variance component (22–24%). Stability of yield assessed through the among-environment variance, Wricke’s ecovalence, and Finlay-Wilkinson regression coefficient revealed that genotypes in the higher yielding group were relatively unstable compared to the low yielding group. Indicated by the Kataoka’s index of yield reliability, however, relatively unstable genotypes in the high yielding group are expected to be more productive even under assumptions of high risk aversion (P = 0.75–0.95) compared to the more stable, low yielding genotypes. The findings indicate that deploying these recently developed germplasm in semiarid regions in West Africa provides a better match to farmers’ risk-averse strategies compared with the use of existing earlier maturing cultivars.  相似文献   

16.
Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is a major warm-season cereal, grown primarily for grain production in the arid and semi-arid tropical regions of Asia and Africa. Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies have been reported to be a food-related primary health problem affecting nearly two billion people worldwide. Improving Fe and Zn densities of staple crops by breeding offers a cost-effective and sustainable solution to reducing micronutrient malnutrition in resource poor communities. An understanding of the genetics of these micronutrients can help to accelerate the breeding process, but little is known about the genetics and heterosis pattern of Fe and Zn densities in pearl millet. In the present study, ten inbred lines and their full diallel crosses were used to study the nature of gene action and heterosis for these micronutrients. The general combining ability (GCA) effects of parents and specific combining ability (SCA) effects of hybrids showed significant differences for both of the micronutrients. However, the predictability ratio (2σ2gca/(2σ2gca + σ2sca)) was around unity both for Fe and Zn densities, implying preponderance of additive gene action. Further, highly significant positive correlation between mid-parent values and hybrid performance, and no correlation between mid-parent values and mid-parent heterosis confirmed again the predominant role of additive gene action for these micronutrients. Barring a few exceptions with one parent, hybrids did not outperform the parents having high Fe and Zn levels. This showed that there would be little opportunity, if any, to exploit heterosis for these mineral micronutrients in pearl millet. In general, high Fe and Zn levels in both of the parental lines would be required to increase the probability of breeding high Fe and Zn hybrids.  相似文献   

17.
One hundred and eighty six F1 plants from a ‘Regent’ × ‘RedGlobe’ cross were used to generate a partial linkage map with 139 microsatellite markers spanning all 19 chromosomes. Phenotypic scores for downy mildew, taken over two years, confirmed a major resistance QTL (Rpv3) against downy mildew in the interval VVIN16-cjvh to UDV108 on chromosome 18 of ‘Regent’. This locus explained up to 62 % of the phenotypic variance observed. Additionally a putative minor downy mildew resistance locus was observed on chromosome 1 in one season. A major resistance locus against powdery mildew (Ren3) was also identified on chromosome 15 of ‘Regent’ in the interval UDV116 to VChr15CenGen06. This study established the efficacy of and validated the ‘Regent’-derived downy and powdery mildew major resistance genes/QTL under South African conditions. Closely linked SSR markers for marker-assisted selection and gene pyramiding strategies were identified.  相似文献   

18.
In the present investigation, optimal media compositions for enhancing the callus induction and subsequent plant regeneration were worked out in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. complex). The field grown somaclones were characterized for yield and quality contributing traits in comparison to donor variety CoJ 88. The MS + 2,4-D (4.0 mg/l) + kin (0.5 mg/l) + sucrose (30 g/l) was found to be the best for the callus induction among the nine media compositions used. The highest shoot regeneration was 34.65% on MS + BAP (0.5 mg/l) followed by 31.07% on MS + IAA (2.0 mg/l) + kin (0.5 mg/l) and the least 11.80% on MS + BAP (2.0 mg/l). The shoot elongation was optimum on MS + IBA (5.0 mg/l). The rooting was carried on MS + NAA (3.0 mg/l) + IBA (2.0 mg/l) + sucrose (70 g/l). The somaclones, on field evaluation, exhibited huge variability for characters viz., tiller number at 120 days of field transfer, number of millable canes, cane height, number of nodes and internodal length at time of harvest and also for HR Brix at 240 and 300 days after field transfer. In R0 generation, the variations induced for the characters such as stalk height after 120 days, HR Brix after 240 and 300 days of field transfer were negatively skewed with most of somaclones having values higher than the population mean values thereby offering adequate scope for improvement cane and quality. Elite somaclones marked for each trait were reported. Out of 228 somaclones inoculated with Cf 08 pathotype of red rot in R1, three were resistant, four were moderately resistant and 221 somaclones showed variable degree of susceptibility, whereas, to Cf 03 pathotype, fourteen were resistant, nineteen were moderately resistant and 195 showed variable degree of susceptibility. Three somaclones exhibited moderate resistance (MR) to both the pathotypes, whereas, donor variety CoJ 88 showed susceptible reaction. These somaclones will further enhance the germplasm for sugarcane breeding.  相似文献   

19.
Crosses between hexaploid wheat and rye can only succeed when pre- and post-zygotic barriers have been overcome. A rye gene determining embryo lethality (Eml-R1), which is involved in post-zygotic isolation, has been mapped to chromosome 6R. In the present paper the mode of inheritance of Eml-R1 was studied by employing a wheat/rye chromosome 6R addition line. We show that Eml-R1 exists in at least two alternative forms, with the mutant allele Eml-R1b being dominant with respect to wild-type Eml-R1a. Furthermore, we have exploited nulli-tetrasomic lines of wheat to detect a complementary wheat gene present on chromosome 6A. This gene has been designated Eml-A1.  相似文献   

20.
The oil accumulation in the developing soybean seed has been shown to be a dynamic process with different rates and activities at different phases affected by both genotype and environment. The objective of the present study was to investigate additive, epistatic and quantitative trait loci (QTL) × environment interaction (QE) effects of the QTL controlling oil filling rate in soybean seed. A total of 143 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of Charleston and Dongnong 594 were used in this study to obtain 2 years of field data (2004 and 2005). A total of 26 QTL with significantly unconditional and conditional additive (a) effect and/or additive × environment interaction (ae) effect at different filling stages were identified on 14 linkage groups. Among the QTL with significant a effects, 18 QTL showed positive effects and 6 QTL had negative effects on seed filling rate of oil content during seed development. A total of 29 epistatic pairwise QTL underlying seed filling rate were identified at different filling stages. About 28 pairs of the QTL showed additive × additive epistatic (aa) effects and 14 pairs of the QTL showed aa × environment interaction (aae) effects at different filling stages. QTL with aa and aae (additive × additive × environment) effects appeared to vary at different filling stages. Our results demonstrated that oil filling rate in soybean seed were under genetic, developmental and environmental control.  相似文献   

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