共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 281 毫秒
1.
固相微萃取和同时蒸馏萃取法分析臭椿叶挥发性组分的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本实验采用同时蒸馏萃取法(simultaneous distillation extraction,SDE)和固相微萃取法(solidphase micro-extraction,SPME)提取臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)叶片的挥发性物质,经气相色谱/质谱联用仪分析,共检测出8类42种挥发性化合物,挥发物中烯类最多,22种,其次是醇类6种、烷烃类6种,另外酮类、酯类、芳香烃类、酸类和酚类分别检测出2、2、2、1、1种。采用SPME法提取的挥发性化合物中醇类、酮类和烷烃类的种类多于SDE法,烯类少于SDE法。酚类物质仅在SPME法检出,而芳香烃类仅在SDE法检出。检测到的挥发物组分中有对昆虫起驱避作用的成分。 相似文献
2.
3.
马铃薯根系分泌物组分对不同种植模式的响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
作物根系分泌物与作物连作障碍密切相关,为寻求减小作物连作障碍的途径,在轮作(大豆-马铃薯)、固定间作(马铃薯/大豆)和马铃薯连作3种种植模式下,分离鉴定了马铃薯根系分泌物的主要组分。结果表明:与轮作处理相比,固定间作和连作处理马铃薯根系分泌物种类分别增加了13.79%和17.24%,烷烃类物质的相对含量分别增加了52.17%和52.60%,酸类物质的相对含量分别增加了65.41%和14.79%。连作处理马铃薯根系分泌物中鉴定出乙胺、N-乙基吗啉和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的相对含量分别为1.46%、2.87%和5%,而在轮作和间作处理中均未检测到。与轮作处理相比,间作和连作处理N,N-二乙基乙酰胺相对含量分别高出123.29%和47.95%,棕榈酸相对含量分别高出23.18%和40.0%,硬脂酸相对含量分别高出27.36%和39.80%。说明大豆-马铃薯轮作可有效降低马铃薯根系分泌物组分的种类和含量。因此,生产实践中,可通过大豆-马铃薯轮作克服因某一种马铃薯化感物质累积而造成的毒害作用。 相似文献
4.
7种植物精油对黑腹果蝇驱避/引诱活性及其化学成分分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigen为害多种水果, 化学农药对其防控效果较差, 从具有特殊气味的植物中寻找可有效驱避或引诱黑腹果蝇的化合物是防控黑腹果蝇的有效方法之一。本试验采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取了青蒿Artemisia caruifolia、花椒Zanthoxylum bungeanum、番茄Lycopersicon esculentum、蒲公英Taraxacum mongolicum、艾蒿Artemisia argyi、蕺菜Houttuynia cordata、万寿菊Tagetes erecta 等7种植物的精油, 并测定了这些精油对黑腹果蝇的驱避及引诱活性。结果表明:青蒿精油的驱避活性最好, 浓度为500 mg/L时驱避率为88.58%; 其次为花椒和艾蒿精油, 浓度为500 mg/L时驱避率分别为73.33%和68.58%。高浓度(500 mg/L)的番茄精油表现为驱避作用, 随着浓度降低(20~100 mg/L)则表现出一定的引诱作用。气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)对各精油的化学成分分析结果表明:青蒿精油和艾蒿精油中以烷烃类化合物和醇类化合物为主要组分, 石竹烯氧化物和萘嵌戊烷分别是两种精油中含量最高的化合物; 花椒精油和万寿菊精油中主要组分为萜类化合物, 芳樟醇-L和胡椒酮分别是两种精油中含量最高的化合物; 番茄精油中主要化合物种类是萜类和醇类化合物, 薄荷脑是其中含量最高的化合物; 蒲公英精油中以酚类化合物为主, 其中丁子香酚含量最高; 蕺菜精油中以萜类和烷酮类化合物为主, 其中2-十一烷酮是含量最高的化合物。对其中含量较多的化合物进行活性测定, 发现苯乙醇对黑腹果蝇的驱避活性最好, 浓度为1 000 mg/L时, 驱避率为89.87%; 丁子香酚、α-萜品醇、萘嵌戊烷在低浓度时表现为引诱活性, 浓度为62.5 mg/L时, 驱避率分别为-71.11%、-46.30%、-27.30%。 相似文献
5.
为筛选扁蓿豆中对草地螟Loxostege sticticalis具有生物活性的挥发物，采用动态循环吸附法收集健康、机械损伤和虫害3种状态下扁蓿豆地上部分的挥发物，利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术进行挥发物鉴定及相对含量分析，并选用含量较高的9种挥发物组分对草地螟进行触角电位（electroantennogram,EAG）测定。结果表明：在健康、机械损伤和虫害3种状态下，扁蓿豆释放的挥发物分别有41、43和38种，不同状态间其化合物种类及相对含量存在显著差异。扁蓿豆挥发物主要包括醇类、酮类、醛类、酸类、酯类、萜类、烷烃类、炔烃类和芳香烃类，其中醇类和酮类化合物的相对含量最高，酯类和芳香烃类的种类最多。草地螟对扁蓿豆9种挥发物有一定的EAG反应，反应强度表现为3-辛醇>4-乙基苯甲醛>3-辛酮>叶醇>芳樟醇>对异丙基苯甲醇>乙酸叶醇酯>对二乙酰基苯>3,4-二甲基苯乙酮，其中3-辛醇、4-乙基苯甲醛、3-辛酮和叶醇4种叶片挥发物可引起草地螟触角强烈的电生理反应，推测这些物质是对草地螟具有生物活性的化合物。 相似文献
6.
银胶菊叶对苘麻和稗的化感作用 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊叶片水浸提液及其乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相、剩余水相不同极性组分对苘麻和稗种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化机制的影响.结果表明,在62.5 g·L-1水浸提液处理下,苘麻和稗发芽率比对照分别降低86.7%和66.6%,对苘麻和稗幼苗根长的抑制率分别为96.4%和87.5%,大于对芽长、鲜重的抑制率,乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发的作用较强,剩余水相抑制苘麻幼苗生长的作用最强,乙酸乙酯相抑制稗幼苗生长的作用最强;在2 g·L-1浓度处理下,乙酸乙酯相生物活性最高,完全抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重抑制率分别为82.6%、90.2%、78.2%和78.8%、86.8%、69.1%;乙酸乙酯相降低了受体的根系活力,提高了其超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量. 相似文献
7.
甘蔗和玉米不同生育时期叶片挥发物组成及其对亚洲玉米螟的电生理活性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了研究甘蔗和玉米不同生育时期叶片挥发物成分的差异及挥发物对亚洲玉米螟的电生理活性,采用溶剂漂洗法和气相色谱—质谱联用仪（GC-MS）提取、分析了甘蔗（Saccharum officinarum）苗期、甘蔗茎伸长期、玉米（Zea mays）苗期、吐丝期叶片挥发物,并通过触角电位技术测定了亚洲玉米螟对其中24种挥发物的电生理反应。结果表明：甘蔗苗期、玉米苗期分别分离出45种、38种化合物,而甘蔗茎伸长期和玉米吐丝期分别鉴定出44种、42种化合物。甘蔗和玉米不同生育时期挥发物成分存在差异,其中在甘蔗和玉米不同生育时期叶片中均存在的化合物有25种,玉米特有化合物有4种,甘蔗特有化合物有12种。甘蔗和玉米不同生育时期挥发物种类主要包括萜类、绿叶气味、醛类、酮类、酸类、醇类、酯类、酰胺类和烃类,且这些化合物的含量在甘蔗和玉米不同生育时期之间存在着差异,但均以烃类化合物的含量最高。亚洲玉米螟交配雌蛾对检测的24种挥发物均可产生EAG反应,表现出绿叶气味＞萜类和醛类化合物＞酸类和烃类化合物的总体反应趋势,其中以顺-3-己烯基乙酸酯的反应相对值最大（145.91±5.43）;交配雌蛾的反应相对值在同一类化合物（绿叶气味除外）间差异不显著,说明亚洲玉米螟对同一类化合物的嗅觉辨识能力较差。本研究结果为进一步探明植物挥发物对亚洲玉米螟的行为影响奠定了基础。 相似文献
8.
用悬滴法测定了番茄10种主要有机挥发组分对尖镰孢孢子萌发和芽管生长的影响。结果表明:10种化合物中除(+)-2-蒈烯外,其它对尖镰孢孢子萌发都有抑制作用。但各化合物的作用效果有较大的差异,3类化合物中抑制作用最强的化合物分别是(E)-2-己烯醛(EC50,1.2 μmol/L)、丁子香酚(EC50,1.9μmol/L)和1R-α-蒎烯(EC50,13.0μmol/L);这些化合物对芽管生长的抑制作用强于对孢子萌发的抑制作用,且各组分间除(+)-2-蒈烯外,其它没有很大差异。表明番茄是通过多组分共同作用来抑制病原菌的。 相似文献
9.
烟草次生物质不仅对多种害虫的定向、产卵等行为具有调控作用,还能吸引天敌进行间接防御。本研究利用溶剂漂洗法提取了烟草旺长期和成熟期的叶片分泌物,利用顶空吸附法收集了烟草旺长期植株的挥发物,并利用气相色谱(GC)/质谱(MS)联用技术测定了烟草次生物质的成分及含量。结果表明,烟草叶片分泌物中共检测出36种化合物,其中旺长期有33种,成熟期有31种。烟草旺长期植株挥发物中共检测出48种挥发物组分。其中36种组分的日周期释放规律表现为随光照加强和温度升高,释放量呈现上升趋势;11:00-15:00时段的释放量显著高于其他各个时段(P0.05)。而其中9种组分表现为在夜间的释放量显著升高。 相似文献
10.
化感物质通过植物体释放到农田土壤中,可对作物生长造成严重影响。酚酸是一类重要的化感物质,由于其相对分子质量小,结构稳定,因而不易降解而累积在土壤中,进而影响作物生长,是引起连作障碍问题的一类主要化合物。为了明确酚酸类物质对植物生长影响的途径,探讨其化感作用机理,以3种结构相似的化合物——苯甲酸、水杨酸和对羟基苯甲酸为研究对象,以莴苣幼苗为活性受体,通过测定化合物对莴苣幼苗根、茎生长的影响,评价了其对植物的毒活性;并借助于荧光显微镜,通过FDA/PI双染色法和DHE染色法,分别研究了3种酚酸类化合物对受体植物根尖细胞活力和活性氧积累的影响。结果表明:3种酚酸类化合物对莴苣幼苗根、茎的生长均表现出低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的作用模式;莴苣幼苗在高浓度酚酸的胁迫下,其体内活性氧大量积累,高浓度的活性氧对莴苣幼苗细胞膜结构等具有显著的破坏作用,进而导致细胞活力降低甚至凋亡,最终抑制植物生长。 相似文献
11.
在盆栽条件下,研究保水剂对梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）、白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）种子萌发和幼苗根系形态的影响。结果表明：0.05%浓度的保水剂对梭梭、白梭梭种子萌发有明显的促进作用,发芽率较对照分别提高了18.7%和24.0%;0.05%浓度的保水剂能够抑制梭梭幼苗根系的垂直生长,有效促进侧根数量的增加和根系生物量的积累;0.1%浓度保水剂处理下,白梭梭的主根长度、侧根数量、根系生物量均达到最大;保水剂浓度达到0.2%时,梭梭、白梭梭种子萌发和幼苗根系的生长均受到抑制,表明梭梭幼苗生长最适宜的保水剂浓度为0.05%,白梭梭的浓度以0.05%～0.1%为宜。 相似文献
12.
13.
14.
The germination of race 1 spores of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri was significantly inhibited by the root exudate of the wilt-resistant chickpea cvs CPS1 and WR315 compared to untreated spores and spores treated with root exudates from susceptible cultivars. The effect was concentration dependent, such that the exudate from 1 g of root in 2 ml of water almost completely inhibited spore germination, whereas the exudate from 1 g of root in 20 ml water did not do so. The inhibitory effects of the active exudates were negated when the apolar components of the exudates were removed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The root exudates of the susceptible cv. JG62 and the late wilting cv. H208 did not inhibit germination. The hyphal growth of germinated spores was also strongly inhibited by the concentrated exudates of CPS1 and WR315, and diluted exudates were less potent. The highest concentration of the exudate of the susceptible cv. JG62 showed some inhibition of hyphal growth, whereas none of the exudates of H208 were found to contain any antifungal activity. The effect of the exudates on the spores of race 2 was similar to that reported for race 1, except that the water-soluble components of the crude root exudate of WR315 after ethyl acetate extraction were also found to inhibit germination significantly. Overall, the spores of race 2 appeared to be more susceptible to the effects of the exudates. The ethyl acetate fractions of the root exudates of CPS1 and WR315 strongly inhibited germination and hyphal growth of both race 1 and race 2, the effect being concentration dependent. The results suggest that the resistance of chickpeas to vascular wilt depends, at least in part, upon the antifungal activity of the root exudates. Differences in the expression of resistance in the field could depend upon the concentration or rate of production of constitutive antifungal components by the root. 相似文献
15.
箭杆杨和梭梭柴水量平衡的研究 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：8
采用非称重蒸渗仪对箭杆杨、梭梭柴的水量平衡各分量变比规律进行了探讨．箭杆杨和梭梭柴水量平衡各分量的分配比例为：灌溉＋降水均为１００％，蒸散量５１．１％、７７．７％，渗漏量４８．９％、１４．２％，土壤水变化量不足０．１％、８．１％．分别就两个树种灌溉对蒸散和渗漏水分循环的影响进行了分析。初步确定二年生箭杆杨合理灌溉指标为：５、９两月每月灌溉１次，灌溉量９００ｍ３／ｈａ（９０ｍｍ），６、７、８三个月每月灌溉两次，每次的灌溉量也为９０Ｏｍ３／ｈａ，每月为１８００ｍ３／ｈａ。每公顷每年由造林规程的９９００—１３２００ｍ３／ｈａ减少到７２００ｍ３／ｈａ。梭梭柴保证每年１１月初灌溉１次．灌溉量１５００ｍ３／ｈａ（１５０ｍｍ）。 相似文献
16.
Pisatin involvement in the variation of inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi spore germination by root exudates of Pisum spp. germplasm 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi (Fop) is one of the major constraints of pea worldwide. Its control is difficult and is mainly based on the use of resistant cultivars. This study aimed to identify and characterize resistance mechanisms interfering with Fop spore germination, as an additional pre‐penetration resistance mechanism little explored so far. For this, root exudates were collected from 12 pea accessions with differential responses to the disease, from resistant to susceptible, and their effects on Fop germination and growth were determined. While root exudates from most accessions stimulated Fop germination, the root exudates of three accessions, JI 1412, JI 2480 and P42, did not stimulate, or even inhibited, Fop germination. Although some additional compounds might be involved, the analysis showed that the most active metabolite was the pea phytoalexin pisatin. Pisatin was identified in the active fraction of pea root exudate extracts and its amount in the root exudates was negatively correlated with the extent of Fop germination. This suggests an important role of pisatin in the constitutive defence of pea against F. oxysporum. 相似文献
17.
以1μg/g土的氟乐灵播前土壤处理,棉花出苗后移栽到无氟乐灵的土壤中并接种棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium axysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)。结果表明氟乐灵处理明显降低了棉苗枯萎病的株发病率和病情指数,提高了棉苗对枯萎病的抗病性。氟乐灵处理组棉苗根部和茎部枯萎病菌侵染率均低于对照组,特别是上部茎片段中处理组侵染率降低更为明显。氟乐灵处理组棉苗根部和茎部的菌量明显降低,而且处理组茎部菌量的增长明显滞后于对照。以上结果表明,病菌对氟乐灵处理棉苗根部的侵入和病菌在棉苗体内的纵向扩展及增殖受到了阻抑,因而氟乐灵处理后棉苗对枯萎病菌的抗性表现了抗侵入和抗扩展的特性。试验还证明,氟乐灵处理并接种病菌的棉苗茎部组织中类萜烯醛的含量明显提高;并产生一种能抑制病菌大型分生孢子萌发的真菌毒性物质。这些抑菌物质的产生和积累可能与抗扩展特性有关。 相似文献
18.
HU WON LEE SITA RAM GHIMIRE DONG HYUN SHIN IN JUNG LEE KIL UNG KIM 《Weed Biology and Management》2008,8(2):85-90
An inhibitory effect of the phenolic compounds released from the roots of K21, a newly bred potent allelopathic rice, was investigated in comparison to its male parent, Kouketsumochi, and its female parent, Dongjinbyeo. The inhibitory rates of the root exudates of K21 and both of its parents, collected at 5 day intervals, on the shoot growth of Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola exhibited an increasing trend from 19–34 days after seeding (DAS). However, the root exudates of K21, at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%, showed a greater inhibitory effect than those of its female parent on the growth of E. crus-galli var. praticola at the earlier collection dates. Nine phenolic compounds were identified; the total amount of phenolic compounds in the exudates increased from 19–34 DAS in both K21 and its male parent, but not much in the female parent. The subsequent increase in the amount of total phenolic compounds in the root exudates of the later investigation dates and the trend of increasing inhibitory rates on the shoot growth of E. crus-galli var. praticola at higher exudate concentrations imply that the increased amount of phenolic acids in the root exudates of K21 secreted on the subsequent dates could be related to its greater allelopathic effects. 相似文献
19.
分别提取黄瓜枯萎病感病品种津研4号和抗病品种中农10号的根分泌物,感病品种根分泌物甲醇提取液能够刺激枯萎病菌的菌丝生长,而抗病品种根分泌物甲醇提取液则抑制病原菌生长。利用LC-MS/MS技术分别对感病品种和抗病品种根分泌物中的差异物质进行分析鉴定。与感病品种津研4号相比,抗病品种中农10号根分泌物中含有7,8-苯并黄酮(7,8-BF),含量为0.02μg/株。50μg/mL的7,8-BF能够显著抑制黄瓜枯萎病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发,而100μg/mL的7,8-BF能显著抑制抗感品种侧根形成,但是抗病品种的耐受力高于感病品种。用7,8-BF处理黄瓜种子,枯萎病侵染程度显著降低。当7,8-苯并黄酮浓度为50μg/mL时,感病品种病情指数从71.7降为30.8,达到中抗水平。 相似文献
20.
GUO‐QING YANG FANG‐HAO WAN JIAN‐YING GUO WAN‐XUE LIU 《Weed Biology and Management》2011,11(3):152-159
Two sesquiterpene‐derivative compounds, 4,7‐dimethyl‐1‐(propan?2‐ylidene)–1,4,4a,8a‐tetrahydronaphthalene‐2,6(1H, 7H)‐dione (DTD) and 6‐hydroxy‐5‐isopropyl‐3,8‐dimethyl?4a,5,6,7,8,8a‐hexahydronaphthalen‐2(1H)–one (HHO), are the major putative allelochemicals of the aqueous leachates of Ageratina adenophora. A laboratory experiment was conducted, using the hydroponic method, to evaluate the cellular and ultrastructural changes in the seedling roots of upland rice under the stress of DTD and HHO. The subsequent changes were observed in the treated upland rice roots in comparison with their controls. The scanning electron microscopy results showed that the DTD‐treated root tip cells turned into an irregular arrangement and shape and that most of them were wizened, with a poor cytoplasm. In the HHO treatment, the root tips had many irregularly shaped cells, with a greater number of sloughing cells, as well as short, wide cells that resulted in spherical and wider, but shorter, roots. At the ultrastructural level, DTD and HHO induced irregularly shaped and lobed nuclei, increased cytoplasmic vacuolation, reduced ribosome density and dictyosomes, and a reduced number of mitochondria in the cells, which indicated limited protein transportation and a reduced capability to export substances for cell development and growth in the upland rice seedling roots. The overall effect of HHO on the upland rice seedlings was more pronounced than that of DTD. 相似文献