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棉籽饼(粕)是配制水产饲料中常用的植物性蛋白质饲料,但它含有棉酚。棉酚是棉籽中色素腺体所含的一种黄色色素,属萜类化合物,是棉籽饼(粕)的成色成分。棉酚可分为与氨基酸组合、不溶于溶剂的结合型及游离型两种。结合型棉酚在动物消化系统中不被吸收,可很快地随粪便排出体外,毒性很低;对动物具有毒害作用的是游离型棉酚,中毒症状为精神萎靡、呼吸困难、体弱,但食欲正常,病理解剖则见体内广泛出血及水肿。 相似文献
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我国蛋白质饲料每年都有较大的缺口。寻找畜禽所需的蛋白饲料成为我们畜牧工作者义不容辞的责任。新疆等棉区每年生产大量的棉籽饼(粕),以前，很大部分被用作肥料，少部分应用于反刍动物。近年来，畜牧工作者通过积极地探索，把棉籽饼(粕)应用于畜禽鱼等动物饲料方面，取得一定社会效果，解决了部分蛋白饲料不足问题。由于棉籽饼(粕)中纤维素较高，还有生理性毒素--棉酚，有的饲料厂家，忽略了棉酚对动物的影响，片面追求经济效益，轻者造成动物生长迟缓，重者造成动物中毒，出现中毒症状，甚至死亡。不但没能解决蛋白质饲料不足问题，还给畜禽等动物饲养造成不应有的损失。我所近两年抽检饲料检测棉酚情况如下：1999～2000年鱼料89批次、鸡料173批次、猪料105批次，超过国家卫生标准分别有鱼粉13批次、鸡料15批次、猪料10批次。由此可见饲料厂家技术力量不同，对棉籽饼(粕)应用差异很大，技术差的个别饲料厂家，棉酚超标严重。 相似文献
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棉酚又名棉毒素或棉籽醇，是棉属植物内形成的一种黄色的酚型物质。棉粕中的有毒成份有游离棉酚、棉酚紫和棉绿素3种色素，其毒性以棉绿素最强，游离棉酚次之。但游离棉酚的含量远比另2种色素高，因此棉粕的毒性决定于游离棉酚的含量。棉粕含粗蛋白36％-44％，粗纤维11％-15％，此外B族维生素、硫胺素和磷含量十分丰富，是一种很好的蛋白质饲料。我区是棉花主产区，棉粕产量很大，各猪场时常发生棉酚中毒，现就棉酚的毒性、危害、防治方法介绍如下： 相似文献
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新鲜采取的尼罗罗非鱼精液在加入棉酚的精子保存液中28℃下培养。高达10mM 的乙酸棉酚也不影响精子在一小时内的存活率。罗非鱼精子的存活率在培养三小时后存活率显下降，而低浓度棉酚（25－100μM）显提高罗非鱼精子的 存活率。 本对上述实验结果进行了讨论。 相似文献
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本试验Ⅰ组用１０％脱毒棉仁饼代替部分大豆饼，日粮中含游离棉酚０．００４９８％。试验Ⅱ组用５％棉仁饼代替部分大豆饼，８粮含游离棉酚０．００６％。对照组用低鱼粉大豆日粮，不含棉酚。试验分二个阶段进行。试验１，３种日粮饲喂莎褐生长鸡结果不影响增重，饲料利用率试验组低于对照组，增重成本试验Ⅰ组最低，试验Ⅱ组稍高于对照组。试验２，３种日粮饲喂伊莎褐商品代蛋鸡结果不影响产蛋率，蛋重和饲科利用率对照组高于试验组。鸡蛋成本试验Ⅰ组比对照组低０．０７元。试验证明１０％脱毒棉仁饼代替部分大豆饼合游离棉酚０．００４９８％的日粮经济效益最高。目前缺乏蛋白质饲料，而大豆饼价格上涨的情况下，试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组日粮均可采用。 相似文献
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棉酚对鲤鱼急性中毒的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
鲤鱼（体重约16克）腹腔注射乙酸棉酚0，7．3，54，100，200，400mg/kg体重，经四天（96小时）后，死亡率分别是0，0，20％，70％，90％，100％。96小时半数致死剂量是63．6mg/kg体重。注射剂量高于54mg/kg体重时，发生腹腔红肿、体壁溃烂，甚至死亡。实验结果说明虽然棉籽水平的棉酚不引起鲤鱼的任何可见的中毒症状，但是腹腔注射大剂量棉酚可引起与哺乳类相似的中毒症状。 相似文献
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Substitution of Cottonseed Meal for Marine Animal Protein in Diets for Penaeus vannamei 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Solvent-extracted cottonseed meal was used in shrimp Penaeus vannamei diets at levels of 0, 13.3, 26.5, 39.8, 53.0 and 66.3%, substituting on an equal nitrogen basis for 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of animal protein mix (53% menhaden fish meal, 34% shrimp waste meal and 13% squid meal). The feeds were formulated to contain 32% crude protein and 3,100 kcal metabolizable energy/kg. Each diet was fed to juvenile shrimp to satiation four times daily for 8 wk. Shrimp fed the three lowest dietary levels of cottonseed meal (0, 13.3 and 26.5%) had similar weight gain, feed consumption and survival. The performance of shrimp was adversely affected when diets containing more than 26.5% cottonseed meal, or 1,100 ppm free gossypol, were fed. Shrimp fed the diet with 39.8% cottonseed meal or 1,600 ppm free gossypol had depressed weight gain, reduced feed intake and high mortality. The groups receiving the two highest dietary levels of cottonseed meal lost weight by the end of week 4 and all shrimp in these treatments died within 6 to 8 wk. These adverse effects were probably due to the toxicity of free gossypol. Shrimp appeared to accumulate gossypol in the body as evidenced by light yellow-green coloration in shrimp fed diets containing cottonseed meal. 相似文献
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A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of free gossypol from glanded‐cottonseed meal (G‐CSM) (natural free gossypol) or gossypol‐acetic acid on growth performance, body composition, haematology, immune response and resistance of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge. Soya bean meal‐based diets supplemented with 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg kg?1 free gossypol from G‐CSM or gossypol‐acetic acid were fed to juvenile channel catfish in triplicate aquaria to apparent satiation twice daily for 12 weeks. Neither sources nor levels of dietary gossypol significantly influenced the final weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and survival of channel catfish. Similarly, whole‐body proximate composition, haematological parameters (red blood cell, white blood cell counts, haemoglobin and haematocrit), serum protein concentration, macrophage chemotaxis ratio, phagocytic activity and antibody production against E. ictaluri 21‐day postinfection were not significantly affected at either dietary sources or levels of gossypol. Gossypol concentrations of liver were linearly related to dietary level of gossypol but the retention rate varied dependent on sources of the dietary gossypol. At dietary gossypol levels of 400 or 800 mg kg?1, total gossypol concentrations in liver of fish fed dietary gossypol from G‐CSM were significantly higher than those of fish fed the corresponding levels of gossypol from gossypol‐acetic acid. The (+)‐isomer of gossypol was predominantly retained in liver regardless of dietary sources of gossypol. The ratio of (+) to (?) gossypol isomers in liver decreased with increasing dietary concentrations of gossypol. Serum lysozyme activity of fish fed dietary gossypol levels of 200 mg kg?1 or higher, either from G‐CSM or gossypol‐acetic acid, was significantly higher than that of the control. At a level of 800 mg kg?1 diet, gossypol from G‐CSM stimulated significantly higher lysozyme activity than gossypol from gossypol‐acetic acid. Fish fed diets containing 400 mg kg?1 gossypol or higher from G‐CSM or 800 mg kg?1 gossypol from gossypol‐acetic acid had significantly increased superoxide anion (O) production. However, neither the sources nor the levels of dietary free gossypol influenced the resistance of juvenile channel catfish to E. ictaluri challenge. 相似文献
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J.J. EVANS D.J. PASNIK M. YILDIRIM‐AKSOY C. LIM P.H. KLESIUS 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2010,16(4):385-391
A study was performed to evaluate the histologic changes among fingerling channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, fed purified diets containing gossypol from gossypol–acetic acid. The catfish were maintained on diets with 0, 300, 600, 900, 1200 or 1500 mg gossypol kg?1 diet for 12 weeks, and histologic samples from the stomach, proximal and distal intestines, pancreas, liver, and spleen were obtained from fish in all groups. Stomach sections exhibited significant gastric gland necrosis in fish fed 600 mg gossypol kg?1 diet or higher. Non‐existent‐to‐mild enterocyte vacuolization loss, inflammatory cell infiltration, and hyperplastic lamina propria were noted in the intestinal sections from gossypol‐fed fish, but no significant differences in severity scores were noted. The pancreas from fish fed doses of gossypol above 600 mg gossypol kg?1 diet exhibited significant mild‐to‐severe necrosis, and livers from fish fed 900 and 1500 mg gossypol kg?1 diet exhibited significantly higher pigment deposition. No other significant histologic differences were observed in the fish fed diets containing gossypol–acetic acid. The data in this study indicates that at least 600–900 mg gossypol kg?1 purified diet can cause statistically significant histologic changes in fingerling channel catfish, suggesting that gossypol should remain at concentrations below 600 mg gossypol kg?1 diet. 相似文献
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We report the beneficial effects of a microbial fermentation process of plant protein sources. To reduce anti‐nutritional factors, soybean meal (SM) and cottonseed meal (CM) were fermented with Aspergillus oryzae, a probiotic microorganism, and a 12‐wk feeding study was conducted to evaluate the supplemental effects of the fermented soybean meal (FSM) or fermented cottonseed meal (FCM) in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia. Growth performance and hematological parameters were not influenced by the fermentation process, while the highest inclusion of both FSM and FCM lowered feed utilization efficiency. The microbial fermentation significantly increased dietary total polyphenols and consequently led to higher 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities in both diets and fish tissue. Dietary and liver gossypol concentrations were significantly decreased by the fermentation process of CM. The findings suggest that microbial fermentation of SM or CM with A. oryzae can enhance antioxidant activities in diets and fish, and effectively reduce or degrade the toxicity of gossypol present in CM. A microbial fermentation could make plant protein sources more useful and functional in feeds for fish. 相似文献
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Edwin H. Robinson Steven D. Rawles Perry W. Oldenburg Robert R. Stickney 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》1984,38(2):145-154
Seven isocaloric and isonitrogenous practical diets in which either glanded or glandless cottonseed products were substituted for soybean and/or peanut meals, and three purified diets containing graded levels of gossypol were fed to fingerling Tilapia aurea for a period of 10 weeks. Growth, feed conversion and survival data indicated that glanded and glandless cottonseed products were not as high in nutritive value for tilapia as are soybean and peanut meals. The inferior performance of fish fed cottonseed protein did not appear to be related to dietary gossypol. Carcass fatty acids generally reflected dietary fatty acids. An increase in palmitic and linoleic fatty acids was observed in fish fed fullfat, glandless cottonseed flour. 相似文献
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Digestibility of Glandless Cottonseed Protein in Diets for Pacific White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei 
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下载免费PDF全文 Anthony J. Siccardi III Cristina M. Richardson Michael K. Dowd Tom C. Wedegaertner Tzachi M. Samocha 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2016,47(1):97-106
Accurate digestibility coefficients for protein, energy, and lipid are needed by feed formulators to optimize diets to meet nutritional requirements and to substitute ingredients cost‐effectively. Of particular interest is protein, which accounts for the majority of shrimp feed content and expense. The current study evaluated seven cottonseed meal and protein products. Most of the samples were derived from a glandless cotton variety that lacks significant levels of the antinutritive compound, gossypol. The various protein fractions were evaluated for apparent crude protein, crude lipid, and energy digestibility when fed to juvenile Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Apparent energy digestibility for the protein fractions derived from the glandless seed ranged from 76.7% for ground kernels to 94.6% for protein isolate, and these values were greater than the value obtained for the commercial meal that contained gossypol (64%). Apparent protein digestibility for the six glandless‐cotton‐based samples varied from 72.3% for the ground full‐fat kernels to 94.1% for the protein isolate, and these values were mostly higher than the value obtained for the commercial meal (82.3%). The high apparent digestibility values demonstrate that low‐gossypol cottonseed protein products may be useful as a cost‐effective replacement for more expensive protein sources in L. vannamei diets. 相似文献
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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) on growth
performance, feed utilization, and gossypol accumulation in juvenile (mean body weight 11 g) Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets (designated CS0, CS10, CS20, CS30, and CS40) containing 0, 10, 20,
30, and 40% CS mixture (1∶1 w/w) were formulated. After 9 weeks of feeding trial, fish fed all diets did not show significant
differences in growth performances, feed utilization, and whole body compositions. Hemoglobin content gradually decreased
(P<0.05) with increments of CS inclusion levels. There was a positive linear relationship between dietary gossypol and total
liver gossypol contents. Free radical scavenging activity in the experimental diets gradually increased with increment of
dietary CS inclusion. This finding indicates that the mixture of cottonseed and soybean meal with methionine and lysine supplementation
could replace up to 40% of fishmeal protein in diets. However, 20% fishmeal protein replacement by dietary inclusion of cottonseed
(9.4%) and soybean (8.7%) meal might be the optimum and safe level for the commercial use of CS in juvenile Japanese flounder. 相似文献