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1.
Peritoneal fluid was collected from 15 clinically normal horses and was analyzed for nucleated cell (NC) counts and specific gravity. Six horses (controls, group 1) were subjected to abdominocentesis only, with a teat cannula, every 24 hours for 5 days. There were no marked changes in the peritoneal fluid of these horses over the 5-day period. Peritoneal fluid was collected from 6 other horses (group 2) with an 8.89-cm 18-gauge needle. The needle was then advanced until intestinal fluid was obtained. Peritoneal fluid was then collected with teat cannulas at 24-hour intervals for an additional 4 days. Peritoneal fluid NC counts from group 2 horses were significantly increased (P less than 0.05) at peak values 2 days after enterocentesis. Specific gravities of peritoneal fluid from group 2 horses were increased on days 1 and 2 after enterocentesis (P greater than 0.05). Peritoneal fluid from 3 other horses (group 3) was collected before enterocentesis (base line) and again at 4-hour intervals after enterocentesis. Peritoneal fluid NC counts of group 3 horses were markedly increased above base-line values 4 hours after enterocentesis and continued to increase for up to 12 hours after enterocentesis when the experiment was terminated. All horses that underwent enterocentesis remained clinically normal except 1 group 3 horse that had a fever (39.6 C) 24 hours after enterocentesis.  相似文献   

2.
Horses with intracranial lesions and severe ataxia are not good anesthesia candidates; however, only one method to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the cervical region in a standing horse has been reported. This method is not performed routinely due to the difficulty for sample acquisition. Our hypothesis is that standing cervical centesis can be performed in horses without complication. Ultrasound‐guided centesis of the CSF between C1 and C2 in 11 clinically normal horses and two horses with neurologic signs were performed. Horses were sedated and ultrasound was used to identify the subarachnoid space and spinal cord between C1 and C2. With ultrasound guidance, a needle was introduced into the dorsal aspect of the subarachnoid space using a lateral approach. Ten milliliters of CSF was obtained and analyzed. Two normal horses in this study had moderate red blood cell contamination in the CSF (940 and 612 RBC/μl). One horse had 11 RBC/μl and the remaining horses had <4 RBC/μl. The total procedure time was approximately 2 min. No reaction was observed and no complications were detected up to 48 h after the procedure. Ultrasound‐guided centesis between C1 and C2 is a rapid procedure that causes minimal to no reaction in standing, sedated horses used in this study. The use of ultrasound to guide a standing C1–2 centesis of the subarachnoid space provides an additional route to obtain CSF for analysis in the equine patient.  相似文献   

3.
Reasons for performing study: Reference intervals for thyroid hormones (TH) concentrations have not been previously established for donkeys, leading to potential misdiagnosis of thyroid disease. Objectives: To determine the normal values of TH in healthy adult donkeys and compare them to TH values from healthy adult horses. Methods: Thirty‐eight healthy Andalusian donkeys and 19 healthy Andalusian horses from 2 different farms were used. Donkeys were divided into 3 age groups: <5, 5–10 and >11 years and into 2 gender groups. Serum concentrations of fT3, tT3, rT3, fT4 and tT4 were quantified by radioimmunoassay. All blood samples were collected the same day in the morning. None of the animals had received any treatment for 30 days prior to sampling or had any history of disease. Both farms were in close proximity and under similar management. Differences between groups were determined using a one‐way ANOVA analysis followed by Fisher's LSD test. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Serum TH concentrations were higher in donkeys than in horses (P<0.01). Donkeys <5 years had higher serum rT3, fT4 and tT4 concentrations than donkeys >5 years (P<0.05). Furthermore, older donkeys (>11 years) had lower serum fT3 and tT3 concentrations than younger donkeys’ groups (<5 and 5–10 years, P<0.05). TH concentrations were not different between genders (fT3: P = 0.06; tT3: P = 0.08; rT3: P = 0.15; fT4: P = 0.89; and tT4: P = 0.19). Conclusions: Thyroid hormone concentrations are different between healthy adult donkeys and horses. Potential relevance: Establishing species‐specific TH reference ranges is important when evaluating clinicopathologic data in equids in order to avoid the misdiagnosis of thyroid gland dysfunction. Further studies to elucidate the physiological mechanisms leading to these differences are warranted.  相似文献   

4.
Objectives To evaluate the analgesic, physiologic, and behavioral effects of the epidural administration of tiletamine/zolazepam in horses. Study design Prospective, double‐blind, randomized experimental study. Animals Five adult, healthy horses aged 10–16 years and weighing (mean ± SD) 400 ± 98 kg. Methods The horses were sedated with 1.0 mg kg?1 intravenous (IV) xylazine, and an epidural catheter was placed into the first intercoccygeal intervertebral space. After a 48‐hour resting period, epidural tiletamine/zolazepam, 0.5 mg kg?1 (treatment I) or 1.0 mg kg?1 (treatment II), diluted up to 5 mL in sterile water, was administered with a 1‐week interval between the treatments. Heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, and sedation were evaluated. In order to evaluate the respiratory effects, blood from the carotid artery was withdrawn at time 0 (baseline), and then after 60 and 240 minutes. Analgesia was evaluated by applying a noxious stimulus with blunt‐tipped forceps on the perineal region, and graded as complete, moderate, or absent. Data were collected before tiletamine/zolazepam administration and at 15‐minute intervals for 120 minutes, and 4 hours after tiletamine/zolazepam administration. Data were analyzed with anova and Bonferroni's test with p < 0.05. Results The results showed no significant difference between treatments in cardiovascular and respiratory measurements. Sedation was observed with both doses, and it was significantly different from baseline at 60, 75, and 90 minutes in treatment II. Moderate analgesia and locomotor ataxia were observed with both the treatments. Conclusions and clinical relevance The results suggest that caudal epidural 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg?1 tiletamine/zolazepam increases the threshold to pressure stimulation in the perineal region in horses. The use of epidural tiletamine/zolazepam could be indicated for short‐term moderate epidural analgesia. There are no studies examining spinal toxicity of Telazol, and further studies are necessary before recommending clinical use of this technique.  相似文献   

5.
Reasons for performing study: It is unknown if different locomotor activities are equally effective at meeting the stabled horse's need for exercise and if they attenuate unwanted behaviour. Hypothesis: Alternative forms of exercise influence the intensity of locomotor activities during a period of turn‐out (the so‐called rebound effect) and the occurrence of unwanted or undesirable activities during standard handling situations. Method: Twenty‐four horses kept in stables were randomly assigned to one of 4 exercise regimes (walker, treadmill, turn‐out and riding) for 4 consecutive days. Because these forms of exercise provide additional environmental stimulation, beyond that provided by exercise, each horse served as its own control in 4 corresponding (no exercise) control treatments presented in a balanced order. Unwanted behaviour was tested by taking horses to weighing scales and loading and unloading them onto a 4‐horse float by an experienced handler and the rebound effect was tested by releasing them into a large arena for a period of 15 min at the end of the exercise and control treatments. Results: Locomotor activities made up a large part of behaviour in the large arena following control treatments and all exercise regimes were sufficient to reduce the intensity of walking (P<0.05), trotting (P<0.01) and cantering (P<0.001) on release into a large arena. Exercise regime reduced the number of bucks (P<0.01) and rolling (P<0.05) during rebound tests suggesting that turn‐out was having a stronger effect than the other 3 exercise regimes. Exercise regimes significantly reduced the amount of unwanted behaviour and the number of commands given by the handler during weighing (P<0.05) but had no effect on these behaviours during loading onto a float. Conclusion: Providing stabled horses with one hour/day of exercise on a walker, treadmill, turn‐out or by being ridden are all effective at allowing expression of locomotor activities in stabled horses. Potential relevance: Providing stabled horses with regular exercise is likely to provide positive effects on horse welfare, training ability and handler safety.  相似文献   

6.
Reasons for performing study: Diets rich in readily fermentable carbohydrates, fed traditionally to meet the increased energy requirements of the performance horse, are associated with a number of gastrointestinal disorders that involve disturbances in the intestinal microbiota, however, these changes are poorly understood. Objectives: With the long‐term objective of improving intestinal health and to increase understanding of the relationship between diet and microbiota, the effect of feeding Standardbred horses a high‐energy forage‐only (F) diet was studied compared to a more traditional forage‐concentrate (C) diet on faecal microbiota. Methods: Diets were fed in a cross‐over design to 6 mature geldings on a scheduled training regime, both periods consisting of 29 days. DNA was extracted from faecal samples collected at 4 time points from each period, bacterial 16S rRNA genes were amplified and community composition assessed by terminal‐restriction fragment length polymorphism, cloning and sequencing. Faecal pH and cultivable lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and enterobacteria were also assessed on the final collection day of each period. Results: Diet F resulted in a microbial composition that was more stable between sampling periods and had lower counts (P<0.05) of cultivable LAB and specifically members of the Streptococcus bovis/equinus complex. Motile and swarming Lactobacillus ruminis was present in all horses on diet C and not in horses on diet F. Diet C also resulted in the increase (P<0.05) in members of Clostridiaceae cluster III and a concomitant reduction (P<0.05) in an unknown group of Bacteroidales. Conclusions and potential relevance: The greater microbial stability and reduction in LAB and members of the Streptococcus bovis/equinus complex on diet F indicate an opportunity to develop feeding strategies that support equine health and welfare. Novel changes identified in the faecal microbiota that resulted from carbohydrate inclusion merit further investigation.  相似文献   

7.
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8.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of rider's skill on the plasma cortisol levels of trekking horses on two courses, walking on field and forest courses (about 4.5 to 5.1 km each). Three riders of different skills did horse trekking (HT) in a tandem line under a fixed order: advanced‐leading, beginner‐second and intermediate‐last. A total of six horses were used and they experienced all positions in both courses; a total of 12 experiments were done. Blood samples were obtained before HT, immediately after and 2 h after HT. As a control, additional blood samples were obtained from the same horses on non‐riding days. Irrespective of the course and the rider's skill, the cortisol level before HT was higher than that of control (P < 0.05). In both courses, the cortisol levels immediately after HT ridden by the advanced rider were higher than that of control (P < 0.05). However, in every case, the cortisol level 2 h after HT was closely similar to the level of the control. Thus, we concluded the stress of trekking horse was not sufficient to disturb the circadian rhythm of the cortisol level, irrespective of the course and the rider's skill.  相似文献   

9.
Reasons for performing study: Standing surgical procedures are being employed to an ever‐greater extent in horses. Pneumoperitoneum during abdominal surgery might adversely affect the work of breathing. Objectives: To determine whether development of pneumoperitoneum during abdominal surgery adversely influences the work of breathing. Methods: Eight healthy mature horses were equipped with carotid artery and thoracic vena cava catheters and an intraluminal manometry system. The following measurements were obtained before and at +5, +10, +15 and +30 min following establishment of pneumoperitoneum by paralumbar puncture using an 8 gauge needle: vital signs, oesophageal pressure, gastric pressure, arterial and central venous blood pressures, and arterial and mixed venous blood gas analyses. Results: Significant changes in oesophageal pressure, central venous pressure and results of arterial and mixed venous blood gas analysis were not detected. Arterial diastolic and mean pressures and rectal temperature increased slightly (P≤0.05). Conclusions: Passive pneumoperitoneum did not adversely affect breathing mechanics or haemodynamic variables under experimental conditions. Changes in arterial pressure could have occurred as a response to the passive pneumoperitoneum or be related to handling stress. Subtle variations in rectal temperature were not clinically relevant and likely resulted from stress associated with restraint. Potential relevance: It is unlikely that mature horses will develop signs of respiratory difficulty as a result of the development of passive pneumoperitoneum during standing laparoscopy.  相似文献   

10.

Background

Increased blood insulin levels are associated with an increased risk of pasture‐associated laminitis in equids.

Objective

To determine the relationship between plasma insulin, leptin, and lipid levels, and measures of oxidative stress with adiposity in mature light breed horses.

Animals

300 randomly selected light breed horses, aged 4–20 years.

Methods

A random sample of horses (140 mares, 151 geldings, and 9 stallions) was drawn from the VMRCVM Equine Field Service practice client list. Evaluations occurred June 15 – August 15, 2006, with all sampling performed between 0600 and 1200 hours. Concentrate feed was withheld for at least 10 hours before sampling. Plasma was analyzed for insulin, glucose, leptin, triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, and measures of oxidative stress. Body condition score was determined as the average of 2 independent investigators.

Results

Overconditioned and obese horses had higher plasma insulin (P < .001) and leptin (P < .01) levels than optimally conditioned horses. Obese horses had higher triglyceride levels (P = .006) and lower red blood cell gluthathione peroxidase activities (P = .001) than optimally conditioned horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Maintaining horses at a BCS <7 might be important for decreasing the risk of pasture‐associated laminitis.  相似文献   

11.
OBJECTIVE: To report our experience and complications associated with different cannula insertion techniques for laparoscopy in standing horses. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Forty horses that had laparoscopy for diagnostic or surgical purposes. METHODS: After a physical examination, including rectal palpation, standing laparoscopy was performed in 40 sedated horses. Local anesthetic was injected at each site of cannula insertion in the left flank. Horses were divided into 5 groups: Pneumoperitoneum was induced before cannula insertion using a Verres needle (group 1, n = 3) or a 12-g catheter (group 2, n = 14); the cannula was inserted before inducing a pneumoperitoneum (group 3, n = 9); the cannula was inserted under visual control, using an operating laparoscope (group 4, n = 2) or a Visiport Optical Trocar (group 5, n = 12). Horses were observed for 7 days. RESULTS: Problems with insufflation or cannula insertion occurred in 12 horses: 6 had peritoneal detachment, 4 had a splenic puncture, and 2 had descending colon puncture. Eleven of these complications occurred in groups 1 to 3 and only 1 in groups 4 and 5. CONCLUSIONS: The Visiport optical device allows controlled insertion of the initial trocar, and thus avoided potential problems associated with "blind" cannula insertion techniques and was used effectively in horses that had feed withheld for 12 hours. This technique enables direct insertion of a cannula directly into the right flank. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Complications associated with initial cannula insertion in the paralumbar fossa, for laparoscopy, in standing horses can be minimized with the use of an optical cannula.  相似文献   

12.
To determine the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing cervical stenotic myelopathy in horses, 39 horses with spinal ataxia and 20 control horses underwent clinical and neurologic examinations, cervical radiographs, euthanasia, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the cervical spine and necropsy. Twenty‐four horses were diagnosed with cervical stenotic myelopathy, 5 with cervical vertebral stenosis, 7 with idiopathic ataxia, 3 horses had other causes of ataxia, and 20 were controls. The MR images were assessed for spinal cord intensity changes, presence of spinal cord compression, spinal cord compression direction, shape of spinal cord, and the presence of synovial cysts, joint mice, and degenerative joint disease. The height, width, and area of the spinal cord, dural tube and vertebral canal were measured. The identification of spinal cord compression on MR images was significantly different in horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy (P < 0.02), but in the cervical stenotic myelopathy group the identification of spinal cord compression on MR images had poor to slight agreement with histopathologic evidence of compression (κ = 0.05). Horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy were more likely to have a T2 hyperintensity in the spinal cord (P < 0.05). Horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy or cervical vertebral stenosis were more likely to have degenerative joint disease than control horses or horses with other or idiopathic ataxia.  相似文献   

13.
Fifteen 5‐month‐old Red Sokoto buck‐kids, (6.6 ± 0.71 kg body weight (BW)) randomly distributed into three groups of five animals per group, were used to study the effects of supplementary concentrate partially replaced with Piliostigma thonningii (PT) foliage on the growth performance, economic benefit and blood profile in a completely randomized design using analysis of variance. The goats in group 1 received 100% supplementary concentrates (PT0), groups 2 and 3 received 25% (PT25) and 50% (PT50), respectively, of concentrate replaced with an equal amount (dry matter basis) of Piliostigma foliage. The goats were fed a basal diet of threshed sorghum top (TST). Intake of concentrate, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, total feeding cost and cost/kg BW were greater (P < 0.05) for PT0 than for PT25 and PT50. Consumption of P. thonningii foliage was greater (P < 0.05) for PT50 relative to PT25. Tannin consumption of the treatment diets were greater (P < 0.05) than that of the control concentrate diet. Serum urea N reduced (P < 0.05) with increasing level of concentrate replacement, while serum glucose was higher (P < 0.05) in PT0 than in PT50. However, means of all blood measurements were within normal ranges for goats. Net benefit showed this rank order: PT0 < PT50 < PT25 (all P < 0.05). Both differential and relative benefits were higher (P < 0.05) for PT25 than for PT50. P. thonningii foliage can replace 50% of supplemental concentrate without impairing feed intake, growth performance and health of buck‐kids.  相似文献   

14.
The objective was to examine the metabolic responses of chronically starved horses using two isoenergetic diets consisting of either 100% alfalfa hay (AH) or 80% alfalfa hay with 20% corn oil (AO), on a caloric basis. Two 10-d trials were conducted using 14 emaciated, but otherwise healthy, horses with an initial mean body condition score of 1.8 ± 0.9 and mean BW of 336 ± 31 kg. The initial DE intake of 50% of maintenance was gradually increased to 100% during the 10-d refeeding period. Two of the horses receiving the AH diet were euthanized, thus 12 horses (AH, n = 7; AO, n = 5) survived the 10-d study. One preprandial and four postprandial venous blood samples were collected daily. Dietary effects (P<0.01) were shown for blood serum or plasma free fatty acids (FFA), phosphate, magnesium, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), but not glucose, insulin, or potassium concentrations. The response of insulin and FFA during the 10-d study showed differences (P<0.05) between AH and AO diets. Serum phosphate concentration in horses on both diets exhibited a general slow decline with concentrations below normal reference range during d 5 through 10, thus indicating hypophosphatemia. Serum magnesium increased in horses consuming the AH diet, whereas concentrations in horses consuming the AO diet consistently were below reference range, leading to mild hypomagnesemia. Hypokalemia did not develop in either treatment group, as all serum potassium concentrations remained in the normal reference range. The substitution of corn oil in isoenergetic alfalfa diets was not advantageous in minimizing or preventing hypophosphatemia or hypomagnesemia for refeeding starved horses. The AH diet is recommended as more supportive in refeeding starved horses because of the greater intake of dietary phosphorous and magnesium.  相似文献   

15.
The objective of the study was to describe the effects of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg position on arterial blood gas values in horses anesthetized for laparoscopy. The study design was a prospective case series using 14 healthy adult horses anesthetized for elective laparoscopic surgery. All horses in the study were maintained under anesthesia with halothane in oxygen with intermittent positive-pressure ventilation. A pneumoperitoneum of 15 mmHg or less was achieved with carbon dioxide, and horses were tilted to a 35-degree Trendelenburg position to allow the completion of laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy (n = 13) or ovariectomy (n = 1). Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and arterial blood gases were recorded at six time intervals throughout the procedure. Results of the study indicated a pH that decreased and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and mean arterial pressure that increased over time and differed significantly from baseline during Trendelenburg position. Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) was significantly lower than baseline after assumption of Trendelenburg position and did not improve on return to normal recumbency and abdominal pressure. As body weight increased, pH and PaO2 decreased and PaCO2 increased. We concluded that horses placed in Trendelenburg position have changes that are transient, with the exception of PaO2. Heavier horses have a greater change in pH, PaCO2, and PaO2 than lighter horses during abdominal insufflation and Trendelenburg position. The changes incurred during CO2 abdominal insufflation and Trendelenburg position are transient, with the exception of a decreased PaO2. Heavy horses undergoing abdominal insufflation and Trendelenburg position should be closely monitored for critical cardiopulmonary values.  相似文献   

16.
BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia in critically ill humans is associated with increased glucose production and insulin resistance and is associated with death. This might also be true in horses presenting with acute abdominal disease. HYPOTHESIS: Throughout hospitalization, hyperglycemia will be common in adult horses presenting with acute abdominal disease. Hyperglycemia will be associated with a worse prognosis for survival to hospital discharge. ANIMALS: Two hundred sixty-nine adult horses with acute abdominal disease. METHODS: Observational retrospective study. Records were reviewed for 269 horses that had glucose data analysed and recorded at the time of hospital admission: 154 horses had a first sample after admission; 110 horses at 24 hours after admission; 74 horses at 36 hours after admission; and 49 horses at 48 hours after admission. Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association of glucose concentrations with survival, in addition to the association of glucose concentrations with surgical, small intestinal, strangulating lesions, and lesions requiring a resection. RESULTS: Of 269 horses presenting with acute abdominal disease, 50.2% had blood glucose concentrations greater than the reference range (75.6-131.4 mg/dL); 0.4%, below the reference range; and 49.4%, within the reference range at admission. Of 269 horses, 2.3% had blood glucose concentrations below the reference range at some point during the first 48 hours of hospitalization, all of which had strangulating intestinal lesions. Horses that did not survive to hospital discharge had a higher mean blood glucose concentration at admission; at the first sample after admission; at 24, 36, and 48 hours after admission; and higher maximum and minimum blood glucose concentrations in the first 24 hours after admission. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Derangements of blood glucose concentration are common in horses with acute abdominal disease. Hyperglycemia is much more common than hypoglycemia in these animals. Hyperglycemia in the first 48 hours of hospitalization is associated with a worse prognosis for survival to hospital discharge.  相似文献   

17.
Thirty juvenile horses were paired by age within sex, and one horse from each pair was randomly assigned to either eST treatment or to a control group. The horses were “broke” to ride and trained in a regimen typical for young racehorses. Radiographs were taken on days 0, 32, 50, 64, 82, 96 and 128 of the study. Increase in total radiographic bone aluminum equivalence (RBAE) was significantly greater in eST treated horses than in the control group (P<.003). Increase in medial RBAE was also significantly greater due to eST treatment (P<.0001). Trends were apparent for increases due to eST treatment in dorsal RBAE (P=.07) and lateral RBAE (P=.07). Bone density was selectively increased in the dorsal, lateral and medial vs. the palmar cortex in the eST treated horses.  相似文献   

18.
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19.
Cecal cannulation is necessary for sampling of intestinal contents for a variety of nutritional or digestive physiology studies. This report describes a 2-stage technique for permanent cecal cannulation in standing horses. For the first procedure, a right flank laparotomy is performed and a small pouch of the cecal base exteriorized and sutured to the body wall. The second procedure is performed approximately 1 wk later. During the second procedure, the exposed cecal pouch is removed and the cannula inserted. Ten horses were cannulated using this technique. After the first procedure, 1 horse developed a cecal impaction unresponsive to medical therapy and ruptured its cecum, whereas 2 other horses developed mild transient colic that responded to medical management. Insertion of the cecal cannula after creation of the stoma in the second procedure resulted in transient colic in 4 of 9 horses, but they responded to analgesic therapy in less than 24 h in all instances. The time to complete healing of the cannula site was approximately 30 d. The technique described in this report decreases the risk of peritonitis due to intestinal leakage and is technically easier to perform than previously described techniques.  相似文献   

20.
Reasons for performing the study: Therapeutic options for stringhalt in horses are limited, whereas medical experiences with botulinum toxin type A (Botox) have been positive. To evaluate its effectiveness in horses, surface electromyography (sEMG) signals before and after injection need to be quantified. Hypothesis: Treatment of healthy ponies and cases with Botox should reduce muscle activity in injected muscles and reduce spastic movements without adverse side effects. Methods: Unilaterally, the extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum lateralis and lateral vastus muscles of 6 healthy mature Shetland ponies and 2 talented Dutch Warmblood dressage horses with stringhalt were injected (maximum of 400 iu per pony and 700 iu per case; 100 iu in 5 ml NaCl divided into 5 injections) with Botox under needle EMG guidance. Surface EMG data were evaluated using customised software, and in the individuals gait was analysed using Proreflex. Statistical analysis was performed using mixed models and independent sample t test (P<0.05). Results: Surface EMG signals were quantified using customised software. The area under the curve (integrated EMG) in time was used as variable. It became significantly reduced in injected muscles after injection of Botox in normal ponies (P<0.05). This effect was present from Day 1 until Day 84 after injection. In the 2 cases, after injection of 3 muscles, the integrated EMG in time became significantly reduced in all 3 muscles. Kinematic measurements confirmed reduction of frequency and amplitude of hyperflexing or hyperabducting strides of the affected hindlimbs. The duration of effect was also seen in the cases until around 12 weeks after injection. Conclusions and potential relevance: After EMG guided injections of Botox, sEMG signals recorded from injected muscle were reduced, which proves this to be a useful tool in statistically evaluating a treatment effect. The positive results of this pilot study encourage further research with a larger group of clinical cases.  相似文献   

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