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1.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcome of horses with nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon (NSELC) treated surgically or medically by rolling, administration of phenylephrine hydrochloride (or both), and exercise. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 11 medically treated horses and 8 surgically treated horses with NSELC. PROCEDURE: Medical records of horses with nephrosplenic entrapment between 1992 and 2002 were reviewed. Medically treated horses were included if diagnosis and outcome of treatment of nephrosplenic entrapment were confirmed via transrectal examination and ultrasonographic examination. Surgically treated horses were included if the diagnosis was confirmed by exploratory laparotomy. Horses in which the large colon was entrapped between the spleen and body wall were not included. RESULTS: Significant differences in mean age, heart rate, and duration of colic prior to treatment were not detected between horses treated surgically or medically. Ten medically treated horses recovered without complications, and 1 died. In the surgically treated group, 6 of 8 horses recovered without complications and 2 died. Mortality rate did not differ between treatments. Duration of hospitalization for medically treated horses was significantly shorter and the cost significantly less than for surgically treated horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that medical treatment of horses with NSELC via administration of phenylephrine hydro-chloride, rolling during general anesthesia, or both appears to be as effective as and less expensive than surgical treatment. 相似文献
2.
Impactions are the most common problem affecting the small colon in horses and are much more prevalent in ponies and miniature horses. Ventral midline laparotomy under general anaesthesia is the standard of care for this condition when medical management fails to resolve the impaction or when the impaction causes complete intraluminal obstruction and tympany. This case series reports the use of standing flank laparotomy (SFL) in 15 ponies with focal small colon impactions and one large breed horse with an elongated small colon impaction. All cases presented with signs of colic of 1–4 days' duration. The horses were initially vigorously treated with both enteral and parental fluids but failed to pass faeces, with no resolution of abdominal distention or pain. In all cases, a definitive diagnosis was made during SFL and the small colon appeared to be viable. The impaction was resolved by extraluminal massage. In the horse and in one pony, in addition to extraluminal massage, high enema was administered during surgery. Routine perioperative treatment with fluids, analgesics, antimicrobials and wound care was provided. All animals survived to discharge. The time from surgical resolution of the impaction to passing faeces was less than 2 h in all but one case. Median duration of hospitalisation was 2 days and all animals returned to their original use by 2 months. The encouraging results of this case series suggest that SFL is a viable alternative to ventral laparotomy for ponies and horses with either focal SCI or extensive SCI. 相似文献
3.
Nephrosplenic entrapment is a commonly diagnosed cause of acute colic that may be corrected using surgical or non-surgical methods and has a good prognosis for survival. Intravenous administration of phenylephrine at doses ranging from 20–60 μg/kg given over 5–15 min often followed by forced exercise, various rolling techniques under general anaesthesia, or a combination of therapies has been reported. Correction of the entrapment via exploratory celiotomy may be challenging in certain cases and is hampered by marked splenic enlargement. The case report by Loomes and Anderson (2019) in this issue described a novel method of reducing the size of the spleen by direct intra-splenic injection of phenylephrine, in a case non-responsive to intravenous phenylephrine administration, which facilitated surgical correction of the nephrosplenic entrapment. 相似文献
4.
A one‐day‐old Thoroughbred colt foal was presented for assessment of abdominal pain and reduced urine output. Physical examination of the foal revealed marked abdominal distension, mild tachycardia, tachypnoea and congested mucous membranes. A marked anechoic peritoneal effusion, intestinal hypomotility and mural thickening of the large colon were detected sonographically. Serosanguinous fluid was obtained by abdominocentesis. After haemodynamic stabilisation, the foal underwent general anaesthesia and exploratory laparotomy and a 720° volvulus of the large colon at the sternal and diaphragmatic flexures was identified. After correction of the volvulus, the intraoperative findings were consistent with nonviability of the affected portion of the colon. The owner declined partial colon resection and elected for euthanasia of the foal. Although rare in neonatal foals, large colon volvulus should be considered in foals with signs of abdominal pain, abdominal distension and ultrasonographic findings of colonic mural thickening and luminal distension. 相似文献
5.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of dobutamine and phenylephrine on intra- and postoperative survival in horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case analysis. ANIMALS: A total of 637 client-owned horses undergoing colic surgery. METHODS: Clinical details of horses admitted for colic surgery were recorded on a computer database. Information collected included history, clinical variables observed before surgery, anaesthesia and surgical details, and postoperative survival and morbidity rates. Details of specific importance for this study were those recorded during anaesthesia, in particular the duration of dobutamine and phenylephrine administration, separately and combined, and total anaesthesia time. Two outcomes were considered: 1) intra-operative death, i.e. death between time of pre-anaesthetic medication and recovery from anaesthesia (defined as horse walking from recovery box); and 2) all deaths, i.e. death at any time after induction of anaesthesia. The definition of 'death' included euthanasia. Univariable and multivariable statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between dobutamine and/or phenylephrine use and these two outcomes. RESULTS: Results from univariable analyses suggested that dobutamine administration was not significantly associated with increased intra- or postoperative mortality. Phenylephrine administration showed univariable association with intra- and postoperative death. However, in multivariable models adjusted for the effects of heart rate and packed cell volume at admission, the phenylephrine effect was not significantly associated with intra-operative, or other types of death. CONCLUSION: This study provides no evidence to suggest that dobutamine or phenylephrine administration is associated with altered survival rates during or after colic surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our study supports previous work, suggesting that pre-existing cardiovascular status is an important prognostic determinant in equine colic cases. It provides no evidence that dobutamine or phenylephrine administration is associated with survival. 相似文献
6.
BJOERN MENGER MD PETER M. VOGT MD Prof.Dr.med ILSE D. JACOBSEN PhD Dr.med.vet CHRISTINA ALLMELING JOERN W. KUHBIER cand. med. FRANK MUTSCHMANN Dr.med.vet KERSTIN REIMERS PhD Dr.rer.nat 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2010,39(2):232-233
Objective— This case report describes the surgical removal of an intra‐abdominal tumor from a Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). The animal was admitted with left abdominal swelling that had increased over 4 months. Methods— Surgical removal was performed under general anesthesia with MS222 under an operating microscope. Exploratory laparotomy was performed through 2.5 dorsocranial skin incision in the left flank, followed by subcutaneous dissection. Results— The tumor involved the spleen, was adjacent to the descending colon, and supplied by vessels from the spleen, stomach, and colon. The mass was removed by clamping and transecting the spleen and the peritoneum was closed with a continuous suture pattern, while abdominal muscles and skin were closed in layers. After a total duration time of anesthesia of 90 minutes the animal was kept in prophylactic antibiotic baths. Tissue sections revealed characteristics of both lymphangiosarcoma and lymphosarcoma with an appearance typical for a malignant tumor. Conclusions— Abdominal surgery was performed in an axolotl and the surgical wound healed without complication. 相似文献
7.
Melanoma is a common neoplasm in horses, with a high rate of incidence in the perineum and ventral tail. Surgical excision is often recommended to remove such masses and can be achieved in the standing horse either via local infiltration of local anaesthetic, or via epidural administration of a local anaesthetic and/or an adrenergic α2 receptor agonist. The clinical records of all horses with tail and/or perineal melanomas that received epidural anaesthesia at a single equine hospital, over a 7-year period, were reviewed to determine the drugs administered and complications associated with the epidural injection. Twenty-five cases were identified, five of which received epidural anaesthesia on two occasions. Epidural anaesthesia was insufficient to allow surgical melanoma excision in two horses; repeated epidural injection allowed sufficient loss of sensation in one of these horses and additional regional infiltration of local anaesthetic allowed completion of surgery in the other. Three horses developed significant ataxia associated with epidural anaesthesia, two of which became recumbent. Both recumbent horses were placed under general anaesthesia, and in one of these, rope-assisted anaesthetic recovery resulted in additional complications associated with facial nerve paresis, fractured ribs and a fracture of the first coccygeal vertebra, with associated neurological dysfunction of the rectum, anus, tail and surrounding skin. 相似文献
8.
Surgical diseases of the equine cecum 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M W Ross 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice》1989,5(2):363-375
Cecal impaction and cecal perforation, the two most common equine cecal diseases, are thought to develop after slowing or interruption of a single progressive motility pattern, which begins in a pacemaker area near the apex, occurs once every 3 minutes, and propels ingesta from the cecum to the right ventral colon. Rectal examination in horses with cecal impaction is the most useful technique to grade the severity of the condition. Medical treatment is undertaken if the impaction is judged to be mild to moderate. Surgical correction of cecal impaction in severe cases requires a ventral midline celiotomy, and exploration reveals a large ingesta-filled cecum and relatively empty large colon. Currently, the techniques of typhlotomy with manual evacuation of ingesta, combined with a complete bypass of the cecum by use of a jejunocolostomy, is the preferred method of surgical management. The use of a cecocolic anastomosis remains a viable alternative surgical procedure. Cecal perforation (CP), a uniformly fatal disease of horses, most often develops when the subtle signs of cecal impaction are missed or are masked by the administration of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. CP can occur in mares around the time of foaling and, in this form, is not associated with cecal outflow dysfunction. Surgical management of cecocecal or cecocolic intussusception is required and involves resection of the diseased portion of cecum, either with extra- or intraluminal techniques. Both the side-to-side and end-to-side jejunocecal anastomoses are useful and successful techniques for bypass of simple or strangulating lesions of the ileum. 相似文献
9.
Complications associated with equine castration are the most common cause of malpractice claims against equine practitioners in North America. An understanding of the embryological development and surgical anatomy is essential to differentiate abnormal from normal structures and to minimise complications. Castration of the normal horse can be performed using sedation and regional anaesthesia while the horse is standing, or under general anaesthesia when it is recumbent. Castration of cryptorchid horses is best performed under general anaesthesia at a surgical facility. Techniques for castration include open, closed and half-closed techniques. Failure of left and right testicles to descend occurs with nearly equal frequency, however, the left testicle is found in the abdomen in 75% of cryptorchid horses compared to 42% of right testicles. Bilateral cryptorchid and monorchid horses are uncommon. Surgical approaches described for the castration of cryptorchid horses include an inguinal approach with or without retrieval of the scrotal ligament, a parainguinal approach, or less commonly a suprapubic paramedian or flank approach. Laparoscopic castration of cryptorchid horses has recently been described but the technique has limited application in practice at this time. A definitive diagnosis of monorchidism can only be made after surgical exploration of the abdomen, removal of the normal testis and hormonal testing. Hormonal assays reported to be useful include analysis of basal plasma or serum testosterone or oestrone sulphate concentrations, testosterone concentrations following hCG stimulation, and faecal oestrone sulphate concentrations. Reported complications of castration include postoperative swelling, excessive haemorrhage, eventration, funiculitis, peritonitis, hydrocele, penile damage and continued stallion-like behaviour. 相似文献
10.
This report describes acute haemoabdomen following phenylephrine administration in a case treated for left dorsal displacement of the large colon. The horse also subsequently developed a severe colitis which was treated with aggressive medical therapy. 相似文献
11.
The majority of large colon feed impactions occur in the left ventral colon at the pelvic flexure. Sand and enterolith impactions most commonly occur in the left ventral colon at the pelvic flexure or in the right dorsal colon; however, sand can accumulate anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. Enteral fluid therapy can, in most cases, supplement or even replace i.v. administration of fluids and it appears effective and safe to soften large colon contents and resolve simple large colon impactions. Surgical intervention is indicated when a concurrent displacement is suspected, as lengthy medical treatment of large colon impaction secondary to large colon displacements would not be indicated and may increase the risk of colonic rupture. Other indications for surgical intervention include uncontrollable pain, when cardiovascular parameters deteriorate, or when there is evidence of intestinal devitalisation. The prognosis for horses undergoing large colon enterotomy is dependent on the extent and type of impaction, but is generally excellent. 相似文献
12.
K Lichtblau H Bostedt A Sobiraj 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1990,103(6):182-188
Temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate as well as enzymatic activities (CK, CK-MB, AST, LDH), and characteristics of base-acid-balance (pH, BE, pCO2, Lactate) were taken from 52 pigs during the period shortly before and after they gave birth. 16 of them dropped normally, 21 with conservative obstetrics and 15 with obstetrical laparotomy. In pigs with obstetrical laparotomy temperature fell significantly (p less than or equal to 0.01). Concerning heart rate and breathing rate there were no differences between the tested animals. CK-data rose significantly during and after birth. Maximum test data occurred in test-groups with dystocia. At the same time the increase of CK-MB-activities was above average (p less than or equal to 0.001). The other enzymes (AST, LDH) also showed a significant increase of activity in all sows, especially in case of difficult birth (p less than or equal to 0.01 to 0.0001). Lactate-concentration and the test data of base-acid-balance underwent serious changes. During anaesthesia in case of obstetrical laparotomy and during the first hours after the operation pH and BE fell and pCO2 rose. The increase of Lactate-data was above average. While we find metabolic acidosis during normal but difficult births, a respiratory acidosis caused by anaesthesia is found additionally in case of laparotomy. 相似文献
13.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: A minority of equine colic cases prove fatal unless treated surgically; however, few studies have considered long-term survival and complication rates, and few have attempted to identify factors that might affect outcomes. Such information is required for owners and veterinary surgeons to make informed decisions about the most appropriate treatment for individual cases. OBJECTIVES: To document short-term survival rates of 300 horses undergoing colic surgery and analyse factors that might have predisposed to short-term death. METHODS: History, clinical and surgical findings, treatments and outcomes of 300 surgical colic cases (1994-2001) were reviewed. Comparisons among groups of discrete data were made using chi-squared or Student's t tests as appropriate. Significance was set at P < 0.05, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for percentages. RESULTS: The short-term survival rate (to discharge) was 70.3% for all horses and 83.1% for those recovering from anaesthesia; for horses that had a single laparotomy it was 87.2%. The most common reasons for death/euthanasia in the post operative period after a single laparotomy were persistent pain/colic, post operative ileus and grass sickness. Horses with lesions involving the small intestine and caecum had lower survival rates (75.2 and 66.7%, respectively) than those with large colon or small colon lesions (89.9 and 100%, respectively). The survival rate for ischaemic/strangulating lesions (68.9%) was lower than for simple obstructions (90.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Short-term survival of horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy for acute colic is dependent on many factors, including the nature of the underlying disease, cardiovascular status and post operative complications. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: These retrospective studies may be used as a basis for prospective studies assessing treatments that could ultimately improve survival and decrease complication rates. 相似文献
14.
The present study was performed to determine the effectiveness of the Hargreaves test for the evaluation of nociception in frogs, more precisely to determine if cutaneous thresholds to a radiant heat stimulus would increase with analgesics following an abdominal laparotomy performed under general anaesthesia. Non breeding female Xenopus leavis frogs (3 groups (non-anaesthetized, anaesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222), with or without an abdominal laparotomy) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the Hargreaves test. Cutaneous thresholds were evaluated at baseline and following anaesthetic recovery (over 8 h) at six different body locations. Increased reaction times were observed in the gular area only at 1 h post-recovery following a MS222 bath immersion in frogs with (p < 0.02) and without the abdominal laparotomy (p < 0.002). In conclusion, the Hargreaves test does not provide an adequate test to evaluate nociception induced by an abdominal laparotomy and consequently cannot be used to evaluate analgesics in X. leavis frogs. 相似文献
15.
An 18‐month‐old pony filly was examined for acute colic and abdominal distension. The signs of colic failed to resolve following analgesic treatment. At exploratory laparotomy, a right dorsal displacement of the large colon was identified and corrected. On recovery from anaesthesia, the pony developed signs of widespread myopathy, confirmed by serum biochemistry evaluations. Myopathy consistent with atypical myoglobinuria was confirmed post mortem. 相似文献
16.
The medical records of 20 neonatal foals in which exploratory celiotomies were performed for gastrointestinal disease were reviewed. In all 20 foals, persistent pain and/or progressive abdominal distension were the primary clinical findings influencing the decision to operate. However, ancilliary laboratory data were important to the proper medical management of these foals during anaesthesia and following surgery. Surgical diagnoses of the 20 foals included ileus (nine foals; 45 per cent), small colon obstruction (five foals; 25 per cent), large colon displacement (three foals; 15 per cent), small intestinal displacement (two foals; 10 per cent), and perforated gastric ulcer (one foal; 5 per cent). Seventeen foals were recovered from anaesthesia, 13 of these were discharged from the hospital, seven were alive six months or more following discharge. Sepsis was the cause of death in six of the 10 foals that died following recovery. 相似文献
17.
R Newcomb 《The Veterinary record》1979,105(19):432-434
Methods of transferring one bovine embryo to the ipsilateral uterine horn have been compared. In heifers mid-ventral surgical laparotomy under general anaesthesia (n=22) was compared with flank surgery with paravertebral anaesthesia (n=21). Pregnancy rate was higher with a midventral approach (P less than 0.05) (77.3 per cent of 42.9 per cent respectively). In heifers mid-ventral surgery (n=36) was compared with two methods of non-surgical transfer either using the Cassou insemination gun (n=36) or a modification of it (n=39) with embryos collected on days 7, 8 or 10 after oestrus. There were no differences in pregnancy rate between methods or different ages of embryos (methods: 55.6, 55.6, 43.6 per cent respectively; Day: 48.8, 55.8, 48.1 per cent respectively) but the condition score of recipients affected success (P less than 0.05). Of 10 cows which each received an embryo using the modified Cassou gun eight became pregnant. 相似文献
18.
The incidence of spontaneous movements (myoclonus) in dogs undergoing total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol 
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下载免费PDF全文 Andrea Cattai Roberto Rabozzi Valentina Natale Paolo Franci 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2015,42(1):93-98
ObjectiveTo evaluate the incidence of myoclonus (involuntary movements during anaesthesia, unrelated to inadequate hypnosis or analgesia, and of sufficient severity to require treatment) in dogs anaesthetized with a TIVA of propofol with or without the use of fentanyl.Study designRetrospective clinical study.AnimalsDogs, undergoing general anaesthesia for clinical procedures between January 2012 and January 2013 and subject to TIVA with propofol.MethodsA retrospective analysis reviewed the medical and anaesthetic records. Animals with existing or potential neurological or neuromuscular pathology in the anamnesis or upon clinical examination and cases with incomplete clinical records were excluded. Myoclonus was considered as involuntary muscle contractions which did not cease following a bolus administration of propofol or fentanyl and, due to their intensity and duration, made continuation of the procedure impracticable without other drug administration. Tremors, paddling or muscle spasms, explicable as insufficient hypnosis or analgesia, and transient excitatory phenomena only present during the awakening phase, were not considered as myoclonus.ResultsOut of a total of 492 dogs undergoing anaesthesia, six mixed breed dogs (1.2%), one male and five females, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I, median (range) weight 20.5 (7–37) kg and age 1.5 (1–5) years had myoclonus according to the aforementioned definition. In all subjects, myoclonus appeared within 20 minutes after induction of anaesthesia, and mainly involved the limb muscles. All subjects appeared to be in an adequate plane of anaesthesia before and during myoclonus.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThis study shows that 1.2% of dogs, undergoing TIVA with propofol with or without fentanyl administration, developed myoclonus, which required to be, and were treated successfully pharmacologically. The cause of this phenomenon is yet to be determined. 相似文献
19.
Clarisse S. Coelho Denise T. Fantoni Luciana N. Torres Dean A. Hendrickson Luis C.L.C. Silva 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2009
The objective of this study was to evaluate duodenocecostomy in horses performed through a ventral midline laparotomy and report its influence on body weight, glucose absorption, serum components, and characteristics of jejunum, cecum, and large colon histology. Four horses were submitted to the duodenocecostomy technique through a ventral midline laparotomy with animals in dorsal recumbency under inhalation anesthesia, followed by abdominal exploration. A side-to-side anastomosis was performed between the duodenojejunal flexure and the base of the cecum with two simple continuous suture lines of the serosal and muscular layers. The size of the opening created was approximately 2 cm in diameter. The mucosa layer was not sutured. After 30 days, animals were submitted to a second laparotomy to check the patency of the duodenocaecal fistula. During both laparotomy procedures, excisional biopsies of different segments of the gastrointestinal tract were performed. Information on physical examination findings, results of hematologic and histopathologic evaluations, and oral glucose absorption test were recorded. The horses did not have significant weight loss from baseline, and absorption curve of glucose did not significantly vary from baseline. Only triglycerides had significant alterations. Histologic evaluation of jejunum, cecum, and large colon did not show alterations of intestinal structure and morphology. We concluded that the proposed technique, principally in relation to the fistula size and not suturing the mucosa layer, allowed partial or total occlusion of the fistulae without the necessity of a second surgery and avoided the permanent bypass of ingesta and weight loss. 相似文献