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1.
G. Budowski 《Agroforestry Systems》1994,28(1):21-26
While discussing existing and emerging programs in agroforestry education and training, it is important to review our experience in this field during the past nearly four decades in Central America. During the period, I have trained over 150 graduate students (26 of them completing MS degree with thesis), and offered 19 intensive short courses in several countries of the Latin American region. My experience from these activities shows that adequate library, documentation and research-field facilities, and a critical mass of training personnel are essential for the success of the graduate programs. Additionally, for the short courses, intensive field exercises in data collection and analysis should be given a high priority in the curriculum. Although past short courses have been of a general nature, future courses may focus on specific agroforestry technologies that are common in the region. 相似文献
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The Agroforestry Center for Sustainable Development was established by the Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Mexico, in 1991 with the expectation of developing itself into a Center of Excellence in Agroforestry education, training, and research in Mexico and other parts of Latin America. The Center's program for the initial five-year period includes development of a graduate program at Masters level, establishment of a field research station, and setting up a library and documentation unit with a well-stocked library of agroforestry literature. Environmental protection, sustainability issues, social equity, participatory research (involving resource-poor farmers), and interdisciplinary emphasis are some of the key guiding principles of all Center-sponsored activities. Active collaboration will be sought between the Center and various national and international agencies that have programmatic emphasis in the region. The proposed graduate (MS) program will consist of one-year of course-work followed by a second year of thesis research. Structure and curriculum of several supporting courses have been drafted. 相似文献
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我国近年高校研究生招生规模逐步扩大,研究生发表论文数目亦逐年增加,必然涉及到科技保密问题.保密意识教育的提出主要基于当前对科技保密工作认识不足,宣传教育不力;科技泄密渠道多,科技保密工作制度不健全;研究生对于科技保密的意识亟待加强等方面.提出开展保密意识教育的主要途径:积极开展科技保密宣传教育,增强科技保密意识;发挥导师的示范作用,为宣传保密意识作贡献;加强对高校期刊保密工作的领导与管理;发挥保密期刊对研究生的教育作用等. 相似文献
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Phytophthora pseudosyringae associated with the mortality of Nothofagus obliqua in a pure stand in central‐southern Chile 
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下载免费PDF全文 S. N. Fajardo S. Valenzuela A. F. Dos Santos M. P. González E. A. Sanfuentes 《Forest Pathology》2017,47(6)
Mortality of Nothofagus trees in the southern‐central Chile region has been observed for over 30 years. A field survey conducted in 2013 detected partial defoliation and bleeding cankers on Nothofagus obliqua in a pure stand in the Nahuelbuta coastal ranges of the Biobío region. A Phytophthora sp. was isolated from stem cankers and soil samples around symptomatic N. obliqua trees: All isolates were identified as Phytophthora pseudosyringae. These isolates were pathogenic on 1‐year‐old N. obliqua and Nothofagus alpina, and on detached twigs of adult N. obliqua and Nothofagus dombeyi trees. This paper is the first to report association and pathogenicity of P. pseudosyringae with N. obliqua, N. alpina and N. dombeyi native to the Biobío region of Chile. The potential of P. pseudosyringae to cause damage in natural Nothofagus stands in Chile must be determined. 相似文献
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探讨了案例教学在《建筑业新技术与工法案例》课程中的应用,比较了案例教学与传统教学两种方法的差异性。为此,课题组编写了7个涉及建筑业新技术的教学案例,其中以直接工程为基础编写了4个案例,以间接工程资料为基础编写了3个案例。采用t检验分析比较了两种方法分别培养下的20个研究生的成绩构成情况,结果表明:土木工程专业硕士研究生在这两种不同教学方式培养下,课程期末试卷的各部分分数均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),如试卷总分、简答题、名词解释、案例分析题等。采用案例教学方法所教授的研究生学习主动性较强,教学气氛较浓,学生对课程的评价度较高,教学效果较好。 相似文献
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G. Budowski 《Agroforestry Systems》1993,23(2-3):121-131
Although agroforestry practices have been used in Central America since pre-Columbian times, scientific initiatives in agroforestry began only about 15 years ago in this region. This paper describes the evolution of agroforestry in the Central American region, and discusses the relative merits of generating new procedures or encouraging traditional practices. This is followed by an analysis of several particularly promising practices—use of N-fixing trees to shade cacao and coffee, timber trees in pastures, and living fenceposts. Finally, a list of research gaps and recommendations for future efforts is presented. It is concluded that, from the perspective of scientific knowledge, agroforestry in Central America has taken off but the link between scientific knowledge and effective field application is still lacking. 相似文献
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This special issue features papers contributed by presenters at the 12th North American Agroforestry Conference held June 4–9, 2011 in Athens, Georgia, USA. The conference brought together agroforestry researchers, educators, practitioners, and students to highlight agroforestry research, implementation, policy, education, and entrepreneurial opportunities across North America. Eight papers cover topics ranging from adoption of silvopastoral systems across eco-regions and countries; economics of pine straw production; and timber and alley crop production in the Southeastern U.S.; reduction of sublimation of snow with shelterbelts in Canada, carbon offset incentives for agroforestry practices; consumer and market dynamics for chestnut and elderberry specialty crops; and web-based graduate degree and certificate programs in agroforestry. 相似文献
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I. Sisto 《Agroforestry Systems》1994,28(1):63-65
In response to the request of its member countries from the Latin America and the Caribbean to help promote agroforestry, FAO has initiated a number of activities in the region. These include a regional project Demonstration and Training in Agroforestry in Latin America, an International Workshop on the Formulation of a Project on Demonstration and Training in Agroforestry for the Amazon, held in January 1993, and the project Participative Forestry Development in the Andes. Currently, FAO assistance to the countries of the region in their efforts to promote agroforestry include The Latin American Technical Cooperation Network on Agroforestry Systems, FAO's country-specific technical cooperation projects, and assistance in obtaining development-bank loans through missions of the FAO Investment Center. 相似文献
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Latin American pastures usually include trees that may be important in sustaining productivity and conserving resources and
biodiversity. A participatory survey of trees in seasonally dry pastures of 54 farms in the Caribbean region of Colombia,
followed by cluster and correlation analyses, revealed a multistrata configuration. Trees of large stature (e.g., Tabebuia rosea, Albizia caribaea and Sterculia apelata) provided shade and produced timber. The most important fodder trees were those of medium stature (Albizia saman, Guazuma ulmifolia, and Cassia grandis) that produced fruits or pods, while other species were managed as shrubs producing green leaf fodder (e.g., Crescentia cujete and Gliricidia sepium, which was also ubiquitous as living fence posts). Trees were present on between 26 and 69% of the pastures on each farm,
at densities varying from less than 3 to more than 50 trees ha−1. There were more trees in drier areas, of lower fertility, with extensive grazing, where milk as well as meat was produced.
Most farmers planted timber trees, encouraged regeneration of fodder trees, and knew about fodder species preferences of cattle
and the effects of trees on pasture and animal productivity. Their knowledge of tree phenology was less certain and varied
even amongst farmers in similar locations. There is scope to develop silvopastoral systems with woody species familiar to
farmers, but it is critical to determine how important different vegetation strata are for sustainability of cattle production.
An experiment has been established to achieve this, with treatments based on an analysis of how trees are presently used on
farms in the region.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Poor regulatory capacity limits the ability of science to influence the management of mahogany 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Decades of research have had virtually no impact on harvesting rates or harvesting practices for mahogany (Swietenia spp.), among the most valuable timber species of Latin America. Despite the existence of science-based regulations, mahogany is rapidly and often illegally harvested to the point where its density is so depleted that logging is no longer commercially viable. The lack of influence of science on forest management is not a result of scientific deficiency; rather, it is a political and economic failure to implement existing forest management policies. Until political will and regulatory capacity for enforcement exist or until buyers insist on meaningful verification that shipments were legally obtained, there is little incentive for reform and policies regulating the use of mahogany will not be implemented. Thus, under present conditions, there is little opportunity for science to influence the fate of mahogany. The case study of mahogany provides an excellent example not only of the difficulty for research to inform forest management, but also of demonstrating the key elements necessary for effective implementation of any forest policy. 相似文献
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通过在威斯康星大学普拉特维尔分校访问学习6个月,全面参与了学校多项学术事务,包括本科课堂、学术讲座、教研会议、教研工作坊以及师生科研成果交流等,介绍和分析了美国高校“以学生为中心”教育理念的具体表现,从美国先进的教学模式中,探索了对我国高等教育工作发展的积极启示。 相似文献
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Carlos Ovalle James Aronson Alejandro Del Pozo Julia Avendano 《Agroforestry Systems》1990,10(3):213-239
The Central Valley of Chile is largely occupied by a pseudo-savanna called espinal consisting of a single dominant tree species, Acacia caven (Mol.) Mol. (Leguminosae), and some 215 annuals, most of which were inadvertently introduced from the Mediterranean Basin. The probable origin and current distribution of the espino (Acacia caven) and the espinales in Chile are described. Predominant production systems of the espinal in both the semiarid and subhumid regions of Chile are outlined, with emphasis on the later region. Causes of the current low levels of productivity are discussed, and various strategies for long-term improvement of the espinal are presented. 相似文献
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Mikaela Schmitt-Harsh Tom P. Evans Edwin Castellanos J. C. Randolph 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,86(2):141-157
Tree removal in Latin American coffee agroforestry systems has been widespread due to complex and interacting factors that include fluctuating international markets, government-supported agricultural policies, and climate change. Despite shade tree removal and land conversion risks, there is currently no widespread policy incentive encouraging the maintenance of shade trees for the benefit of carbon sequestration. In facilitation of such incentives, an understanding of the capacity of coffee agroforests to store carbon relative to tropical forests must be developed. Drawing on ecological inventories conducted in 2007 and 2010 in the Lake Atitlán region of Guatemala, this research examines the carbon pools of smallholder coffee agroforests (CAFs) as they compare to a mixed dry forest (MDF) system. Data from 61 plots, covering a total area of 2.24 ha, was used to assess the aboveground, coarse root, and soil carbon reservoirs of the two land-use systems. Results of this research demonstrate the total carbon stocks of CAFs to range from 74.0 to 259.0 Megagrams (Mg)?C ha?1 with a mean of 127.6?±?6.6 (SE)?Mg?C ha?1. The average carbon stocks of CAFs was significantly lower than estimated for the MDF (198.7?±?32.1?Mg?C?ha?1); however, individual tree and soil pools were not significantly different suggesting that agroforest shade trees play an important role in facilitating carbon sequestration and soil conservation. This research demonstrates the need for conservation-based initiatives which recognize the carbon sequestration benefits of coffee agroforests alongside natural forest systems. 相似文献
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Carlos Esse Pablo J Donoso Victor Gerding Francisco Encina-Montoya Celso Navarro 《Southern Forests》2018,80(3):233-240
Nothofagus dombeyi is distributed on very diverse sites in the temperate forests of Chile and Argentina. In Chile, studies on its dynamics and productivity in forests, where it is the dominant species, have been carried out mainly in the foothills of the Andes, but the productivity and growth of these forests in the Coastal Range are almost unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the construction of a single dominant height/age growth model for two homogeneous edaphoclimatic zones (ZEH 2 and 5) previously defined for this species in the Coastal Range of southcentral Chile. The results showed that the Chapman-Richards model was the best candidate function, in terms of goodness of fit and predictive capabilities. Using this function, specific parameters (a, b and c) were obtained for each zone, from which site models were constructed by the Algebraic Difference Approach method for a base age of 35 years. This model is intended to contribute to better estimations of site productivity for N. dombeyi forests in the Coastal Range of south-central Chile, and thus facilitate private and public decisions regarding their management. 相似文献
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指出了分子生物学是生命科学相关学科的主干课程,具有很强的实践性。同时,学生掌握分子生物学的实验方法和技术手段,对培养自身科研能力具有重要意义。结合当前高校对于绿色植物叶绿体DNA提取的实验,从丰富教学方法、更新教学手段、改进考核方式等方面进行了改革与探索。以期提高学生学习质量,强化实验技能及综合能力培养,为高校培养高素质创新型人才奠定基础。 相似文献
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随着木结构行业的快速发展,木构件数控加工成为行业发展的必然趋势。但国内对专业木结构数控加工中心研发很少,主要依赖价格和操作技术门槛高的欧美进口加工中心,导致国内木结构建筑成本高,因此亟待开展国产木结构数控加工中心研发,促进木结构产业快速发展。文中主要围绕木结构数控加工中心的产品技术,从国内外加工中心产品现状、主要技术进展和未来展望3个方面进行综述,介绍德国、意大利等发达国家水平较高的数控加工中心的产品及功能参数以及国内数控加工中心产品及技术现状,分析目前木结构数控加工中心的主要技术进展,总结国内木结构数控加工中心存在的问题,并在此基础上展望国内加工中心通用化、高性价比、定制化和智能化的发展方向,以期促进国产木结构建筑构件数控加工中心的研发,为木结构企业提供高性价比的数控加工中心产品和稳定的售后服务。 相似文献
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Over the past two decades, the American education system has experienced profound challenges due to long-term and sustained declines in federal and state funding, coupled with rapid and innovative progress in the development of advanced educational technologies. Concurrently, employers are increasing their expectations and outputs from their employees and as a result, working professionals are seeking affordable opportunities to upgrade their skills for career advancement while maintaining full time job responsibilities. Responding to these challenges, both public and private educational institutions have developed innovative online courses and curricula creating fully accredited undergraduate and graduate degree programs often at lower cost than in campus-based degree programs. These courses and programs enable working professionals and other non-traditional learners to realize their aspirations for advanced training, and breach the traditional barrier for those disadvantaged by limited time or distance. Agroforestry, the intentional mixing of trees with crop and/or animal production systems to create economic, environmental, and social benefits, is gaining recognition as an integral component of multifunctional working landscapes. While gradually gaining attention, widespread agroforestry illiteracy remains and the need for a cadre of well trained professionals is essential to support its continued growth. Short courses and workshops are helpful, but professionals and landowners alike across the U.S., Canada and overseas are seeking more comprehensive graduate degree or certificate programs. A web-based, asynchronous M.S. degree and/or a graduate Certificate will help to fill this void. Presently, there are no comparable comprehensive graduate programs in agroforestry elsewhere in the U.S. To meet the current and future needs of the agroforestry profession, The Center for Agroforestry at the University of Missouri has created an online graduate certificate and master’s degree program in agroforestry. Initial student evaluation data reveals that online agroforestry courses compare favorably with face-to-face courses. This program will serve as a model for other institutions interested in developing online programs in agroforestry and related disciplines. 相似文献