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通过对云南普洱地区季风常绿阔叶林皆伐后人工和天然恢复15 a及30 a群落的调查,并以原始林群落为对照,对比分析了恢复方式和恢复时间对季风常绿阔叶林恢复群落的结构和多样性的影响。结果表明:恢复方式对科、属、物种、乔木、灌木、藤本等物种组成和多样性情况无显著影响,而恢复时间则具有显著的影响。科、属、物种、乔木及灌木物种丰富度随着恢复时间的延长呈现先减后增的趋势。所有群落物种丰富度均随径级和高度级的增加而呈现倒"J"型分布,多度则随径级增加呈现偏峰曲线,而随高度级的增加呈现倒"J"型分布。恢复方式和恢复时间与群落结构与多样性变量之间的相关性分析及回归分析表明:恢复时间与多数变量之间具有显著的相关性,而恢复方式则仅与藤本多度具有显著相关性,这说明与恢复方式相比,恢复时间是影响该地区恢复群落结构和多样性的主要因子。 相似文献
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应用物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、种间相遇机率、生态优势度等多种指标,将杉阔混交林群落划分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层、层间层,对不同层次群落的物种多样性进行研究。结果表明:不同层次群落的物种多样性不同,总的趋势是灌木层>乔木层>层间层>草本层。乔木层物种丰富,但生态优势度高于灌木层,个体数量产生一定程度的集中,物种多样性低于灌木层;灌木层生态优势度最低,物种组成丰富,表现出最大的物种多样性;草本层植物物种组成简单,生态优势度最大,物种多样性最低;层间层植物物种数量低于草本层,但生态优势度也低于草本层,其物种多样性高于草本层。该群落中灌木层在保持群落多样性方面所起的作用最大。 相似文献
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通过对云南普洱地区季风常绿阔叶林原始林、恢复15年及30年群落的野外调查及土壤种子库的萌发试验,探讨其土壤种子库的基本特征、变化规律及与地上植被的关系。结果表明:试验中共有1667粒种子萌发,分属30科65属76种;恢复15年群落土壤种子库密度最高,每m2达(361±69.87)粒,原始林次之,为(142.5±27.5)粒,恢复30年群落最低,为(108.33±30.01)粒;恢复30年群落土壤种子库多样性最高。种子生存策略与群落结构是土壤种子库物种组成变化的主要原因,3种群落类型土壤种子库生活型主要由草本植物组成,恢复15年群落中1年生草本植物种子密度要显著高于恢复30年群落。恢复15年与30年群落土壤种子库与地上植被相似性系数要高于原始林群落;草本层对土壤种子库物种组成的影响要高于乔木层,幼苗库物种组成则与乔木层联系更加紧密。 相似文献
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通过对云南普洱地区不同恢复阶段(恢复15年、30年和原始林群落)季风常绿阔叶林群落内附生维管植物的调查,分析了不同恢复阶段附生维管植物的物种丰富度、多度、分布和相似性关系,并探讨附生维管植物与宿主的关系。结果表明:(1)在0.81 hm2的调查样地中,共发现附生维管植物3 116株(分属9科20属22种);(2)原始林中附生维管植物的物种丰富度(17种)要显著高于恢复30年(7种)和15年(5种)群落;(3)原始林与不同恢复阶段群落中附生维管植物的物种组成有显著不同,恢复15年群落中的附生植物主要由蕨类植物组成,兰科植物是原始林附生植物的主要物种组成,有些物种仅出现在原始林中,可以作为季风常绿阔叶林恢复程度的指示物种;(4)原始林附生维管植物的多度要显著高于恢复阶段;(5)3个群落类型中的附生维管植物在水平方向都为聚集分布,恢复15年群落主要分布在0~5 m,原始林中分布可达到20 m;(6)原始林中附生维管植物物种丰富度和多度与宿主的胸径之间存在显著正相关,而2个恢复阶段森林中不存在相关性。 相似文献
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根据植物群落的特征,将黔中喀斯特地区石漠化后植被自然演替过程分成草丛阶段、草灌阶段、藤刺灌丛阶段、次生乔林阶段和常绿阔叶林阶段,应用物种丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别研究各演替阶段草本层、灌木层、乔木层和群落总体的物种多样性.结果表明:在植被演替过程中,物种多样性从草丛阶段开始增加,草本层到藤刺灌丛阶段达到峰值,随后下降;灌木层、乔木层和群落总体则增长到次生乔林阶段达到峰值.草丛阶段和草灌阶段物种多样性为草本层＞灌木层;藤刺灌丛阶段乔木层物种多样性最低,草本层与灌木层物种多样性大小对比因测度方法不同而有差异;次生乔林阶段和常绿阔叶林阶段物种多样性为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层.黔中喀斯特地区石漠化后在人为干扰较小的情况下,植物群落由草本植物占优势逐渐向灌木和乔木树种占优势转移,并最终形成喀斯特森林. 相似文献
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以平潭岛天然次生林为研究对象,分析灌草丛、针叶林、针叶混交林、常绿阔叶林群落的物种组成、重要值、物种多样性特征的变化,探讨平潭岛与邻近海岛和大陆的群落物种多样性差异。结果表明:4种群落类型共有53科89属104种植物,群落类型间及各层次的丰富度、多样性、均匀度从灌草丛到针阔混交林阶段呈上升趋势,阔叶林阶段呈下降趋势。群落各层次的丰富度、多样性变化,乔木层为针阔混交林>阔叶林>针叶林;灌木层为针阔混交林>针叶林>常绿阔叶林>灌草丛;草本层为针阔混交林>常绿阔叶林>针叶林>灌草丛。单因素方差分析,乔木层丰富度、多样性、均匀度在针阔混交林和针叶林呈显著性差异(P<0.05);灌木层和草本层多样性在针阔混交林与灌草丛和常绿阔叶林呈显著性差异(P<0.05)。平潭岛群落物种多样性水平明显低于普陀山岛和大陆。 相似文献
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喀斯特峡谷植被演替过程中的物种组成及多样性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用空间代替时间的方式对花江喀斯特峡谷不同演替阶段的群落物种组成和多样性进行了研究.结果表明:裸地阶段是植被恢复的起始阶段,植物物种丰富度和物种多样性均为最低.随着演替的正向进行,物种多样性增加,群落结构逐渐复杂并在森林群落阶段形成较为稳定的结构.草本植物在草本群落阶段物种丰富度和生物多样性达到最高,随即开始下降.灌木的物种丰富度和多样性在灌木阶段达到最大并在森林阶段保持稳定.乔木的物种丰富度和物种多样性均随着演替的进行逐渐增加.退化喀斯特不同恢复阶段的植被群落具有较为明显的优势种,通常为2～3种. 相似文献
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《中南林业科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2015,(5)
通过对广西容县红锥天然林群落的调查,研究了群落物种组成、结构特征和演替趋势,为红锥天然林群落保护及其人工林近自然经营提供科学依据。结果表明:红锥天然林共有物种60种,隶属于34科53属,单种属占88.7%;红锥在群落中占有主要优势,马尾松和乌榄为乔木层散生种;群落内丰富度表现为灌木层草本层乔木层,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均表现为草本层灌木层乔木层,垂直结构由林冠层、灌木层和草本层组成;群落处于以中生性树种为主的偏中生常绿阔叶林阶段,样地所有木本植物总径级在5~25 cm出现断层,但1~5 cm径级幼苗数量多,群落演替趋势表现为稳定增长型。 相似文献
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大关县3种筇竹群落生物多样性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对大关县乔木-筇竹群落、灌木-筇竹群落和筇竹-草本群落3种群落,采用二元属性数据测度方法进行了生物多样性的调查。结果表明:3种筇竹群落类型中以乔木-筇竹群落物种总种数(178种)为最多。各层次物种丰富度的顺序依次为,乔木-筇竹群落的物种丰富度为乔木层>草本层>灌木层;灌木-筇竹群落和筇竹-草本群落的物种丰富度一致,其物种丰富度顺序依次都为灌木层>草本层>乔木层。乔木-筇竹群落的乔木层的Shannon-Wiener(H’)指数最高,灌木-筇竹群落的灌木层和草本层的H’指数最高,筇竹-草本群落各层的H’指数都较低。灌木-筇竹群落与筇竹-草本群落在环境梯度上不同点之间的共有种最少,相似性最低,群落间的差异大,群落间物种替代速率较高。 相似文献
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2005-2006年夏季在河北塞罕坝地区运用固定样线法对退化森林生态系统人工针叶林恢复形成的40年生人工针叶林鸟类群落进行调查,并同自然恢复形成的天然落叶阔叶林和天然针阔混交林进行比较.共记录鸟类39种.分别隶属于8目17科.结果表明:人工针叶林恢复对退化森林生态系统鸟类群落具有重要影响;人工针叶林鸟类物种数为(4.14±0.60)种·hm-2,密度为(26.21±7.64)只·hm-2,均高于或显著高于(P=0.018)天然阔叶林,且密度与天然混交林无显著差异(P=0.902),人工针叶林中的沼泽山雀和黄眉柳莺的密度有了显著提高,分别从(2.78±0.67)只·hm-2和(1.21±0.45)只·hm-2增加到(13.57±5.58)只·hm.(P=0.027)和(5.95 4-1.56)只·hm-2(P=0.009,0.002),但人工针叶林鸟类群落物种多样性值(H')较小(0.98 4-0.10)、均匀度(J)显著较低(0.73 ±0.04)(P=0.003,0.045);在鸟类4个取食集团中,人工针叶林有2个取食集团的物种组成与自然恢复无显著差异,但密度却有较大的变化,人工针叶林可以显著提高食虫鸟的密度(P=0.041),但杂食鸟和食谷鸟密度均显著低于天然混交林(P=0.007,0.002). 相似文献
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喀纳斯泰加林群落与环境和火干扰因子的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】划分森林群落类型,定量分析森林群落形成与其环境因子和火干扰因子之间的关系,为新疆喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性保护与森林可持续经营提供科学依据。【方法】以新疆喀纳斯泰加林火成演替森林群落为研究对象,基于149个森林群落样地及其火干扰发生时间和火烈度的调查,采用双向指示种分析(two-way indicator species analysis,TWINSPAN)方法对喀纳斯国家自然保护区科学实验区处于不同演替阶段的森林群落进行群落类型划分,并采用冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)方法通过对其森林群落进行排序,分析森林群落形成与环境因子和火干扰因子的关系,定量分离环境因子、火干扰因子及其二者的交互作用对森林群落形成的影响。【结果】 1)TWINSPAN将149个森林群落调查样地划分为16种森林群落类型;2)RDA排序结果较好地反映了喀纳斯泰加林群落形成与环境因子和火干扰因子之间的关系,环境因子中的海拔、坡位、坡度、坡向、土壤有机质和全钾含量对森林群落的形成起较大的作用,其中海拔、坡位、坡度和坡向与RDA第1排序轴存在极显著相关性( P <0.01),土壤有机质和全钾含量与RDA第1排序轴存在显著相关性( P <0.05);火干扰因子中的火烈度对森林群落形成也起较大的作用,火烈度与RDA第2排序轴存在极显著相关性( P <0.01);3)因子分离显示,在影响喀纳斯泰加林群落形成的因素中,环境因子解释的部分占21.96%,火干扰因子解释的部分占1.80%,二者交互作用解释的部分占49.82%,未能解释的部分占26.42%。【结论】喀纳斯国家自然保护区科学实验区有16种森林群落类型,其森林群落形成受环境因子和火干扰因子的共同控制,并且二者的交互作用尤为突出。火干扰是新疆喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性保护与森林可持续经营不可或缺的重要因素。 相似文献
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应用中心点四分法并附设样方的方法调查了地处韩江中游的蕉岭长潭次生常绿阔叶林。结果显示:群落的红背椎、木荷、枫香、石栎为优势种,约占群落总种数的11.1%;常见种约占群落总种数的27.8%;偶见种占61.1%,其数量最高但在群落中处于附属地位;各种类在群落中的分布较均匀。群落可明显分为林木层、灌木层和草本层,层间植物丰富,表明了韩江中游常绿阔叶林遭受破坏后在保护较好情况下,群落顺向演替重新恢复的特征和趋势。经营管理中应根据群落特点,在加强管护基础上促进森林的顺向演替。 相似文献
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Michael S. Mitchell Melissa J. Reynolds-Hogland Michelle L. Smith Petra Bohall Wood John A. Beebe Patrick D. Keyser Craig Loehle Christopher J. Reynolds Paul Van Deusen Don White Jr. 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008
Numerous studies have explored the influence of forest management on avian communities empirically, but uncertainty about causal relationships between landscape patterns and temporal dynamics of bird communities calls into question how observed historical patterns can be projected into the future, particularly to assess consequences of differing management alternatives. We used the Habplan harvest scheduler to project forest conditions under several management scenarios mapped at 5-year time steps over a 40-year time span. We used empirical models of overall avian richness, richness of selected guilds, and probability of presence for selected species to predict avian community characteristics for each of the mapped landscapes generated for each 5-year time step for each management scenario. We then used time series analyses to quantify relationships between changes in avian community characteristics and management-induced changes to forest landscapes over time. Our models of avian community and species characteristics indicated habitat associations at multiple spatial scales, although landscape-level measures of habitat were generally more important than stand-level measures. Our projections showed overall avian richness, richness of Neotropical migrants, and the presence of Blue-gray Gnatcatchers and Eastern Wood-pewees varied little among management scenarios, corresponding closely to broad, overall landscape changes over time. By contrast, richness of canopy nesters, richness of cavity nesters, richness of scrub-successional associates, and the presence of Common Yellowthroats showed high temporal variability among management scenarios, likely corresponding to short-term, fine-scale changes in the landscape. Predicted temporal variability of both interior-forest and early successional birds was low in the unharvested landscape relative to that in the harvested landscape. Our results also suggested that early successional species can be sensitive to both availability and connectivity of habitat on the landscape. To increase or maintain the avian diversity, our projections indicate that forest managers need to consider landscape-scale configuration of stands, maintaining a spatially heterogeneous distribution of age classes. Our findings suggest which measures of richness or species presence may be appropriate indicators for monitoring effects of forest management on avian communities, depending on management objectives. 相似文献
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选取滇西北香格里拉亚高山的极度退化、重度退化、中度退化和轻度退化等4种退化程度的森林群落,以未退化的原生森林群落为参照,采用典型样地法设置观测样地,测定其林内不同季节(月)及一日各时点的空气温度和湿度因子,以研究本区不同退化程度森林群落的空气温湿特征。研究结果表明:林内空气温度在同一季节和同一时点的变化均表现为随森林群落退化程度的增加而显著上升,而林内空气湿度则表现为随森林群落退化程度的增加而显著下降的特点。同时,空气温度和湿度两因子不论是日变化还是季节变化,其变化幅度基本上呈现极度退化森林群落>重度退化森林群落>中度退化森林群落>轻度退化森林群落>未退化森林群落的规律。即随着退化程度的降低,原森林群落结构的变化越小、越稳定,森林群落调节空气温、湿度的作用越显著。明显地反映出该地区退化程度越低、结构复杂和林冠层较高的森林群落,其降低辐射、降温、保湿的作用越显著。 相似文献
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株洲属中亚热带丘陵地,其地带性典型植物群落是常绿阔叶林,即以各类常绿树种为优势的植被类型.但随着历史的变迁,此类群落已不复存在,取而代之的是人工群落和次生群落.为了模拟自然群落,设计人工近自然群落,用了近十年的时间,对株洲市郊天然林群落进行了调查与分析.结果表明:株洲市郊具一定代表性的天然林群落类型有13个,基本反映了该市植物群落的演替系列.通过分析各群落的种类组成与结构特征,为营造与养护各类植物景观提供了科学依据. 相似文献
18.
《Forest Ecology and Management》1997,93(3):245-260
Multivariate analyses were applied to forest canopy and understory data collected in 70 forest stands in the Mid-Boreal Upland Ecoregion in Saskatchewan. Random sampling of various types of forest focused on vegetation strata shown elsewhere to be of importance to woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou Gmelin). Cluster analyses revealed seven community types based on summer vegetation, and six community types when considering vegetation present during winter. Ordination by nonmetric multidimensional scaling suggested that two of the seven summer communities be combined, and that six community types be recognized in each season. Stands dominated by Populus tremuloides Michx. were all placed in one community type as were those dominated by Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. Young stands of Pinus banksiana Lamb. were placed in one community type, while the division of older stands was related to degree of canopy closure. The primary division among Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. dominated stands was also based on the degree of canopy closure. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed strong relationships between the vegetation communities and data on canopy characteristics contained in the provincial forest inventory. In general, the techniques we employ provide a framework for objectively deriving vegetation communities relevant to wildlife species, and measuring their correspondence with readily available forest cover data. Specifically, we describe community types available to woodland caribou in our study area and their relationship to the provincial forest inventory. 相似文献
19.
How nitrogen (N) cycling is regulated and how environmental change affects it are major study questions in forest ecology,
because N availability often limits the primary production of plants in many forest ecosystems. These are being extensively
highlighted because of growing concerns regarding chronic and elevated N deposition in forest ecosystems on a global scale.
Until now, N cycling has been mainly documented in association with various environmental factors other than microbial communities.
However, with the recent rapid development in culture-independent molecular-based techniques, microbial ecologists have discovered
that alterations in N cycling are highly associated with alternations in microbial communities through changes in either resource
supplies or processing rates. In this review, we describe nitrification as a key N cycling process and present general approaches
to associate the nitrification process with the nitrifying community in forest soils. Furthermore, we briefly summarize currently
available information about the relationship between the process and nitrifying community dynamics in soil. We suppose that
linking N cycling processes with microbial community dynamics provides a deeper insight into the mechanisms regulating N cycling
in forest ecosystems. 相似文献
20.
Augusta Molnar Denyse Gomes Romier Sousa Natalia Vidal Rene Forster Hojer Luis Alfonso Arguelles 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(1-2):87-121
ABSTRACT A significant shift has taken place in global forest tenure, with a doubling of the forest area under community ownership (or administration over the past 15 years). There is every indication that communal tenure will double again over the next 15 years. Recognition of traditional and indigenous peoples' collective rights over forest lands has important implications for forest-rich countries—both developed and developing. Combined with dramatic changes in the structure of the forest industry and globalizing markets, this shift creates new opportunities and challenges for low-income forest producers and community enterprises to leave poverty and diversify livelihoods. The challenge for policy makers and governments is to reform outdated regulatory and incentive frameworks to support these enterprises. This article presents findings on three types of responses from communities to the new opportunities created by the tenure shift and looks specifically at community timber enterprise cases from Mexico and Brazil; recommending actions by communities, policy makers, and private sector. Changes in international and domestic forest product demand, consolidation of commodity wood sectors, new corporate responsibility commitments, and the emergence of ecosystem service markets all affect community markets. One response has been the emergence of socially-integrated, timber and non-timber based enterprises. Another has been the expansion of self-financed community conservation. A third response has been new models of collaboration between companies and communities. 相似文献