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1.
Crop rotation and the maintenance of plant residues over the soil can increase soil water storage capacity. Root access to water and nutrients depends on soil physical characteristics that may be expressed in the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) concept. In this work, the effects of crop rotation and chiselling on the soil LLWR to a depth of 0.1 m and crop yields under no‐till were studied on a tropical Alfisol in São Paulo state, Brazil, for 3 yr. Soybean and corn were grown in the summer in rotation with pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum, Linneu, cv. ADR 300), grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, L., Moench), congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis, Germain et Evrard) and castor bean (Ricinus comunis, Linneu) during fall/winter and spring, under no‐till or chiselling. The LLWR was determined right after the desiccation of the cover crops and before soybean planting. Soil physico‐hydraulic conditions were improved in the uppermost soil layers by crop rotations under zero tillage, without initial chiselling, from the second year and on, resulting in soil quality similar to that obtained with chiselling. In seasons without severe water shortage, crop yields were not limited by soil compaction, however, in a drier season, the rotation with congo grass alone or intercropped with castor resulted in the greatest cover crop dry matter yield. Soybean yields did not respond to modifications in the LLWR.  相似文献   

2.
The least limiting water range (LLWR) attempts to incorporate crop-limiting values of soil strength, aeration, and water supply to plant roots into one effective parameter (on the basis of soil water content). The LLWR can be a useful indicator of soil quality and soil physical constraints on crop production. This study focused on assessing dynamic cultivation zone LLWR parameters between different cropping/tillage/trafficked clay loam plots at Winchester, Ont., to identify potential management impact on surficial soil physical conditions for contrasting growing seasons. This study also evaluated dynamic cultivation layer LLWR variables as indicators of corn (Zea mays L.) plant establishment and corn yield. The results suggest that no-till soils had lower average air-filled porosities (AFP) and O2 concentrations than respectively managed tilled plots for both years of study. Potential trafficking effects on aeration properties were most evident in no-till relative to till; preferentially trafficked no-tilled plots had lower AFP and O2 concentrations than respective non-preferentially trafficked no-till plots for both years of study. Corn establishment and yield variability were principally explained by cumulative differences between daily AFP and aeration threshold values, and the cumulative number of days daily AFP was below an AFP aeration threshold for specific corn growth stage periods. Lower AFP was linked to lower yields and plant establishments. Soil strength, as measured by cone penetration resistance, was important over certain sites, but not as important globally as AFP in predicting crop properties. Overall, conventional tilled soils that were not preferentially trafficked had most favorable aeration properties, and subsequently, greatest corn populations and yields. No-till soils were at greater risk of aeration limiting conditions, especially those in continuous corn and preferentially trafficked.  相似文献   

3.
Although crop residue management is known to affect near‐surface soil physical quality, little is known about the temporal variability of these indicators over short time intervals. This study evaluates the temporal changes of nine indicators of soil physical quality. These are organic carbon content, structural stability index, bulk density, macroporosity, air capacity, relative field capacity, plant available water capacity, Dexter's S‐index and saturated hydraulic conductivity. A second set of soil physical indicators, based on the distribution of soil pore volume, was also evaluated. The indicators were determined in three different times during the growing cycle of winter durum wheat cultivated within a long‐term field research carrying out in Southern Italy and comparing two types of crop residue management, that is, burning (B) and soil incorporation (I). Only the bulk density changed over time for both treatments, although the air capacity also changed for the incorporation of wheat residues. Residual effects of the autumnal soil tillage and soil compaction were a common source of variability, irrespective of which treatment was used. Based on the existing guidelines for evaluating the physical quality of these agricultural soils, optimal or near‐optimal values were detected in about half of the cases under consideration. This suggests that both B and I create sufficiently good conditions for crop growth during the crop cycle. The comparison between observed and optimal soil pore distribution function was always poor. The pore volume distributions showed lower densities of small pores and relatively higher densities of large pores than the proposed optimal distribution. This study also suggests that the considered optimal or references curves probably cannot be applied successfully to a wide range of agricultural soils.  相似文献   

4.
为明确耕作方式对黑土土壤水分稳定性的作用,提高黑土区雨养农业对气候变化的适应性,该研究基于黑土区长期免耕定位试验,利用最小水分限制范围(Least Limiting Water Range, LLWR)评价免耕(NT)和垄作(CT)管理下土壤含水率有效性及其变异特征。结果表明:1)在0～5、5～10、10～20和20～40 cm 4个土层中,NT处理显著降低了5～10 cm的LLWR,其他3个土层LLWR差异均不显著;2)在平水年(2014)、枯水年(2015)和丰水年(2016),NT管理下作物生育期内0～40 cm平均土壤含水率正常率分别为48%、72%和85%,年间变异系数为0.23;CT的土壤含水率正常率分别为56%、20%和51%,年间变异系数为0.38;3)在丰水年,NT与CT的平均有效储水量差值最小,NT比CT高8.95mm;在枯水年相差最大,NT的平均有效储水量比CT高13.99mm。因此,NT管理下土壤水分更稳定地分布在LLWR内,在极端降雨年份(枯水年和丰水年)优势尤其明显。  相似文献   

5.
Plant growth is directly affected by soil water, soil aeration, and soil resistance to root penetration. The least limiting water range (LLWR) is defined as the range in soil water content within which limitations to plant growth associated with water potential, aeration and soil resistance to root penetration are minimal. The LLWR has not been evaluated in tropical soils. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the LLWR in a Brazilian clay Oxisol (Typic Hapludox) cropped with maize (Zea mays L. cv. Cargil 701) under no-tillage and conventional tillage. Ninety-six undisturbed soil samples were obtained from maize rows and between rows and used to determine the water retention curve, the soil resistance curve and bulk density. The results demonstrated that LLWR was higher in conventional tillage than in no-tillage and was negatively correlated with bulk density for values above 1.02 g cm−3. The range of LLWR variation was 0–0.1184 cm3 cm−3 in both systems, with mean values of 0.0785 cm3 cm−3 for no-tillage and 0.0964 cm3 cm−3 for conventional tillage. Soil resistance to root penetration determined the lower limit of LLWR in 89% of the samples in no-tillage and in 46% of the samples in conventional tillage. Additional evaluations of LLWR are needed under different texture and management conditions in tropical soils.  相似文献   

6.
The Brazilian savanna, or “Cerrado”, is an ecosystem that originally covered more than 200 Mha in Brazil. It is estimated that about 49.5 Mha in the Cerrado are now covered with cultivated pastures, which are responsible for half of Brazilian beef production. However, soil and pasture degradation represent a threat to this productive system and to the Cerrado ecosystem itself. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the least limiting water range (LLWR) as an index of near-surface soil physical quality after conversion of Brazilian savanna to continuous and short-duration grazing systems. Three sites were evaluated: native Cerrado (NC), continuous grazing (CG), and short-duration grazing (SG). Thirty soil cores (5 cm height, 5 cm diameter) were collected at each site, and used for soil bulk density, soil water retention curve, and soil penetration resistance curve determinations. The results were used for quantification of LLWR and critical bulk density (Dbc), in which LLWR equals zero. The near-surface soil physical quality, as evaluated by the LLWR, was most restrictive for potential root growth in SG. In CG, potential restriction was moderate; however, the entire soil bulk density range was below the Dbc. In NC, potential restriction was minimum. The soil structural degradation process was primarily related to the increase in stocking rates in the grazing systems. The LLWR proved to be a useful indicator of Cerrado soil physical quality, being sensitive to alterations in near-surface physical properties.  相似文献   

7.
Soil compaction impacts growing conditions for plants: it increases the mechanical resistance to root growth and modifies the soil pore system and consequently the supply of water and oxygen to the roots. The least limiting water range (LLWR) defines a range of soil water contents within which root growth is minimally limited with regard to water supply, aeration and penetration resistance. The LLWR is a function of soil bulk density (BD), and hence directly affected by soil compaction. In this paper, we present a new model, ‘SoilFlex‐LLWR’, which combines a soil compaction model with the LLWR concept. We simulated the changes in LLWR due to wheeling with a self‐propelled forage harvester on a Swiss clay loam soil (Gleyic Cambisol) using the new SoilFlex‐LLWR model, and compared measurements of the LLWR components as a function of BD with model estimations. SoilFlex‐LLWR allows for predictions of changes in LLWR due to compaction caused by agricultural field traffic and therefore provides a quantitative link between impact of soil loading and soil physical conditions for root growth.  相似文献   

8.
Soil compaction influences crop growth, movement of water and chemicals in numerous ways. Mathematical modelling contributes to better understanding of the complex and variable effects. This paper reviews models for simulating topsoil and subsoil compaction effects. The need for including both topsoil and subsoil compaction results from still increasing compactive effect of vehicular pressure which penetrates more and more into the subsoil and which is very persistent. The models vary widely in their conceptual approach, degree of complexity, input parameters and output presentation. Mechanistic and deterministic models were most frequently used. To characterise soil compactness, the models use bulk density and/or penetration resistance and water content data. In most models root growth is predicted as a function of mechanical impedance and water status of soil and crop yield—from interactions of soil water and plant transpiration and assimilation. Models for predicting movement of water and chemicals are based on the Darcy/Richards one-dimensional flow equation. The effect of soil compaction is considered by changing hydraulic conductivity, water retention and root growth. The models available allow assessment of the effects of topsoil and subsoil compaction on crop yield, vertical root distribution, chemical movement and soil erosion. The performance of some models was improved by considering macro-porosity and strength discontinuity (spatial and temporal variability of material parameters). Scarcity of experimental data on the heterogeneity is a constraint in modelling the effects of soil compaction. Suitability of most models was determined under given site conditions. Few of the models (i.e. SIBIL and SIMWASER) were found to be satisfactory in modelling the effect of soil compaction on soil water dynamics and crop growth under different climate and soil conditions.  相似文献   

9.
Seedbed preparation can involve a wide range of tillage methods from intensive to reduced cultivation systems. The state or quality of the soil to which these tillage methods are applied for cereal crop management is not easily determined and excessive cultivations are often used. Seedbed preparation is crucial for crop establishment, growth and ultimately yield. A key aspect of the soil condition is the soil physical environment under which germination, growth and establishment occur. Crucially this affects factors such as temperature, water content, oxygen availability, soil strength and ultimately the performance of a seedbed. The dynamics of soil physical properties of a range of seedbeds and how they relate to crop establishment are considered in this paper. Significant interactions between cultivation techniques, physical properties of the seedbed in terms of penetration resistance, shear strength, volumetric water content and bulk density and the interaction with crop establishment were identified. A soil quality of establishment (SQE) model was developed for the prediction of crop establishment based upon soil bulk density and cultivation practices. The SQE significantly accounted for ca. 50% of the variation occurring and successfully predicted crop establishment to a standard error of around 20 plants per m−2 across contrasting soil types and environmental conditions.  相似文献   

10.
Integrated evaluation of soil physical properties using the least limiting water range (LLWR) approach may allow a better knowledge of soil water availability. We determined the LLWR for four tillage practices consisted of conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), no-tillage (NT) and fallow no-tillage (NTf). In addition, LLWR was determined for abandoned soils (i.e. control), compacted soils, ploughed compacted soils and abandoned soils with super absorbent polymers (SAPs) application. Soil water retention, penetration resistance (PR), air-filled porosity and bulk density were determined for the 0–5 and 0–25-cm depths. Mean LLWR (0.07–0.08 cm3 cm?3) was lower in compacted soils than the soils under CT, NT, NTf, RT, tilled, abandoned and SAP practices but it was not different among tillage practices. The values of LLWR were 0.12 cm3 cm?3 for NT and CT. LLWR for tilled plots (0.12 cm3 cm?3) became greater than compacted soils by 1.3 times. Analysis of the lower and upper limits of the LLWR further indicated that PR was the only limiting factor for soil water content, but aeration was not a limiting factor. The LLWR was more dependent on soil water content at permanent wilting point and at PR.  相似文献   

11.
Bulk density as a soil quality indicator during conversion to no-tillage   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
Producers often identify compaction as an important problem, so bulk density is usually included in minimum data sets used to evaluate tillage and crop management effects on soil quality. The hypothesis for this study was that bulk density and associated water content would be useful soil quality indicators for evaluating the transitional effects associated with changing tillage and crop management practices on deep-loess soils. The study was conducted on three deep-loess, field-scale watersheds located in western Iowa, USA. The soils are classified as Haplic Phaeozems, Cumulic-Haplic Phaeozems, and Calcaric Regosols. Watersheds 1 and 2 were converted in 1996 from conventional tillage to no-tillage, while watershed 3 was maintained using ridge-tillage and continuous corn (Zea mays L.), a practice implemented in 1972. Watershed 1 was converted to a corn—soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation while watershed 2 was converted to a 6-year rotation that included corn, soybean, corn plus 3 years of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Bulk density and water content were measured at three landscape positions (summit, side-slope, and toe-slope), in 20 mm increments to a depth of 300 mm, five times between September 1996 and May 2000. Organic C and total N were also measured to a depth of 160 mm during the initial sampling. Neither bulk density nor water content showed any significant differences between the two watersheds being converted to no-tillage or between them and the ridge-till watershed. There also were no significant differences among landscape positions. Bulk densities and water contents showed some differences when adjacent sampling dates were compared, but there was no overall or consistent trend. Our results show that bulk density is not a useful soil quality indicator for these soils within the bulk density range encountered (0.8–1.6 Mg m3). Our results also confirm that producers do not necessarily have to worry about increased compaction when using ridge-tillage or changing from conventional to no-tillage practices on these or similar deep-loess soils.  相似文献   

12.
微咸水入渗下施加PAM土壤水盐运移特性研究   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  
王全九  张继红  谭帅 《土壤学报》2016,53(4):1056-1064
土壤改良剂与微咸水灌溉相结合,对于合理开发利用微咸水、改善盐碱土结构及促进作物生长有着重要意义。基于一维垂直土柱积水入渗和水平土柱吸渗试验,研究了微咸水入渗条件下,不同聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide,PAM)施量(0、0.02%、0.04%和0.06%)对盐碱土水盐运移特性的影响。结果表明:(1)微咸水入渗条件下,施加PAM能够降低土壤入渗速率,增加土壤保水性能。(2)施加PAM对Philip及Kostiakov入渗模型参数有显著影响,在PAM施量0.04%时,吸渗率S和经验系数K最小,而经验指数β最大。(3)在PAM施量为0.04%时,土壤饱和体积含水量最大,BrooksCorey模型进气吸力hd增加了15.30%,土壤持水性能显著提高;土壤水分扩散率最小,水分分布最均匀。(4)施加PAM能够显著提高土层的持水效率和微咸水的淋洗效果,在PAM施量为0.04%时,土层持水效率最高,盐分淋洗量最大。  相似文献   

13.
我国淡水资源短缺且分布不均, 供求矛盾突出, 合理开发利用咸水资源、增辟灌溉水源将成为解决水资源危机的重要途径之一。本文从以下几个方面对国内外咸水资源灌溉利用的研究进展进行了综述, 以期为咸水安全灌溉提供指导。(1)咸水灌溉对土壤水盐运移的影响, 主要包括咸水灌溉后不同土层土壤水盐分布规律、不同灌溉水矿化度对土壤水盐运移的影响、灌溉方式对土壤盐分积累的作用; (2)咸水灌溉对作物生长的影响, 主要包括咸水灌溉与作物产量、品质的关系; (3)咸水灌溉对作物生理变化的影响及其作用机理, 主要包括咸水灌溉对植株脯氨酸含量、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛含量、叶绿素含量及光合作用的影响。  相似文献   

14.
生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的研究进展   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
生物质炭在农业与环境中的应用已成为近期国内外研究热点,有关生物质炭特性以及生物质炭对土壤化学、生物学性质和作物产量的影响,已经有一些综述,但是生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的相关综述很少。本文对近10年生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响相关的研究成果进行了整理分析。研究结果发现生物质炭可以降低土壤容重,提高土壤团聚体稳定性,增加田间持水量和土壤有效水含量,降低饱和导水率等。生物质炭影响土壤物理性质的主要原因是生物质炭具有较大的比表面积和孔隙度。此外,生物质炭与土壤矿质颗粒结合,并通过对土壤微生物活性和植物生长的影响间接影响土壤物理性质。生物质炭对土壤物理性质的影响与多种因素有关,如生物质炭原料、裂解温度、施用量和颗粒大小,土壤质地和处理时间等。关于生物质炭对土壤物理性质影响的长期研究很少,且缺乏田间试验。因此,将来的研究应更加倾向于长期田间条件下生物质炭对土壤物理性质的影响,并逐渐发现生物质炭的作用机理,为实际的农业生产和生态治理提供科学依据。  相似文献   

15.
数学模型模拟方法分析土壤水分变化过程   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
赵军  孟凯 《土壤通报》2002,33(5):324-328
利用数学模型模拟的方法分析土壤水运移过程 ,用以评价土壤 -作物 -大气循环系统的交互作用和作物需水、耗水规律。本项研究以松嫩平原典型黑土区海伦站为试验基地 ,以 1995、1997和 1999(平水年、丰水年和枯水年 )三个典型年份为样本 ,建立了土壤属性数据库、作物生长参数数据库和气象数据库。模拟了土壤水分的变化过程 ,取得了较好的结果。  相似文献   

16.
The rates of many biological processes vary across an agricultural landscape in response to the spatial patterns of water content in the tillage zone. Although, water content varies temporally through the growing season, the combined effects of soil properties, landscape attributes, tillage or position relative to the crop row on the temporal variation in the spatial pattern in soil water content are not well understood. We measured the soil water content (0–0.20 m) regularly through three growing seasons at 32 positions along each of two transects in a side-by-side comparison of corn under conventional tillage (plowing and secondary tillage) and no till in order to identify factors with the strongest influence on the spatial patterns in water content. The tillage comparison traversed a landscape in which the clay content (cl) varied from 5.8 to 37.4% and the organic carbon content (OC) varied from 0.9 to 3.9%. The spatial pattern in water contents during wetting and drying events were temporally stable, as reflected in R2>0.7 of correlation analysis of water contents on successive measurement dates. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the water contents, averaged over all measurement dates, were positively correlated with cl and ln(OC) and were smaller in the row than the inter-row position. The reduction in water content due to conventional tillage was diminished with increasing OC. However, application of multiple regression analyses to each set of water contents measured on a given day for each year indicated that the impact of soil properties, tillage and position relative to the row varied within and among seasons.  相似文献   

17.
In order to ensure sustainable agriculture, and for evaluating the effects of management practices on soil processes, tools for assessing soil quality are required. The development and use of a multiparameter index, which includes a wide range of soil properties, have been tested and found useful by several studies. However, soil quality measurements are ‘stand-alone’ tools unless they are either linked to important soil functions, used to characterize (agro)ecosystems or used to predict sustainability or productivity. In our study, the relationship between crop production and soil quality was assessed in a six year old field experiment studying the effect of farm compost (FC) amendment in a crop rotation of potato, fodder beet, forage maize and Brussels sprouts. To justify the hypothesis that repeated FC amendment results in both improved soil quality and consequently higher crop yields, a wide range of chemical, biological and physical soil properties were measured and integrated into a soil quality index (SQI). Next, crop yields were used as a functional goal to verify the causal relationship between SQI and crop production. Our results showed that there were significant changes in chemical, physical and biological soil quality as a result of repeated FC amendment. This was evidenced for example by a remarkable increase in both soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N content. Microbial biomass, the relative amount of bacterivorous nematodes and earthworm number were significantly increased as well and, together with SOC and total N, indicated as the dominant factors in assessing soil quality. The integration of these key indicators into the SQI revealed higher SQI values when FC was applied. In addition, crop yields were increased in all FC treated plots by which SOC was pointed out as the most important indicator influencing crop production. Finally, a causal relationship was observed between soil quality and the yield of potato and fodder beet. We conclude that our SQI may be a promising and useful tool to compare different (soil) management practices in relation to a strategic, regional goal, e.g., sustainable high yields. Before generalizing, we recommend a thorough validation of our SQI in other long-term field experiments.  相似文献   

18.
The concept of degree of compactness (DC), referred to as field bulk density (BD) as a percentage of a reference bulk density (BDref), was developed to characterize compactness of soil frequently disturbed, but for undisturbed soil such as under no-tillage critical degree of compactness values have not been tested. The objective of this study was to compare methods to determine BDref and limits of DC and BD for plant growth under no-tillage in subtropical soils. Data from the literature and other databases were used to establish relationships between BD and clay or clay plus silt content, and between DC and macroporosity and yield of crops under no-tillage in subtropical Brazil. Data of BDref reached by the soil Proctor test on disturbed soil samples, by uniaxial compression with loads of 200 kPa on disturbed and undisturbed soil samples, and 400, 800 and 1600 kPa on undisturbed soil samples, were used. Also, comparisons were made with critical bulk density based on the least limiting water range (BDc LLWR) and on observed root and/or yield restriction in the field (BDc Rest). Using vertical uniaxial compression with a load of 200 kPa on disturbed or undisturbed samples generates low BDref and high DC-values. The standard Proctor test generates higher BDref-values, which are similar to those in a uniaxial test with a load of 1600 kPa for soils with low clay content but lower for soils with high clay content. The BDc LLWR does not necessarily restrict root growth or crop yield under no-tillage, since field investigations led to higher BDc Rest-values. A uniaxial load greater than 800 kPa is promising to determine BDref for no-tillage soils. The BDref is highly correlated to the clay content and thus pedotransfer functions may be established to estimate the former based on the latter. Soil ecological properties are affected before compaction restricts plant growth and yield. The DC is an efficient parameter to identify soil compaction affecting crops. The effect of compaction on ecological properties must also be further considered.  相似文献   

19.
施肥管理对农田黑土土壤水分动态变化的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
东北黑土区属"雨养农业",水分是该地区农业生产中的主要限制因子。施肥管理通过影响土壤理化性质和作物生长调控土壤水分。以中国科学院海伦农田生态系统野外科学观测研究站内的水分平衡观测场为研究对象,基于10年的观测数据,分析研究区域内长期的施肥管理对土壤水分垂直变化和季节性变化的影响。研究结果表明不同的施肥管理方式显著影响了0~90 cm土层的土壤水分含量,表现为与无肥(CK)相比,化肥(NP)和有机肥+化肥(NPM)处理的0~90 cm土层土壤含水量分别减少了1.53%和3.45%。不同施肥管理方式下剖面土壤含水量的季节性变化为土壤含水量差异的最大时期出现在8月5日,表现为CK>NP>NP。根据土壤储水量的季节性变化,将作物生长季内土壤水分划分为三个时期,分别为相对稳定期(4月30日~5月30日),水分消耗期(5月30日~6月30日)和水分恢复期(6月30日~10月5日),其中NP和NPM处理土壤储水量一直处于较低水平。土壤水分被消耗的最大时期出现在6月末。  相似文献   

20.
土壤含水量（soil water content, SWC）和土壤含盐量（soil salt content, SSC）是影响作物生长和农业生产力的重要因素。光学卫星图像已成为SWC和SSC估计的主要数据源。然而,在SWC或SSC变化较大地区,土壤水分和盐分会影响对方对光谱反射率的响应,使得SSC和SWC的反演精度较差。对此,该研究提出了一个半解析性的反射率模型—RVS模型,来模拟植被光谱反射率（Rv）对作物根区土壤含水量和含盐量的响应;并通过构建的RVS模型,对植被覆盖区域的土壤含水量和土壤含盐量进行同步监测。研究表明：RVS模型在反演研究区土壤含盐量和含水量时,精度较为可靠(水分：决定系数R2为0.63～0.74,均方根误差为0.017～0.028;盐分：决定系数R2为0.68～0.75,均方根误差为0.0525～0.0617)。在作物生长过程中,植被光谱反射率对深层土壤的含水量和含盐量的响应比对浅层土壤的含水量和含盐量的响应更加明显,而且随着作物的生长,影响光谱反射率的主导因素从土壤水分慢慢转向土壤盐分和水盐相互作用。该研究在一定程度上揭示了土壤水分、盐分、水盐交互作用对作物光谱反射率的干扰过程,实现土壤水分和盐分的同步监测,对实现区域尺度上土壤含盐量和含水量的精准监测具有一定的意义。  相似文献   

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