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1.
大豆的氮素营养来源主要是根瘤菌共生固定大气中的氮和土壤供氮(包括施氮肥)。然而大豆播种后的一个月内共生固氮量甚微,且我国不少地区农田土壤缺氮。在缺氮的土壤条件下,如果早期不施氮肥,往往出现大豆氮素饥饿,营养生长势弱,并导致整个生育期间植株矮小,叶片发黄,光合作用效率不高,产量很低。配合其它肥料施用适量 相似文献
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不同甘蔗品种根际土壤酶活性及微生物群落多样性分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过桶栽试验,比较了8个甘蔗品种吸氮效率的差异以及不同品种根际土壤酶活性和微生物群落多样性的差异,以期为甘蔗生产上的选种以及蔗地土壤生产力的维持提供科学支持。在甘蔗大生长期末期收集甘蔗植株和根际土壤,比较不同品种甘蔗植株的吸氮效率和氮肥利用率、测定根际土壤蔗糖酶以及脲酶活性、利用Miseq高通量测序技术对甘蔗根际细菌群落多样性进行分析。研究结果表明,不同甘蔗品种在大生长期末期的吸氮效率存在一定差异,8个品种的植株平均吸氮效率为17.95%~27.57%,氮肥利用率为22.15%~34.02%,其中吸氮效率及氮肥利用率最高的品种是‘桂糖44号’,最低的是‘桂选B9’;8个品种的根际土壤蔗糖酶活性3.51~6.56 mg/(g·d),脲酶活性1.12~ 1.42 mg/(g·d),不同品种间存在一定差异,土壤酶活性表现较高的品种为‘桂糖48号’和‘新台糖22号’,而‘粤糖93159’的土壤酶活相对较低。高通量测序分析结果显示,8个不同品种甘蔗根际土壤细菌种群结构存在一定差异,不同品种间在优势菌群组成上差异不显著,主要差异表现在优势菌属的丰度上,其中‘桂糖44号’和‘粤糖93159’均以Bacillus为最主要的优势菌属,而其他6个品种的主要优势菌属均为Chryseolinea。冗余分析结果显示,甘蔗氮吸收率、土壤碱解氮含量以及土壤pH对土壤微生物群落结构的影响最大;相关性分析表明,不同甘蔗品种吸氮效率的差异以及部分土壤理化指标均与根际土壤微生物群落中不同优势菌门存在一定的相关性;根系微生物菌群结构的差异可能在一定程度上影响了甘蔗的吸氮效率。本研究结果初步揭示了不同甘蔗品种氮肥利用率与根际微生物群落结构的相关关系,为深入研究甘蔗根际微生物多样性及功能与环境因子之间的关系提供了借鉴。 相似文献
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固氮螺菌(Azospirillum)属的固氮细菌与主要禾谷类以及饲草根际的紧密结合作用(联合共生、固氮生物的根际群落)具有深远的意义。对于节省昂贵的氮肥来说,这种结合作用无疑是一项有力的措施。应用固氮螺菌—泥炭种菌的接种试验于1978—1980年在以色列大田上进行,这些地块施氮量和灌溉条件均不同。接种利于几种粮食 相似文献
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减氮、加菌、改善土壤物理性状提高大豆固氮能力 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
氮是大豆生长必须的营养元素之一。大豆是豆科作物,具有共生固氮能力,据估算东北黑土区大豆共生固氮潜力在150～200kg/hm2之间,同时大豆的共生固氮能力受多种因素的影响。土壤中的根瘤菌对氮的响应表现为使用过多的氮肥会抑制根瘤菌的繁殖生长,但少量地使用化肥有利于提高大豆的共生固氮能力。改善土壤物理性状能够增加土壤中的根瘤数量,进而提高大豆的共生固氮能力。基于上述事实我们提出了"减氮、加菌、改善土壤物理性状"的模式,该模式将大豆产量提高了15.3%,氮肥节约了33.3%。 相似文献
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《福建热作科技》1979,(1)
植物生长和繁殖都需要氮素,缺乏氮素会降低作物生长量、产量和质量。栽培植物的有效氮素来自土壤的有机质、肥料和微生物的生物固氮作用。某些自生的土壤微生物和植物微生物共生,把大气中大量的氮气（近80％）转换成可供植物生长利用的化合物。用“生物方法”固定下来的氮素补充了土壤中氮素的贮备,并有助于增进土壤肥力。有一种称为根瘤菌的土壤细菌与豆科植物共生就能产生这种固氮系统。根瘤菌侵染豆科植物的根毛而产生肿块,称为根瘤。在根瘤里面,气态氮被转换成多种氨基酸,使植物能直接利用。植物反过来为假菌体提供光合碳水化合物。结果,大部份固定下来的氮素结合在土壤中而成为动植物残渣;随着微生物分解作用,被固定的氮就转换成含氮的物质供植物群丛使用。热带地区生物固氮每年每公顷为20—650公斤。而100公斤固氮量等于施用500公斤硫酸铵肥料,因此,对农业生产具有重要的经济意义。 相似文献
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大豆共生固氮在农业减肥增效中的贡献及应用潜力 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
近年来,过度施用氮肥对农业生态环境造成了严重破坏。因此,有必要挖掘和寻求其它氮素来源。生物固氮是固氮微生物将空气中的分子态氮还原成氨的过程。其中,豆科植物-根瘤菌共生固氮占生物固氮量的60%以上,对农业生产具有重要的作用。大豆是我国主要的蛋白质和油料作物,也是农业生产中优良的轮作换茬和间套种作物。因此,充分发挥大豆的生物固氮作用,对减肥增效及发展环境友好型可持续生态农业意义重大。文章概述了生物固氮的生态效益、大豆生物固氮对农业生产的贡献潜力、以磷增氮机制及存在的问题等,以期为农业减肥增效及国内大豆产业提供一些可参考的途径和依据。 相似文献
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一种生物刺激素对大豆根际土壤微生物群落的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究生物刺激素(二苯基脲磺酸钙)对大豆根际土壤微生物群落的影响,采用中华费氏根瘤菌或不同浓度的生物刺激素对汾豆78进行浸种,田间条件下播种后在大豆花期时采集大豆根际土壤,并通过对比改良SDS法、TSAI法、生工试剂盒法和Mobile试剂盒法,选取效果最佳的Mobile试剂盒法进行土壤细菌DNA提取,对目的片段16S V3区进行特异性扩增,扩增产物用于后续高通量测序分析。结果表明:5个试验组与CK组相比,试验组Shannon数值下降。处理S2、S3、S4和S5与CK相比,变形菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门相对含量增加;酸杆菌门和硬壁菌门相对含量减少。试验还发现在属的水平上,一些对大豆生长有益和促进固氮的功能菌种有增加趋势。生物刺激素使大豆根际土壤微生物多样性下降;可以促进根瘤菌的生长,增加根际土壤微生物中根瘤菌的含量;同时生物刺激素还可以促进根际土壤微生物中功能菌属的数量,不仅促进大豆固氮,还促进大豆生长发育。 相似文献
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应用~(15)N标记尿素,在山东省花生研究所盆栽场,用中等肥力砂壤上进行盆栽试验.氮素利用率和残留率与施氮量呈极显著负相关,氮素损失率与施氮量呈极显著正相关。花生植株体总氮中,肥料供氮率和土壤供氮率与施氮量呈极显著正相关,根瘤菌供氮率与施氮量呈极显著负相关.施氮肥可提高土壤AN值和激发率,有利于花生对土壤氮的吸收,但氮肥用量过多,会明显地抑制根瘤菌固氮,降低花生收获后的土壤全氮量,而荚果产量增减产差异不显著.故花生不宜多施氮肥. 相似文献
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氮肥管理与根瘤菌接种模式对花生生长、氮吸收利用及产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探求豫南砂姜黑土区花生高产和氮肥高效利用栽培技术，采用大田试验，研究了氮肥管理与不同根瘤菌接种模式（拌种或土施）对花生生长、氮吸收利用及产量的影响。结果表明，施氮提高了花生叶片SPAD值，有效促进花生生长，显著增加了氮利用率和荚果产量。两种根瘤菌接种模式下，不同氮肥管理中均以50%N基施+50%N开花期追施和100%N基施处理的第一侧枝长、总分枝数、单株饱果数、单株饱果重和百果重、氮利用率和产量显著高于50%N开花期追施+50%N结荚期追施处理，说明要实现花生高产和氮素高效利用需在花生生育前期施用一定量的氮肥。比较根瘤菌拌种和土施2种接种模式，以根瘤菌拌种配施氮肥对花生的增产效果较好，但与根瘤菌土施配施氮肥处理间差异不显著。综合分析，在豫南砂姜黑土区，花生种植采用氮肥50%基施、50%开花期追施配合根瘤菌拌种的模式增产效果最好，氮肥利用效率最高。 相似文献
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《中国油料作物学报(英文)》2020,5(1):6-10
Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important economic legume crops with largest planting area, and is also an important oil crop, as well as food and feed material. Soybean-rhizobia symbiosis plays important roles in plant cultivation and fertilizer application. However, there are many problems in agricultural application of soybean symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In this review, we summarized three restriction factors (host specificity, low nitrogen fixation efficiency and abiotic stress) and discussed research progresses of these factors. Clarification of host specific mechanism will help to select and apply rhizobia inoculants. Both maintaining high nitrogenase activity and delaying nodule senescence can improve the efficiency of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Abiotic stress-tolerant rhizobia can improve the abiotic stress tolerance of soybean. Breeding stress tolerant genotypes of soybean and rhizobia, obtaining correlated genes are the common strategies to improve soybean symbiotic nitrogen fixation under extreme conditions. Regulatory mechanisms of these restriction factors are still poorly understood and needs further clarification. 相似文献
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Ron J. Yates Emma J. Steel Chris M. Poole Robert J. Harrison Tom J. Edwards Belinda F. Hackney Georgina R. Stagg John G. Howieson 《Grass and Forage Science》2021,76(1):44-56
Climate variability and current farming practices have led to declining soil fertility and pH, with a heavy reliance on fertilizers and herbicides. The addition of forage and grain legumes to farming systems not only improves soil health but also increases farm profitability through nitrogen (N) fertilizer cost offsets. However, the formation of effective symbioses between legumes and rhizobia can be unreliable and is considered at risk when combined with dry sowing practices such as those that have been designed to obviate effects of climate change. This research was initiated to improve the robustness of the legume/rhizobia symbiosis in low pH, infertile and dry soils. Production from two cultivars of field pea (Pisum sativum) and two species of vetch (Vicia spp.), and symbiotic outcomes when inoculated with a range of experimental rhizobial strains (Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae), was assessed in broad acre field trials which simulated farmer practice. New rhizobia strains increased nodulation, N fixation, produced more biomass and higher seed yield than comparator commercial strains. Strain WSM4643 also demonstrated superior survival when desiccated compared to current commercial strains in the laboratory and on seed when delivered as inoculant in peat carriers. WSM4643 is a suitable prospect for a commercial inoculant in Australia and other agricultural areas of the world where growing peas and vetch on soils generally considered problematic for this legume/rhizobia symbiosis. A particular advantage of WSM4643 may be that it potentiates sowing inoculated legumes into dry soil, which is a contemporary response by farmers to climate variation. 相似文献
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Ron J. Yates Robert J. Harrison Angelo Loi Emma J. Steel Tom J. Edwards Brad J. Nutt Claudio Porqueddu Fabio Gresta John G. Howieson 《Grass and Forage Science》2021,76(1):33-43
Over the last three decades, farming systems in Europe and Australia have seen a decline in legume plantings, leading to reduced soil carbon and fertility, and an increase in plant disease, reliance on industrial nitrogen fertilizer and herbicides. In Australia, one reason for this decline has been the movement towards sowing crops and forages into dry soil, before the opening rains, as a consequence of climate variability. This practice predicates against the survival of rhizobial inoculants, and hence generates uncertainty about legume performance. The research reported here was initiated to improve the robustness of a specific forage legume/rhizobia symbiosis to increase nitrogen fixation in low pH, infertile soils. Rhizobial strains (Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae) from Pisum sativum L. were sourced from acid soils in southern Italy and southern Australia. Strains were evaluated for N fixation on the forage legumes P. sativum, Vicia sativa and Vicia villosa, then for survival and persistence in acid soils (pHCa 4.6). Fourteen of the strains produced a higher percentage of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) compared to commercial comparator strain SU303 (<78%). Twenty‐two strains survived sufficiently into the second season to form more nodules than SU303, which only achieved 3% of plants nodulated. Elite strains WSM4643 and WSM4645 produced six times more nodulated plants than SU303 and had significantly higher saprophytic competence in acid soil. These strains have the ability to optimize symbiotic associations with field peas and vetch in soils with low fertility, carbon and pH that are restrictive to the current commercial strain SU303. 相似文献
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Qing Du Li Zhou Ping Chen Xiaoming Liu Chun Song Feng Yang Xiaochun Wang Weiguo Liu Xin Sun Junbo Du Jiang Liu Kai Shu Wenyu Yang Taiwen Yong 《作物学报(英文版)》2020,(1):140-152
Optimized nitrogen(N)management can increase N-use efficiency in intercropping systems.Legume-nonlegume intercropping systems can reduce N input by exploiting biological N fixation by legumes.Measurement of N utilization can help in dissecting the mechanisms underlying N uptake and utilization in legume-nonlegume intercropping systems.An experiment was performed with three planting patterns:monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(SS),and maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS),and three N application levels:zero N(NN),reduced N(RN),and conventional N(CN)to investigate crop N uptake and utilization characteristics.N recovery efficiency and 15N recovery rate of crops were higher under RN than under CN,and those under RN were higher under intercropping than under the corresponding monocultures.Compared with MM,IMS showed a lower soil N-dependent rate(SNDR)in 2012.However,the SNDR of MM rapidly declined from 86.8%in 2012 to 49.4%in 2014,whereas that of IMS declined slowly from 75.4%in 2012 to 69.4%in 2014.The interspecific N competition rate(NCRms)was higher under RN than under CN,and increased yearly.Soybean nodule dry weight and nitrogenase activities were respectively 34.2%and 12.5%higher under intercropping than in monoculture at the beginning seed stage.The amount(Ndfa)and ratio(%Ndfa)of soybean N2 fixation were significantly greater under IS than under SS.In conclusion,N fertilizer was more efficiently used under RN than under CN;in particular,the relay intercropping system promoted N fertilizer utilization in comparison with the corresponding monocultures.An intercropping system helps to maintain soil fertility because interspecific N competition promotes biological N fixation by soybean by reducing N input.Thus,a maize-soybean relay intercropping system with reduced N application is sustainable and environmentally friendly. 相似文献
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8株优良大豆根瘤菌与不同地区27个大豆主栽品种的匹配性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
大豆是我国重要的油料作物和高蛋白粮饲兼用作物,具有与根瘤菌共生固氮的能力。近十几年来,我国大豆品种更新快,导致大豆根瘤菌株与新品种匹配能力差、接种效果不明显。筛选与主栽大豆品种匹配性好、固氮效率高的广谱性优良菌株,可为针对性的施用大豆根瘤菌接种剂提供菌种资源和方案。选取本实验室前期分离保存的6个优良快生型大豆根瘤菌株和2个慢生型大豆根瘤菌株,在砂培盆栽条件下与不同地区的27个大豆主栽品种进行匹配试验。测定分析了植株地上部分生物量、高度、根瘤数量、根瘤生物量和根瘤固氮酶活指标。结果表明:不同大豆根瘤菌之间结瘤固氮能力存在极显著的差异;供试根瘤菌均能够与国内24个大豆品种结瘤,广谱性较好;植株地上部分高度、根瘤数量、根瘤生物量和根瘤固氮酶活与地上部分生物量呈显著相关;大部分接种根瘤菌后的植物生物量显著高于CK;HN01、GR3、HH29、HH103匹配性和固氮效率均不逊色于USDA110,具有在东北地区、黄淮海地区、长江流域、东南地区推广的潜能;从品种来看,中豆39、BD2、天隆1号与8株供试大豆根瘤菌的匹配接种表现出高生物量特点。此外,本文还筛选出大豆-大豆根瘤菌的表型最佳匹配组合中豆39-GR3,适合长江流域地区;同样筛选到东北地区、黄淮海地区、东南地区最佳匹配组合,分别是HN01-辽豆14、HN01-徐豆14、HN01-BD2。本文初步建立了优良根瘤菌与大豆主栽品种的匹配关系,为在田间试验中进一步筛选和应用这些优良菌株提供了材料和指导。 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):281-304
Summary Actinorhizal species of trees and shrubs are a diverse group of plants that may survive in poor soils by virtue of their associations with the actinomycete Frankia. These species include several important woody plants that are well suited for horticultural use in temperate climates. The symbiosis between Frankia and actinorhizal species shows some similarity to symbioses between rhizobia and woody legumes, and a common ancestor has been proposed for the predisposition to root-nodule symbiosis. Despite their probable common origin, important differences exist between actinorhizal and leguminous symbioses; characteristics of the microsymbiont, nodule architecture, and mechanisms controlling oxygen relations of the nodule are among the ways the two systems differ. If nitrogen fixation is sustained under unfavorable conditions, woody plants that associate with nitrogen-fixing organisms may show enhanced tolerance of environmental stress; species of plants capable of nitrogen-fixing symbioses are known to have comparatively strong resistance to invasion by pathogens. Expansion of the capacity to form nitrogen-fixing symbioses to novel species is a goal of those concerned with the economic and ecological impact of chemical fertilizers. Small in-roads have been made in this regard, but much remains to be discovered about introducing nitrogen fixation to additional species. Herein we review biological aspects of actinorhizal symbioses; consider the horticultural potential of temperate, woody species that form these symbioses; and discuss how nitrogen-fixing symbiosis may impact the stress resistance and use of actinorhizal species as horticultural crops. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):289-321
Summary Legumes are an important source of protein for humans and livestock. Legumes have also been used for soil improvement for centuries because of their N and non-N rotational benefits to non-legume crops. The N benefits include N2 fixation and mineralization, sparing of soil inorganic N, and reduced immobilization of soil inorganic N. The non-N benefits include breaking pest cycles, improvement of soil structure, and the nutritional and disease-control effects of endophytic rhizobia. Therefore, optimizing the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis is important, and it can be done by selecting or modifying either (or both) symbiotic partner(s) for desirable traits related to N2 fixation. Rhizobium strains can be selected or genetically modified for traits like N2 fixation potential, nodulation competitiveness, persistence in soil, compatibility with inoculant carriers, and tolerance to environmental stress factors. Legume genotypes can also be selected, bred or genetically modified for N2 fixation potential, restricted or preferential nodulation, and tolerance to nitrate and environmental stress factors. When choosing prospective strains or legume genotypes for a particular environment, time and resources can be saved by realizing that the most adaptable rhizobia or legume genotypes are usually those isolated from similar environments. Inoculant delivery methods also affect N2 fixation. Soil inoculation, particularly with granular inoculants, seems to be often better and never worse than seed inoculation for initiating nodulation and N2 fixation. Use of pre-inoculated seeds eliminates the seed inoculation operation, but Rhizobium numbers in pre-inoculated seeds tend to be lower than those in traditional inoculant products. Therefore, the time saved by using pre-inoculated seeds should be weighed against the possibility that crop yields may be lower if insufficient Rhizobium numbers are delivered. Until tools for genetic modification of rhizobia or legumes to suit specific requirements are commonly used, N2 fixation can be enhanced by adopting practices like choosing the best combinations of Rhizobium strains and legume genotypes, the best inoculant formulation and delivery methods, optimum inoculation rates, and providing favourable growing conditions for the crop. 相似文献