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1.
利用热脉冲液流仪和微型自动气象站,在北京市延庆县上辛庄水土保持站观测研究了雨季不同天气条件下官厅库区的小叶杨树干边材液流通量密度变化规律及其对环境因子(气象条件、土壤水分)的响应.结果表明,边材液流通量密度曲线在不同天气条件下均具有明显的昼夜变化规律:液流通量密度通常于清晨5∶30-6∶30时开始上升;12∶00-13∶00时达到峰值;16∶00时开始持续下降,20∶00时下降速度变慢,至次日日出之前达到低谷.日液流通量密度(SFA)与日太阳辐射量(ESR)、日均空气温度(Ta)和日均空气相对湿度(RH)均存在极显著正相关关系,与日均0～40 cm土层蓄水量(Sw40)存在极显著负相关关系,经回归分析建立了日液流通量密度与各环境因子的线性关系:SFA=69.7 5.63ESR 3.12Ta 0.239RH-1.13Sw40(R=0.752). 相似文献
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《中国森林病虫》2018,(6)
野外采集杜鹃三节叶蜂Arge similis 3龄及以上老熟幼虫或茧在室温(25±1)℃、光周期L∶D=14∶10(光期6∶00—20∶00,暗期20∶00—6∶00)、空气相对湿度RH=75%±10%的实验室饲养,观察成虫羽化、求偶、交尾等生殖节律。结果表明:杜鹃三节叶蜂结茧后10 d即可羽化,主要集中在蛹期12~16 d的光期,13 d为羽化高峰,光期3~7 h(9∶00—13∶00)为羽化高峰期;求偶行为主要发生在光期7. 5~9 h(13∶30—15∶00),高峰期出现在光期8. 5 h(14∶30),雌虫求偶率和求偶次数随着日龄增大而降低;成虫交尾主要集中在前3日龄,交尾持续时间随日龄增加而下降,交尾后雌虫的平均产卵量为25粒。 相似文献
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采用室内饲养方式,首次对会泽新松叶蜂Neodiprion huizeensis成虫日节律进行全程观察记录。结果发现:会泽新松叶蜂羽化成虫中雌虫数量占优势,羽化率73. 17%,被寄生率12. 17%;成虫羽化随时间变化十分明显,羽化高峰期在11∶00—13∶00,其间羽化数量占羽化总数的71%;交配行为日节律明显,高峰期集中在11∶00—13∶00,12∶00时最高,达到25%;产卵行为从7∶00开始增加,在13∶00—15∶00处于高峰,13∶00时最高,达到32. 5%。成虫行为的日时间分配中所占比例最大的为静息行为,其次为移动行为和产卵行为,最小的是交配行为;移动行为主要在白天进行,高峰出现在11∶00—13∶00,夜间成虫基本不进行活动。 相似文献
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《四川林业科技》2021,(2)
活动节律是动物内源节律应对环境压力的动态生活策略,反映了个体对资源与威胁的适应。毛冠鹿是广泛分布在西南山地森林中的优势有蹄类,但至今未见专题报道。2017年1月至2019年11月,笔者利用红外相机在四川白河国家级自然保护区对毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)进行了调查,分析了它们的活动节律及其季节性变化。结果显示:1)毛冠鹿具有明显的晨昏活动,分别在6:00—10:00时,16:00—20:00时活动强度最高;2)毛冠鹿的活动节律存在季节性变化,春季和夏季重叠指数最高(■=0.90),秋季和冬季重叠指数最低(■=0.78);春冬季相对于夏秋季,早上的活动高峰推迟,傍晚的活动高峰提前;3)毛冠鹿不具有明显的夜行性,但冬春季夜间活动明显高于夏秋季。我们认为极端温度和食物供给是其日活动节律季节变化的主要驱动因素。 相似文献
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【目的】南京隐翅虫是在受松材线虫病危害的病死木皮下发现的隐翅虫新种,与小蠹、天牛等多种次期性害虫的时间和空间生态位跟随关系密切,具有作为媒介昆虫防治蛀干害虫的潜力。研究南京隐翅虫不同发育阶段个体的形态特征、成虫的食性及昼夜活动节律,能够为进一步的研究和应用提供参考。【方法】室内观察南京隐翅虫不同发育阶段个体的形态特征,通过人工饲养并结合口器解剖研究南京隐翅虫成虫的食性;应用"陷阱法"观察试虫的昼夜活动节律。【结果】南京隐翅虫幼虫为寡足型,口器咀嚼式,胸足发达,蛹为裸蛹,成虫体长1.5～2.0 mm,身体狭长平行,头、中后胸、腹部6～8节颜色较深,身体其他部分浅黄色。成虫喜食人为杀死的跳虫成虫、蝇科幼龄幼虫及天牛幼虫,对于小蠹科、象甲科、叩甲科、蚁科、蠼螋科的幼虫尸体表现出取食行为,试验过程中并未观察到捕食其他生物活体。室内南京隐翅虫成虫昼夜活动节律高峰期分别是8:00—11:00以及20:00—22:00。【结论】南京隐翅虫成虫为尸食性,其昼夜活动节律受温度影响较大。 相似文献
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为了解浙江省建德市境内白鹇(Muntiacus reevesi)的分布及活动节律,于2022年1-12月,利用红外相机对其进行了网格化监测,布设102个红外相机监测点,共调查了36720相机日。结果表明：白鹇倾向于在常绿阔叶林中活动(相对丰富度指数为3.44%),在海拔200～299 m的区域活动更频繁(相对丰富度指数为2.56%),以航头镇的活动强度最大(相对丰富度指数为8.33%);白鹇种群日活动模式为三峰型,活动高峰分别为6:00、11:00和17:00;全年当中以3-4月份和11月份活动较为频繁。研究结果可为白鹇种群及其栖息地的管理与保护提供基础。 相似文献
8.
全面的活动节律研究对野生动物保护和管理有重要意义。豹猫在我国分布广泛,但关于其活动节律的研究相对较少。本研究于2017年9月至2019年9月开展了为期两年的野外红外相机调查,在92个网格共布设109个红外相机,并对回收数据进行统计分析。结果显示：(1)共有34个网格拍摄到豹猫,占所有网格的36.9%,拍摄位置主要为海拔1 000～2 400 m范围内较平缓沟谷林地中;(2)豹猫属于典型的夜行性动物,早晨6∶00前后和晚上的20∶00前后存在两个活动高峰期;(3)豹猫在夏季活动强度最高,其次是春季和秋季,冬季活动强度最低,其四个季节的日活动节律差异不显著,重叠系数在春季和夏季最高,夏季和冬季最低。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
13.
Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
18.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
19.
Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
20.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献