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本文探测了无机肥(磷和钾)对苗圃内培养的印度黄檀生长和结瘤的影响。播种前,磷和钾肥以不同比例混合后与营养匮乏的自然林土壤混合,然后混合土再补以粪肥(混合土:粪肥=3:1)。出苗后60天时记录植株结瘤状况(结瘤数、形状、鲜重、干重和颜色)和植株生长参数(枝条和根长及鲜重和干重、直径)。与对照相比,补充肥料的土壤显著地改变了植株生长和结瘤状况(P<0.05)。植株结瘤的数目、鲜重和干重均在磷钾施肥量为 160kg/hm2时达到最大值,分别为62, 0.05g和0.07g。不同比例的补肥处理改变了结瘤形状和颜色,同时显著地影响了枝条和根长、直径、鲜重和干重等生长参数。研究揭示:苗圃内生长的黄檀,在贫瘠的自然林土壤中施以160kg/hm2磷钾肥并混以粪肥(混合土:粪肥=3:1)可使植株生长和结瘤的形成达最佳。 相似文献
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植物生长延缓剂能够抑制植物细胞生长,使植株长得粗壮,根系发达,从而增强植物的抗逆性。试验研究了不同浓度的植物生长延缓剂矮壮素(CCC)和多效唑(PP333)对越冬期辣韭矢竹组培苗生长的影响。结果表明:经CCC和PP333处理后的苗木,植株高生长明显降低,而分枝率和分蘖率显著增加;对植株叶绿素荧光参数的影响表现为,PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)和电子传递速率(ETR)均显著上升,光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)均显著下降,表明竹苗接受和传递光电子的能力增强,光合潜力上升,光机构得到保护,受低温伤害减轻,植株抗寒性增强。比较不同浓度CCC和PP333的处理效果显示,800 mg/L的PP333和3 000 mg/L的CCC处理的植株均有较好的抗寒能力。综合来看,3 000 mg/L的CCC对辣韭矢竹苗在寒冷条件下的保护最全面。 相似文献
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孟加拉东南部土壤中的砷含量很高,不仅威胁人的健康,而且对土壤也有破坏作用。云南石梓(Gmelina arborea)在孟加拉是个快速生长的树种,也是含砷土壤中的潜力树种。研究评价了含砷试验土中丛枝菌根真菌对云南石梓(Gmelina arborea)生长的影响。播种前,四种不同浓度的砷(10mg·kg-1、25mg·kg-1、50mg·kg-1和100mg·kg-1)被加入到试验土中。记录生长参数,如,植物的根、苗鲜重、干重、冠幅径、根长和苗高、根瘤菌和孢子菌群落。菌根植株较非菌根植株生长好。与其它含砷量高的土壤中植株的生长情况相比,在含砷量为10-mg·kg-1的土壤中,菌根植株和菌根生长效果最佳,菌根植株生物量最高。随着砷浓度的增加,种苗生长,根瘤菌和孢子菌群落均明显降低p0.05)。与非菌根植株比较,菌根植株高生长增加了40%,生物量增加了2.4倍。研究表明,根瘤菌接种可以减少有害土壤中的云南石梓(Gmelina arborea)的初生长的影响。 相似文献
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舒马栎无性繁殖困难,以舒马栎优良无性系2号为接穗,采用舒马栎实生容器苗为砧木,研究比较嫁接后套袋处理对舒马栎嫁接成活率和苗木生长的影响,以及施用聚谷氨酸、磷酸二氢钾、芸苔素、生根剂等4种肥药对嫁接后生长衰弱植株成活率和生长的影响.结果表明,嫁接后套袋可使接穗萌发时间比对照(不套袋)提早7d左右;嫁接成活率达73.3％,是对照的2.4倍;当年苗高生长量72.1 cm,比对照增加9.9％.施药对嫁接后生长衰弱植株的成活率影响显著,其中浇施聚谷氨酸肥(200倍液)的效果最佳,嫁接成活率达85.7％,是对照(清水)的2.57倍;苗高和地径分别比对照增加100％和28.8％. 相似文献
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《林业与环境科学》2021,(4)
为了研究风沙流胁迫环境对梭梭Haloxylon ammodendron植株冠型特征的影响和适应机制,以2 a生梭梭为研究对象,在风沙环境风洞中分别模拟5、8、10、13、16和18 m·s~(-1)风沙流胁迫环境,定量分析风沙流胁迫对梭梭的生长和冠型特征的影响。结果表明:(1)不同强度风沙流胁迫后,梭梭枝条外表产生的伤害特征表现不一,植株恢复正常生长所需的时间也不同。18 m·s~(-1)风沙流胁迫20 min已达到致死风速,梭梭枝条恢复困难,永久死亡。(2)梭梭冠幅和植株体积大小随风沙流胁迫强度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势。梭梭冠幅和植株体积累计增加量大小排序分别为:轻度风沙流胁迫中度风沙流胁迫重度风沙流胁迫。(3)梭梭枝条长度、分枝数量和枝条直径大小随风沙流胁迫强度的增加呈二项式曲线变化,新生枝长度累加量呈直线方程快速减少,表明梭梭具有较强的形态可塑性与变异性。 相似文献
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以1996—2005年观测数据为基础,运用灰色系统理论和方法,分析环境因子对海南粗榧种群内的海南粗榧植株各林龄存活率、幼苗高度增加比、幼苗高度增加值的影响。结果表明:年最高温度对各种群海南粗榧幼苗的存活率影响最大,年最低温度对各种群海南粗榧幼苗的植株高度年增加值影响最大,而土壤的厚度及湿度严重影响了海南粗榧幼苗的生长。因此,在保护海南粗榧野生种群的生长过程中,应注意其生长环境(主要是温度及土壤)对植株的影响,以便提高幼苗的存活率并改善植株生长状况。 相似文献
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干旱胁迫对蚬木幼苗生长及光合特征的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨蚬木(Excentrodendron hsienmu)幼苗对干旱的适应能力,采用盆栽水分胁迫试验法,比较了田间最大持水量的65%~75%(对照)、50%~60%(轻度胁迫)、35%~45%(中度胁迫)和20%~30%(重度胁迫)4个水分梯度下,蚬木幼苗的生长、生物量分配及光合参数的变化。结果显示,重度胁迫显著抑制了幼苗的株高生长,地径生长受干旱影响不明显;中度和重度胁迫对植株茎、叶及总生物量积累产生显著影响,地上生物量比随土壤干旱增强下降、根生物量比和根冠比增加。干旱胁迫显著降低蚬木幼苗叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度。胞间CO2浓度在干旱初期先降后升、气孔限制值逐渐增加;随干旱时间延长和胁迫增强,胞间CO2浓度显著上升,气孔限制值变化趋势与之相反。水分利用效率总体上表现为随胁迫加剧而增强的趋势。胁迫初期,气孔限制因素与非气孔限制因素的共同作用可能导致了蚬木幼苗净光合速率的下降。蚬木幼苗在干旱胁迫下采取降低光合、增加地下生物量分配并减缓生长等适应策略,对干旱具有一定的耐受能力。土壤含水量低于最大田间持水量的65%~75%时,及时补充水分可以保证幼苗正常生长。 相似文献
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Díaz-Espejo A Walcroft AS Fernández JE Hafridi B Palomo MJ Girón IF 《Tree physiology》2006,26(11):1445-1456
We quantified parameters for a model of leaf-level photosynthesis for olive, and tested the model against an independent dataset. Specific temperature-dependence parameters of the model for olive leaves were measured, as well as the relationship of the model parameters with area-based leaf nitrogen (N) content. The effect of soil water deficit on leaf photosynthesis was examined by applying two irrigation treatments to 29-year-old trees growing in a plantation: drip irrigation sufficient to meet the crop water requirements (I) and dry-farming (D). In both treatments, leaves had a higher photosynthetic capacity in April than in August. In August, photosynthetic capacity was lower in D trees than in I trees. Leaf photosynthetic capacity was linearly and positively related to leaf N content on an area basis (N(a)) and to leaf mass per unit area (LMA), and the regression slope varied with irrigation treatment. The seasonal reduction in N(a) was used in the model to predict photosynthesis under drought conditions. Olive leaves showed a clear limitation of photosynthesis by triose phosphate utilization (TPU) even at 40 degrees C, and the data suggest that olive invests fewer resources in TPU than other species. The seasonal decrease in photosynthetic capacity moderated the stomatal limitation to carbon dioxide (CO(2)) fixation as soil water deficit increased. Further, it enabled leaves to operate close to the transition point between photosynthetic limitation due to RuBP carboxylation capacity and that due to RuBP regeneration capacity, and resulted in a near constant value of internal CO(2) concentration from April to August. Under well watered conditions, N-use efficiency of the olive leaves was enhanced at the expense of reduced water-use efficiency. 相似文献
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We used the plastochron index to study the relationship between plant age, leaf age and development, and net photosynthesis of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) seedlings. Leaf area and net photosynthesis were measured on all leaves >/= 75 mm of plants ranging in age from 7 to 20 plastochrons. Effects of plant developmental stage on leaf area and net photosynthesis were evaluated for leaves of differing age (horizontal series), leaves on plants of constant age (vertical series), and leaves of constant age (oblique series). Regression techniques were used to estimate leaf area from leaf blade dimensions. The best equations for predicting leaf area had R(2) values of 0.991-0.992 and used linear or logarithmic functions of both leaf length and width. Suitable, but less precise, equations with R(2) values of 0.946-0.962 were developed from either leaf length or leaf width. Leaf area development in black cherry seedlings was similar to that in other indeterminate species. Leaves of young plants reached full expansion at a lower leaf plastochron age than leaves of older plants. Maximum net photosynthesis per unit leaf area occurred 2-3 plastochrons before full leaf expansion. There was strong ontogenetic drift in net photosynthesis with leaf age; net photosynthesis decreased as plant age increased in leaves of the same plastochron age. Plots of the oblique series were particularly useful in providing information about interaction effects. 相似文献
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Mesophyll conductance, g(m), was estimated from measurements of stomatal conductance to carbon dioxide transfer, g(s), photosynthesis, A, and chlorophyll fluorescence for Year 0 (current-year) and Year 1 (1-year-old) fully sunlit leaves from short (2 m tall, 10-year-old) and tall (15 m tall, 120-year-old) Nothofagus solandrii var. cliffortiodes trees growing in adjacent stands. Rates of photosynthesis at saturating irradiance and ambient CO(2) partial pressure, A(satQ), were 25% lower and maximum rates of carboxylation, V(cmax), were 44% lower in Year 1 leaves compared with Year 0 leaves across both tree sizes. Although g(s) and g(m) were not significantly different between Year 0 and Year 1 leaves and g(s) was not significantly different between tree heights, g(m) was significantly (19%) lower for leaves on tall trees compared with leaves on short trees. Overall, V(cmax) was 60% higher when expressed on the basis of CO(2) partial pressure at the chloroplasts, C(c), compared with V(cmax) on the basis of intercellular CO(2) partial pressure, C(i), but this varied with leaf age and tree size. To interpret the relative stomatal and mesophyll limitations to photosynthesis, we used a model of carbon isotopic composition for whole leaves incorporating g(m) effects to generate a surface of 'operating values' of A over the growing season for all leaf classes. Our analysis showed that A was slightly higher for leaves on short compared with tall trees, but lower g(m) apparently reduced actual A substantially compared with A(satQ). Our findings showed that lower rates of photosynthesis in Year 1 leaves compared with Year 0 leaves were attributable more to increased biochemical limitation to photosynthesis in Year 1 leaves than differences in g(m). However, lower A in leaves on tall trees compared with those on short trees could be attributed in part to lower g(m) and higher stomatal, L(s), and mesophyll, L(m), limitations to photosynthesis, consistent with steeper hydraulic gradients in tall trees. 相似文献
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We determined how specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf nitrogen (SLN), leaf area index (LAI), light-saturated photosynthesis (Amax) and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of three commercially important hardwood species, eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and cherrybark oak (Quercus falcata var.pagodafolia Ell.), vary across a soil resource gradient. Five treatments were applied in a randomized block design (control, irrigation only (IRR), and irrigation plus fertilization with 56, 112 or 224 kg N ha-1 year-1 (N56, N112 and N224)) with four replications per species. When trees were 6 years old, Amax, SLA, SLN, LAI and ANPP were quantified during peak leaf production within a single growing season. In all species, Amax for sun leaves was significantly higher than for shade leaves (34, 32 and 29 micromol m2 s-1 versus 27, 23 and 23 micromol m2 s-1 for cottonwood, cherrybark oak and sycamore sun and shade leaves, respectively) and tended to plateau in the N112 treatment. The SLA was significantly lower in sun than in shade leaves and reached a plateau in IRR-treated cottonwood and sycamore, and in N56-treated oak. Values of SLN peaked in the N122 treatment for cottonwood sun leaves (1.73 g N m2) and in the N56 treatment for sycamore and oak (1.54 and 1.90 g N m2, respectively). In sun and shade leaves of all species, Amax increased with increasing SLN. Cherrybark oak LAI reached a plateau across the resource gradient in the N56 treatment, whereas cottonwood and sycamore LAI reached a plateau in the IRR treatment. All species exhibited significant curvilinear relationships between canopy Amax and ANPP. These findings indicate that nutrients and water regulate leaf-level traits such as SLA and SLN, which in turn influence LAI and canopy photosynthesis, thereby affecting ANPP at the tree and stand levels. 相似文献
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The biochemically based leaf photosynthesis model proposed by Farquhar et al. (1980) and the stomatal conductance model proposed by Jarvis (1976) were parameterized for walnut. Responses of photosynthesis to CO(2) and irradiance were used to determine the key parameters of the photosynthesis model. Concurrently, stomatal conductance responses to leaf irradiance (Q), leaf temperature (T(l)), water vapor pressure deficit at the leaf surface (D), and air CO(2) concentration at the leaf surface (C(s)) were used to parameterize the stomatal conductance model. To test the generality of the model parameters, measurements were made on leaves from a 20-year-old tree growing in the field, and from sunlit and shaded greenhouse-grown seedlings. The three key parameters of the photosynthesis model (maximum carboxylation rate V(cmax), electron transport capacity J(max), and dark respiration rate R(d)) and the key parameter of the conductance model (reference stomatal conductance, g(sref)) were linearly correlated with the amount of leaf nitrogen per unit leaf area. Unique relationships could be used to describe nitrogen effects on these parameters for leaves from both the tree and the seedlings. Our data allowed separation of the effects of increasing total photosynthetic apparatus per unit leaf area from the effects of partitioning nitrogen among different pools of this apparatus for foliage acclimation to leaf irradiance. Strong correlations were found between stomatal conductance g(s) and Q, D and C(s), whereas the relationship between g(s) and T(l) was weak. Based on these parameterizations, the model adequately predicted leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance when tested with an independent set of data obtained for the tree and seedlings. Total light-driven electron flows derived from chlorophyll fluorescence data obtained at different leaf temperatures were consistent with values computed by the model. The model was also tested with branch bag data acquired from a three-year-old potted walnut tree. Despite a relatively large variance between observed and simulated values, the model predicted stomatal conductance and photosynthesis reasonably well at the branch scale. The results indicate that the photosynthesis-conductance model developed here is robust and can be applied to walnut trees and seedlings under various environmental conditions where water is non-limiting. 相似文献
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光叶子花不同叶位叶片叶绿素含量和光合作用研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文以光叶子花炼苗60 d组培苗为材料,对光叶子花不同叶位叶绿素含量、呼吸作用(Re)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、净光合速(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶面饱和水汽压亏缺(Vpdl)等进行了测定。试验结果表明,光叶子花叶片单位重量和单位面积叶绿素含量、净光合速度和水分利用效率(WUE)均随叶位上升呈先增大后减小趋势变化,其最大值都出现在第6叶位叶片;叶片呼吸速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均随叶位上升而减小;叶片胞间CO2浓度随叶位上升呈先减小后增大变化;叶面饱和水汽压亏缺随叶位上升而增大。由于光叶子花中部叶片叶绿素含量、Pn和WUE相对较高,因此在今后的栽培管理中应对中部叶片加强保护。 相似文献
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Changes in net carbon assimilation and water status were studied during leaf development in the deciduous, tropical species Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. In this upland savanna African tree, bud-burst and leaf development occur approximately two months before the rainy season. The newly formed leaves synthesize anthocyanin until the fully expanded leaves of the whole canopy are red. This foliage is referred to as "spring flush" foliage. Subsequently, the anthocyanins are metabolized and the pre-rain leaves become green. Carbon dioxide assimilation exhibited a bimodal diurnal pattern and was similar for pre-rain green leaves and fully expanded flushing leaves, although pre-rain green leaves showed a net uptake of carbon throughout the daylight period, whereas flushing leaves exhibited only brief periods of net photosynthesis in the morning and early afternoon. Measurements of leaf water potential and relative water content showed a diurnal pattern with considerable variation throughout the day. Leaf water potential and relative water content values decreased soon after sunrise reaching a minimum at a time corresponding to the afternoon peak in CO(2) assimilation. Stomatal conductance was closely related to transpiration rate in both flushing and pre-rain green leaves, although flushing leaves had lower stomatal conductances than pre-rain green leaves. Pre-rain green leaves exhibited a compensation irradiance of approximately 180 micro mol m(-2) s(-1), whereas flushing leaves had positive net photosynthesis only at PPFDs greater than 300 micro mol m(-2) s(-1). Rate of photosynthesis (expressed per leaf area or chlorophyll unit) increased as anthocyanin concentration decreased, although the photosynthetic rate continued to increase long after the leaf anthocyanins had been degraded to low, visually undetectable amounts. Post-rain green leaves had chlorophyll concentrations, transpiration rates and stomatal conductances similar to those of pre-rain green leaves; however, photosynthetic rates in post-rain leaves were more than three times higher. Thus, during the early stages of the spring flush, carbon asimilation rates of the flushing leaves were inversely related to leaf anthocyanin concentrations. In pre-rain green leaves, photosynthesis was limited by other non-stomatal factors. 相似文献
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城市樟树人工林冠层光合作用的时空特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用便携式光合作用系统Licor—6400对长沙市近50年生樟树人工林冠层光合作用进行了为期16个月的连续定位观测,结果表明:(1)冠层内不同方位、不同高度的叶片光合速率日进程存在一定的差异(P<0.05),光合作用日进程呈现出双峰曲线,出现光合午休的时刻不一致;(2)冠层叶片光合速率存在明显的季节变化,依光合速率高低排序为春季>夏季>秋季>冬季,其中夏季7月份光合速率明显低于8月份;(3)冠层光合速率潜力依不同季节而不同,依最大光合速率潜力排序为夏季(15.944 0μmol.m-2s-1)>秋季(12.567 4μmol.m-2s-1)>冬季(10.351 7μmol.m-2s-1)>春季(9.331 4μmol.m-2s-1);表观量子效率排序为春季(0.09)>夏季(0.07)>秋季(0.05)>冬季(0.048);拟合方程与观测值结果间相关系数r2在0.961~0.989(P<0.001)之间。 相似文献
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The atmospheric hydrocarbon budget is important for predicting ozone episodes and the effects of pollution mitigation strategies. Isoprene emission from plants is an important part of the atmospheric hydrocarbon budget. We measured isoprene emission capacity at the bottom, middle, and top of the canopies of a white oak (Quercus alba L.) tree and a red oak (Quercus rubra L.) tree growing adjacent to a tower in the Duke University Forest. Leaves at the top of the white oak tree canopy had a three- to fivefold greater capacity for emitting isoprene than leaves at the bottom of the tree canopy. Isoprene emission rate increased with increasing temperature up to about 42 degrees C. We conclude that leaves at the top of the white oak tree canopy had higher isoprene emission rates because they were exposed to more sunlight, reduced water availability, and higher temperature than leaves at the bottom of the canopy. Between 35 and 40 degrees C, white oak photosynthesis and stomatal conductance declined, whereas red oak (Quercus rubra) photosynthesis and stomatal conductance increased over this range. Red oak had lower rates of isoprene emission than white oak, perhaps reflecting the higher stomatal conductance that would keep leaves cool. The concentration of isoprene inside the leaf was estimated with a simplified form of the equation used to estimate CO(2) inside leaves. 相似文献
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We examined the photosynthetic responses of olive (Olea europea L.) leaves exposed to either (a) two hours of high leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference (vpd) or (b) four 30-min cycles of high vpd separated by 15-min periods of recovery at low vpd. Neither treatment affected photosynthesis when vpd was less than 3.0 kPa. Photosynthesis by mature leaves was also insensitive to higher vpd, but photosynthesis of young leaves was reduced by both treatments at a vpd higher than 3.2 kPa. This effect of vpd was much smaller under high intercellular CO(2) pressure. Autoradiograms showed that under a vpd of 3.2 kPa, mature leaves photosynthesized uniformly, but patches of reduced CO(2) fixation occurred in the distal part of young leaves. We conclude that heterogeneities in photosynthesis along the length of the leaf caused the apparent reduction of photosynthesis in our experiments. This pattern of patchy photosynthesis was different from that observed in mesophytic herbs, but the effect on gas exchange analysis was the same. In this case, apparent biochemical effects of low humidity on photosynthesis of young olive leaves are likely an artifact. 相似文献