共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Chen Q Whitmer JK Jiang S Bae SC Luijten E Granick S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6014):199-202
Clusters in the form of aggregates of a small number of elemental units display structural, thermodynamic, and dynamic properties different from those of bulk materials. We studied the kinetic pathways of self-assembly of "Janus spheres" with hemispherical hydrophobic attraction and found key differences from those characteristic of molecular amphiphiles. Experimental visualization combined with theory and molecular dynamics simulation shows that small, kinetically favored isomers fuse, before they equilibrate, into fibrillar triple helices with at most six nearest neighbors per particle. The time scales of colloidal rearrangement combined with the directional interactions resulting from Janus geometry make this a prototypical system to elucidate, on a mechanistic level and with single-particle kinetic resolution, how chemical anisotropy and reaction kinetics coordinate to generate highly ordered structures. 相似文献
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We studied the kinetics of sublimating crystals with single-particle resolution by experiments with colloidal spheres and by computer simulations. A short-range attraction between spheres led to crystallites one to three layers thick. The spheres were tracked with optical microscopy while the attraction was reduced and the crystals sublimated. Large crystallites sublimated by escape of particles from the perimeter. The rate of shrinkage was greatly enhanced, however, when the size decreased to less than 20 to 50 particles, depending on the location in the phase diagram. At this size, the crystallites transformed into a dense amorphous structure, which rapidly vaporized. The enhancement of kinetics by metastable or unstable phases may play a major role in the melting, freezing, and annealing of crystals. 相似文献
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Molecular dynamics simulations of tethered membranes indicate that an attraction between the monomers leads to a well-defined sequence of folding transitions with decreasing temperature. With insights gained from Landau theory and simulations of bimembranes, the folding transitions are found to be intimately linked to the unbinding of membranes. Finite-size effects, mainly due to the loss of entropy from edge fluctuations, play an important role in hindering folding transitions. 相似文献
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The real-space dynamics in a model system of colloidal hard spheres was studied by means of time-resolved fluorescence confocal scanning microscopy. Direct experimental evidence for the presence of dynamical heterogeneities in a dense liquid was obtained from an analysis of particle trajectories in two-dimensional slices of the bulk sample. These heterogeneities manifest themselves as a non-Gaussian probability distribution of particle displacements and also affect the onset of long-time diffusive behavior. 相似文献
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Lunar soil: size distribution and mineralogical constituents 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The lunar soil collected by Apollo 11 consists primarily of submillimeter material and is finer in grain size than soil previously recorded photographically by Surveyor experiments. The main constituents are fine-grained to glassy rocks of basaltic affinity and coherent breccia of undetermined origin. Dark glass, containing abundant nickel-iron spheres, coats many rocks, mineral, and breccia fragments. Several types of homogeneous glass occur as fragments and spheres. Colorless spheres, probably an exotic component, are abundant in the fraction finer than 20 microns. 相似文献
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Zheng H Rivest JB Miller TA Sadtler B Lindenberg A Toney MF Wang LW Kisielowski C Alivisatos AP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6039):206-209
The study of first-order structural transformations has been of great interest to scientists in many disciplines. Expectations from phase-transition theory are that the system fluctuates between two equilibrium structures near the transition point and that the region of transition broadens in small crystals. We report the direct observation of structural fluctuations within a single nanocrystal using transmission electron microscopy. We observed trajectories of structural transformations in individual nanocrystals with atomic resolution, which reveal details of the fluctuation dynamics, including nucleation, phase propagation, and pinning of structural domains by defects. Such observations provide crucial insight for the understanding of microscopic pathways of phase transitions. 相似文献
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Aizenberg J Weaver JC Thanawala MS Sundar VC Morse DE Fratzl P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,309(5732):275-278
Structural materials in nature exhibit remarkable designs with building blocks, often hierarchically arranged from the nanometer to the macroscopic length scales. We report on the structural properties of biosilica observed in the hexactinellid sponge Euplectella sp. Consolidated, nanometer-scaled silica spheres are arranged in well-defined microscopic concentric rings glued together by organic matrix to form laminated spicules. The assembly of these spicules into bundles, effected by the laminated silica-based cement, results in the formation of a macroscopic cylindrical square-lattice cagelike structure reinforced by diagonal ridges. The ensuing design overcomes the brittleness of its constituent material, glass, and shows outstanding mechanical rigidity and stability. The mechanical benefits of each of seven identified hierarchical levels and their comparison with common mechanical engineering strategies are discussed. 相似文献
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The helix is a ubiquitous motif for biopolymers. We propose a heuristic, entropically based model that predicts helix formation in a system of hard spheres and semiflexible tubes. We find that the entropy of the spheres is maximized when short stretches of the tube form a helix with a geometry close to that found in natural helices. Our model could be directly tested with wormlike micelles as the tubes, and the effect could be used to self-assemble supramolecular helices. 相似文献
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Texture evolution governs many of the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of polycrystalline materials, but texture models have only been tested on the macroscopic level, which makes it hard to distinguish between approaches that are conceptually very different. Here, we present a universal method for providing data on the underlying structural dynamics at the grain and subgrain level. The method is based on diffraction with focused hard x-rays. First results relate to the tensile deformation of pure aluminum. Experimental grain rotations are inconsistent with the classical Taylor and Sachs models. 相似文献
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姜海燕 《河北农业大学学报(农林教育版)》2010,12(3):398-400
当前高校思想政治理论课吸引力和实效性不强,既有国际国内形势和社会、时代的原因,又有高校思想政治理论课教材和教师的原因。要增强高校思想政治理论课的实效性,就要突出学生的主体地位,创新教学内容,改进教学方法。 相似文献
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Tolansky S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1970,167(3918):742-743
Over two hundred spherules and cylinders were extracted from the lunar dust sample. Sizes ranged from 0.7 to 0.03 millimeters, and most were shiny glassy objects, which were studied by interferometry. This study reveals very high spcular feflection, frequentperfect sphericity, and clear evidence n some objects of micracking and microchipping. Many spheres were once projectiles. Some have inpacted in free flight with much smaller pices of rocky material, which embedded in the surface. It is conjectured that the glassy spherules originated as a gas-blown shower from a pool of molten glass. 相似文献
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【目的】评价植物挥发性物质对苹小吉丁Agrilus mali Masumura林间引诱效果,为有效地监测苹小吉丁林间发生动态及成虫诱杀为主的绿色防控提供技术支撑。【方法】在野外苹果园内悬挂4种波长粘虫板与5种挥发物组合,评价林间引诱苹小吉丁效果。【结果】4种颜色粘虫板与5种挥发物组合对苹小吉丁在林间的引诱效果存在显著差异,其中顺-3-己烯醇分别与蛋黄色和浅绿色粘虫板组合对苹小吉丁的引诱效果较强,3 d 最大引诱数量分别达到66.00、63.00头/张,3 d 平均引诱数量分别为24.67、22.48头/张,与其它挥发物相比均有显著差异(P<0.05),雌虫的诱捕数量明显高于雄虫。苹小吉丁引诱数量在一定剂量范围内,随着挥发物剂量的增加呈现降低趋势。【结论】苹小吉丁对蛋黄色粘虫板与浅绿色粘虫板具有较好的趋向性,顺-3-己烯醇对粘虫板具有增效作用。蛋黄色或浅绿色粘虫板与顺-3-己烯醇组合,可作为苹小吉丁林间种群动态监测的手段。 相似文献
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为了降低成品油管道的造价,减少混油罐的投资,提高经营效益,就必须减少混油量。降低混油量的方法主要是使用隔离球。由于隔离球易被管内壁磨损,使隔离球的直径以及隔离球与管内壁间接触环的大小都随管道的长度而发生变化;隔离球与管内壁间的摩擦力使球的前后存在一个压差,在压差作用下,再加上油品粘性和管内腐蚀凹坑的影响,产生了通过隔离球与管内壁缝隙的超前渗流和落后渗流,形成混油。而它们的差值又导致了隔离球的运行速度与油流平均速度不一致,进一步加大了混油量,使现用的隔离球很难达到满意的隔离效果。新型隔离器设计了简单的接触环宽度调节结构,使其基本保持一个定值。另外还设计了超前渗流负补偿机构,使超前渗流基本等于落后渗流。采用上述二项新措施后,能最大限度地减少超前渗流量,最大限度地使隔离器的运行速度与油流平均流速相一致,从而最大限度地提高隔离效果,降低混油量。 相似文献
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Pure cultures of airborne microorganisms are obtained by simple electrostatic attraction to small glass and plastic cylinders which are rolled over the surface of nutrient agar medium. Little equipment is required, and the necessary materials are inexpensive. Satisfactory qualitative sampling is possible under varying conditions of relative humidity. 相似文献
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运用运动合成原理分析了割前脱粒收割机梳齿运动的速度特征．为减少收集谷粒中的含杂率,要保证梳齿对谷穗顺向梳脱,据此得出了最佳梳脱速度的大小和方向,并综合分析了整机速度参数与谷穗中心高度及整机结构几何尺寸的内在联系和约束关系． 相似文献
18.
We present experimental evidence, obtained from small-angle neutron scattering and photon correlation measurements, indicating the existence of two types of structurally arrested (glassy) states in a copolymer micellar system with a short-range interparticle attractive interaction. Within a certain range of micellar volume fractions, a sharp transition between these two types of glass is observed by varying the temperature. Furthermore, we found an end point of this transition line beyond which the two glasses become identical in their local structure and their long-time dynamics. These findings confirm the recent mode-coupling theory predictions regarding the phase behavior of the structurally arrested states for this type of system. 相似文献
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介绍利用油镜油观察花粉滚动和立体形状的制片方法,以及将普通显微镜(即明场显微镜)改制成暗场显微镜的方法和观察结果。将植物花粉均匀地撒在载玻片上,盖上盖玻片,用铅笔上的橡皮头等软物轻敲1~2下,然后在盖玻片外侧(或角端)滴上1小滴油镜油,油镜油沿着载玻片与盖玻片之间的缝隙向内扩散,制片完成并立即进行显微镜观察。利用油镜油对花粉进行制片,比较容易在40倍物镜下直观地观察和记录花粉的滚动过程和立体形状、层次结构、表面纹饰。将显微镜进行一些结构改建,可以一镜多用。随着光学显微镜的不断升级换代,光镜在观察花粉形状和结构信息等方面,将具有越来越多电镜无法取代的优势。 相似文献
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A concentration process occurring in the melt zone of the Greenland ice cap has produced the richest known deposit of cosmic dust on the surface of the earth. Extraterrestrial particles collected from this region are well preserved and are collectable in large quantities. The collected particles are generally identical to cosmic spheres found on the ocean floor, but a pure glass type was discovered that has not been seen in deep-sea samples. Iron-rich spheres are conspicuously rare in the collected material. 相似文献