共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 768 毫秒
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北京市设施农业雨水利用模式分新 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对北京市水资源短缺和设施农业发展现状，分析了设施农业雨水利用的必要性，提出了雨水微集流和膜面集雨两种设施农业雨水利用模式，通过对膜面集雨示范介绍，提出了设施农业利用膜面集雨进行灌溉的条件和技术要点。说明面对水资源总量严重不足的现状，因地制宜地在设施农业区发展雨水利用技术，可一定程度上降低地下水的开采，对当前都市型现代农业的发展有着重要的意义。 相似文献
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徐晓红 《中国农村水利水电》2007,(11):30-33
在系统总结甘肃省自1996年开始实施“集雨节灌工程”以来，得到普遍推广应用的集水工程、蓄水工程以及灌溉工程建设利用形式的基础上，提出了普遍 适宜于在半干旱地区推广应用的集雨节灌工程建设模式和适宜的单元工程发展规模；根据不同的降水量分区，分析确定了各利用模式下的工程建设投资水平；根据目前雨水灌溉农业的发展现状，选定代表作物，分析了集雨节灌工程不同利用模式的经济可行性，为今后制定雨水利用发展规划，实施集雨节灌工程提供了十分重要的参考依据。 相似文献
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国外集雨技术研究发展经历了20世纪50年代以前的雨水初始利用阶段、20世纪50年代到80年代的基础性研究和技术开发大发展阶段和20世纪80年代以后的系统研究阶段,而国内集雨技术研究则相对较晚,20世纪60年代为初步研究阶段,20世纪80年代后为系统研究阶段。目前集雨技术研究主要集中在半干旱地区生活饮水、集流节灌和生态环境建设等问题上,已从单项集雨技术走向农业系统集雨的高效利用,从理论探讨、技术攻关逐步走向推广应用并蓬勃发展阶段,取得了良好的经济、社会和生态效益。 相似文献
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集雨节灌是雨水集蓄利用与节水灌溉工程的有机结合，集雨节灌工程的发展为干旱半干旱地区的雨水利用、农业灌溉闯出了一条新路。介绍了山东省宜发展集雨节灌工程的区域情况，对山东省集雨节灌的现状和工程模式进行了总结，分析了山东省集雨节灌工程的发展需求、发展潜力、发展目标、投资水平、产出效益、并提出了工作的基本思路。 相似文献
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一、雨水收集和积蓄
雨水收集和积蓄技术就是通过修建集雨场、集水渠、沉淀池等集雨设施,把雨水径流汇集到能够调蓄的水池或水窖中,实现雨水叠加利用。 相似文献
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Economic analysis of rainwater harvesting and irrigation methods, with an example from China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the economic feasibility of agriculture with rainwater harvesting and supplemental irrigation in a semiarid region. The results show the importance of making full use of every open-air hardened surface to collect rainwater and to establish rainwater catchment areas by utilizing unoccupied land. The results also show that the usefulness of the harvested rainwater is enhanced when water saving and prevent seepage techniques are employed. The results indicate that in order to maximize investment it is essential to select crops with a water requirement process that coincides with local rainfall events. Potato was found to be the most suitable crop in the studied region. The economic indices for potato were superior to spring wheat, corn and wheat/corn intercropping. Therefore, potato production using rainwater harvesting and supplemental irrigation is the best alternative for cropping systems in the semiarid region of Gansu, China. 相似文献
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Effects of rainfall harvesting and mulching technologies on water use efficiency and crop yield in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
In semi-arid areas, crop growth is greatly limited by water. Amount of available water in soil can be increased by surface mulching and other soil management practices. Field experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 at Gaolan, Gansu, China, to determine the influence of ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting system (RFRHS), surface mulching and supplementary irrigation (SI) in various combinations on rainwater harvesting, amount of moisture in soil, water use efficiency (WUE), biomass yield of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L.) and seed yield of maize (Zea mays L.). In conventional fields without RFRHS, gravel-sand mulching produced higher biomass yield than plastic-mulching or straw-mulching. In plastic-mulched fields, an increasing amount of supplemental irrigation was needed to improve crop yield. There was no effect of RFRHS without plastic-covered ridge on rainwater harvesting when natural precipitation was less than 5 mm per event. This was due to little runoff of rainwater from frequent low precipitation showers, and most of the harvested rainwater gathered at the soil surface is lost to evaporation. In the RFRHS, crop yield and WUE were higher with plastic-covered ridges than bare ridges, and also higher with gravel-sand-mulched furrows than bare furrows in most cases, or straw-mulched furrows in some cases. This was most likely due to decreased evaporation with plastic or gravel-sand mulch. In the RFRHS with plastic-covered ridges and gravel-sand-mulched furrows, application of 30 mm supplemental irrigation produced the highest yield and WUE for sweet sorghum and maize in most cases. In conclusion, the findings suggested the integrated use of RFRHS, mulching and supplementary irrigation to improve rainwater availability for high sustainable crop yield. However, the high additional costs of supplemental irrigation and construction of RFRHS for rainwater harvesting need to be considered before using these practices on a commercial scale. 相似文献
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在黄土高原半干旱丘陵沟壑区,修建集雨蓄水工程并结合滴灌、覆膜坐水等措施,对作物进行补充灌溉,以期适应年内降雨时空分配极为不均,水分供需严重错位的现状。旨在改善土壤蒸发强度、土壤温度和降雨空间分配,提高灌水效率和水分利用效率,最终达到稳产高产的目的。通过2006年的田间试验研究,结果表明:集雨滴灌3次的增产量为2353.61~3845.62 kg/hm2,增产效果为44.07%~72.01%。在同样的补灌水量及灌水次数情况下,把灌浆期增加的灌水定额转移到拔节期更有利于提高玉米增产效果和集雨滴灌效率,将灌浆期多补灌7.5 mm的水量调配给拔节期,使得补灌效率增加2.05 kg/m3,将同样的水量由灌浆期转移给拔节期后,使得增产效果和补灌效率都有不同程度的提高,增产效果提高12.93%~21.89%,补灌效率提高3.41~4.21 kg/m3。 相似文献
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《Agricultural Water Management》2005,71(3):257-266
Water management is an essential feature of any project related with overall development of agriculture. The Soan river catchment in the northwest Himalayas, is fed only by rainwater. Hence, a strategy of rainfed agriculture needs to be developed through water conservation and storage techniques. The Soan is an important river from a soil erosion and water management point of view and detailed economic analysis is needed for any proposal to be implemented in the field. The present study was undertaken to propose an economic analysis of water harvesting structures for the Soan catchment. The purpose of the investigation is to control erosion and conserve water to meet the requirements of supplemental and pre-sowing irrigation for major cereal crops in the area and to maximise agricultural productivity. Benefit/cost ratios ranging from 0.41 to 1.33 are obtained for water harvesting structures of different sizes with estimated life of 25 and 40 years respectively, by taking into account different crop return from maize and wheat. 相似文献
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内蒙准格尔旗雨水集蓄利用工程投资效益分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了解目前集雨节灌工程投资、效益状况以及发展过程中存在的主要问题,对内蒙准格尔地区集雨工程进行了经济投入产出分析,研究结果表明,旱井和水窖年收集1 m3水的成本分别为0.95元和1.56元,窖水滴灌玉米、蔬菜、果树的单方水平均产投比为6.14、12.52、9.10,经济效益十分可观。在内蒙准格尔地区,由于集雨工程及配套设施投资较大,农民收入水平较低。近期内农民不可能成为集雨工程投资的主体。在此基础上,作者提出将雨水集蓄利用工程纳入国家农村基本建设投资范畴,多方投入,加快工程发展速度,降低技术设备成本,完善集雨管理制度和办法等建议。 相似文献
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Water harvesting and supplemental irrigation for improved water productivity of dry farming systems in West Asia and North Africa 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the dry areas, water, not land, is the most limiting resource for improved agricultural production. Maximizing water productivity, and not yield per unit of land, is therefore a better strategy for dry farming systems. Under such conditions, more efficient water management techniques must be adopted. Supplemental irrigation (SI) is a highly efficient practice with great potential for increasing agricultural production and improving livelihoods in the dry rainfed areas. In the drier environments, most of the rainwater is lost by evaporation; therefore the rainwater productivity is extremely low. Water harvesting can improve agriculture by directing and concentrating rainwater through runoff to the plants and other beneficial uses. It was found that over 50% of lost water can be recovered at a very little cost. However, socioeconomic and environmental benefits of this practice are far more important than increasing agricultural water productivity. This paper highlights the major research findings regarding improving water productivity in the dry rainfed region of West Asia and North Africa. It shows that substantial and sustainable improvements in water productivity can only be achieved through integrated farm resources management. On-farm water-productive techniques if coupled with improved irrigation management options, better crop selection and appropriate cultural practices, improved genetic make-up, and timely socioeconomic interventions will help to achieve this objective. Conventional water management guidelines should be revised to ensure maximum water productivity instead of land productivity. 相似文献
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Estimating the potential of rainfed agriculture in India: Prospects for water productivity improvements 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Bharat R. Sharma K.V. Rao K.P.R. Vittal Y.S. Ramakrishna U. Amarasinghe 《Agricultural Water Management》2010,97(1):23-30
A detailed district and agro-ecoregional level study comprising the 604 districts of India was undertaken to (i) identify dominant rainfed districts for major rainfed crops, (ii) make a crop-specific assessment of the surplus runoff water available for water harvesting and the irrigable area, (iii) estimate the efficiency of regional rain water use and incremental production due to supplementary irrigation for different crops, and (iv) conduct a preliminary economic analysis of water harvesting/supplemental irrigation to realize the potential of rainfed agriculture. A climatic water balance analysis of 225 dominant rainfed districts provided information on the possible surplus runoff during the year and the cropping season. On a potential (excluding very arid and wet areas) rainfed cropped area of 28.5 million ha, a surplus rainfall of 114 billion m3 (Bm3) was available for harvesting. A part of this amount of water is adequate to provide one turn of supplementary irrigation of 100 mm depth to 20.65 Mha during drought years and 25.08 Mha during normal years. Water used in supplemental irrigation had the highest marginal productivity and increase in rainfed production above 12% was achievable even under traditional practices. Under improved management, an average increase of 50% in total production can be achieved with a single supplemental irrigation. Water harvesting and supplemental irrigation are economically viable at the national level. Net benefits improved by about threefold for rice, fourfold for pulses and sixfold for oilseeds. Droughts have very mild impacts on productivity when farmers are equipped with supplemental irrigation. 相似文献
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The study explores the potential of introducing an additional crop during dry season in Rwanda, comparing the efficiency of in situ soil moisture conservation techniques to sustain rain-fed agriculture. Comparative study of in situ soil moisture conservation techniques in bench terraces and unterraced field with maize crop had been conducted from June 2007 to October 2007. Bench terrace increased the average soil moisture content in 90 cm soil depth by more than 50% than that of unterraced land. Within the bench terraced field compartment bund and ridges and furrows increased soil moisture by 19.5% and 27.9% higher than plain bed. In terms of efficiency of moisture conservation, ridges and furrows performed well with 85.8% followed by compartment bund with 75.9% in terraced field. Unterraced field conserved moisture very poorly with 13.9% efficiency inferring importance of bench terraces for soil moisture conservation. No maize grain yield was recorded in all the techniques because soil water depleted to 60% and above from the beginning of the cropping period inferring the need of supplementary irrigation. Analysis of rainfall, crop water demand and in situ moisture conservation reveals exciting opportunities for water productivity enhancements by integrating components of water management within the context of rain-fed farming through water harvesting and supplemental or microirrigation for dry spell mitigation. Detailed analysis is needed for feasibility of lift irrigation with different crops under different altitudes to derive suitable policy for hill land irrigation. 相似文献
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Non-conventional water resources and opportunities for water augmentation to achieve food security in water scarce countries 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Given current demographic trends and future growth projections, as much as 60% of the global population may suffer water scarcity by the year 2025. The water-use efficiency techniques used with conventional resources have been improved. However, water-scarce countries will have to rely more on the use of non-conventional water resources to partly alleviate water scarcity. Non-conventional water resources are either generated as a product of specialized processes such as desalination or need suitable pre-use treatment and/or appropriate soil–water–crop management strategies when used for irrigation. In water-scarce environments, such water resources are accessed through the desalination of seawater and highly brackish groundwater, the harvesting of rainwater, and the use of marginal-quality water resources for irrigation. The marginal-quality waters used for irrigation consist of wastewater, agricultural drainage water, and groundwater containing different types of salts. In many developing countries, a major part of the wastewater generated by domestic, commercial, and industrial sectors is used for crop production in an untreated or partly treated form. The protection of public health and the environment are the main concerns associated with uncontrolled wastewater irrigation. The use of saline and/or sodic drainage water and groundwater for agriculture is expected to increase. This warrants modifications in the existing soil, irrigation, and crop management practices used, in order to cope with the increases in salinity and sodicity that will occur. 相似文献