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1.
Dried Nerium oleander leaves at single lethal dose of 110 mg/kg body weight were administered orally to six native male sheep. Clinical signs of toxicosis in sheep began to appear about 30 min after receiving the oleander and included decrease of the heart rate followed by cardiac pauses and tachyarrhythmias; ruminal atony, mild to moderate tympany, abdominal pain, polyuria and polakiuria. Electrocardiography revealed bradycardia, atrio-ventricular blocks, depression of S-T segments, ventricular premature beats and tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. Five sheep died within 4-12 h and one survived. At necropsy there were varying degrees of haemorrhages in different organs and gastroenteritis. Histopathological examination of tissue sections revealed myocardial degeneration and necrosis, degeneration and focal necrosis of hepatocytes, necrosis of tubular epithelium in kidneys, oedema in the lungs, and ischemic changes in the cerebrum.  相似文献   

2.
SUMMARY Twenty-four of 57 calves fed a diet containing 33% cotton seed meal (CSM) died between 7 and 15 weeks of age. Initial deaths were not accompanied by premonitory signs, but after CSM withdrawal most calves developed rough coats, anorexia, weakness, ascites and subcutaneous oedema. Those that died had large volumes of serous fluid in the body cavities, hard livers of ‘nutmeg’ appearance, and pulmonary congestion. Histopathologically the livers showed periacinar necrosis in acute cases and periacinar fibrosis in chronic cases. Lungs from several calves had oedema, haemosiderosis and fibrosis in some pulmonary vessels. Atrophy of myocardial fibres was present in most cases. The concentration of free gossypol in the diet was 100 to 220 mg/kg. Ante-mortem and post-mortem findings supported a diagnosis of gossypol poisoning. The deaths continued for 4 weeks after withdrawal of CSM from the diet.  相似文献   

3.
Two calves given a mean of 16.1 g and 16.4 g ripe Castanospermum australe seeds/kg body weight daily for 13 and 16 days respectively developed haemorrhagic gastroenteritis. The first calf died. The second calf had mild myocardial degeneration and necrosis and mild nephrosis at necropsy. Two calves given a mean of 16.8 g unripe C. australe seeds/kg body weight daily for 18 days remained clinically normal and had mild gastritis at necropsy. The activity of alpha-glucosidase was reduced in the mononuclear cells of peripheral blood and in skeletal muscle. This was attributed to the presence of the indolizidine alkaloid, castanospermine, in the seeds. The toxin causing the gastroenteritis and other lesions is unknown.  相似文献   

4.
Dried, milled Cestrum laevigatum plant material was drenched to 6 ewes at doses ranging from 2,5 to 10 g/kg/day for 1 to 47 days. The most noticeable clinical signs were depression, anorexia and ruminal stasis. These signs were accompanied by clinical pathological changes indicative of liver involvement such as increases in the serum activities of aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyltransferase. Hepatosis characterized by accentuated lobulation, and centrilobular to midzonal coagulative necrosis, haemorrhage and congestion occurred in 2 of the 3 ewes given high doses of plant material. Liver lesions in the other animals included disappearance of hepatocytes and collapse of the reticulin stroma in the centrilobular areas. Spongy changes in the cerebral white matter were evident in the ewes of the high-dose group. Ultrastructural changes in the liver comprised degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes and occasionally endothelial cells, and disruption of sinusoidal walls.  相似文献   

5.
Performance and ruminal changes of early-weaned calves fed lasalocid   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Twenty-two neonatal calves were assigned to a control or lasalocid-fed group and weaned at 3 wk of age. They were fed a prestarter diet from 3 d of age until they consumed 227 g/d and then a mixture of 227 g prestarter daily and starter diet in ad libitum amounts. The lasalocid-fed group received lasalocid in milk at 1 mg/kg body weight daily from 4 to 7 d and at .5 mg/kg body weight daily in milk and medicated prestarter diet (88 mg lasalocid/kg) during the 2nd wk. After 2 wk, lasalocid-fed calves were given medicated prestarter and starter (44 mg lasalocid/kg) diets. Four calves in each group were ruminally cannulated at 3 to 5 d of age, and ruminal contents were obtained at weekly intervals to monitor microbial activity. Rectal fecal samples were collected from all calves and examined for coccidial oocysts. Lasalocid-fed calves had a greater weekly feed intake and weight gain than control calves after 6 wk of age. Total ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations were higher, but the acetate:propionate ratio was lower in lasalocid-fed calves than in control calves. Total viable anaerobic and amylolytic bacterial counts were higher in lasalocid-fed calves than in control calves. No significant treatment effect was found for ruminal NH3-N concentration or ruminal lasalocid-resistant, lactobacilli, lactate-utilizing, cellulolytic or methanogenic bacterial numbers. No evidence of coccidiosis was detected in either group. In general, lasalocid-fed calves had greater feed intake, weight gain and ruminal microbial activity than the calves fed no lasalocid in the diet.  相似文献   

6.
CASE HISTORY: Nine of 24 captive kiwi treated with oral levamisole at a dose between 25-43 mg/kg showed signs of respiratory distress. Six died within 4 h of treatment and the remaining three made a full recovery within 24 h. CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS: Within 3-4 h of treatment, the affected birds had an elevated respiratory rate, mucoid nasal discharge and rapidly became comatose. Post mortem examination revealed accumulation of thick mucus in the oral cavity and trachea. There was severe pulmonary congestion and oedema and early bronchopneumonia in the lungs of five of the birds. In two birds, there was acute hepatic degeneration and necrosis and one bird had acute pancreatic degeneration and necrosis. DIAGNOSIS: Acute levamisole toxicity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Kiwi were acutely sensitive to levamisole toxicity at doses that are well within the safe range for domestic poultry. Levamisole should not be used as an anthelmintic in kiwi.  相似文献   

7.
CASE HISTORY: Nine of 24 captive kiwi treated with oral levamisole at a dose between 25–43 mg/kg showed signs of respiratory distress. Six died within 4 h of treatment and the remaining three made a full recovery within 24 h.

CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS: Within 3–4 h of treatment, the affected birds had an elevated respiratory rate, mucoid nasal discharge and rapidly became comatose. Post mortem examination revealed accumulation of thick mucus in the oral cavity and trachea. There was severe pulmonary congestion and oedema and early bronchopneumonia in the lungs of five of the birds. In two birds, there was acute hepatic degeneration and necrosis and one bird had acute pancreatic degeneration and necrosis.

DIAGNOSIS: Acute levamisole toxicity.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Kiwi were acutely sensitive to levamisole toxicity at doses that are well within the safe range for domestic poultry. Levamisole should not be used as an anthelmintic in kiwi.  相似文献   

8.
Effects of the presence or absence of ciliate protozoa on methanogenesis in the rumen and hindgut were investigated in young calves during a 7-week period. Ten Holstein calves, aged 7 days, were divided in two groups (n = 5) and fed an increasing amount of a commercial milk replacer and small amounts of a calves starter. One group was inoculated with ciliate fauna on two occasions, week 5 and 6, while the second remained ciliate-free. The absence of protozoa in the rumen decreased rumen empty weight (-23%, P < 0.01), and rumen pool size of N (-36%, P < 0.01) and crude fat (-37%, P < 0.05). Rumen bacteria of non-faunated calves contained a higher proportion of total amino acid-N per 16 g N (+3%, P < 0.01) and D-alanine-N per 16 g N (+13%, P < 0.05) compared to faunated calves. Further results contain a reference for a higher bacterial mass in the ciliate-free rumen with an increased number of bacteria adherent to rumen mucosa. The CH4 production in the rumen increased exponentially with the increase in protozoa population size (R2 = 0.68). In presence of 46 x 10(4) protozoa per ml rumen fluid, the in vitro CH4 production of rumen fluid per mol total VFA was about 34% higher in faunated than in non-faunated calves (P < 0.001). Hydrogen (2H) recovery of rumen fermentation was positively correlated (R2 = 0.55) to the CH4 production rate. Methanogens were attached on rumen mucosa. Methanogenesis, induced by rumen mucosa attached bacteria, was stimulated by ruminal protozoa. In the absence of protozoa in the rumen, the acetate-propionate ratio and butyrate proportion of VFA were reduced. In vivo, in the absence of protozoa not only the whole animal CH4 production (-30%, P < 0.05) but also the digestibility of carbohydrates (-4%, P < 0.05) was reduced. Thereby no difference was observed in the intake of ME per kg DM between the groups. In conclusion, the methanogenesis in the rumen, but not in hindgut, is associated with the development of the ruminal protozoa population. The level of methanogenesis (mol/mol VFA) in the hindgut amounts to 20% of the ruminal methanogenesis.  相似文献   

9.
Six Angus heifer calves (234 kg) were assigned to either a high (HP; 126.1 g N/d) or low (LP; 66.5 g N/d) protein intake to evaluate ruminal criteria associated with movement of blood urea-N (BUN)-derived NH3-N from the rumen wall into interior ruminal digesta. Calves received 4.8 kg DM/d of diets containing 30% cottonseed hulls and 70% cornsoybean meal in equal portions at 4-h intervals. Following single i.v. injections of 15N-urea, ruminal fluid was collected serially for 4 h postinjection from digesta located adjacent to the rumen wall (wall-proximate digesta; WPD) and from the center of the rumen digesta mass after manual agitation (center mixed digesta; CMD). Mean ruminal NH3-N (RAN) concentrations were higher (P less than .05) for HP than for LP, but were not affected (P greater than .05) by digesta sampling site. Ruminal urease activity was higher (P less than .05) for LP than for HP and tended (P = .14) to be higher for WPD than for CMD. Area under the 15N enrichment curve (AUC) ratios between sampling sites (WPD/CMD x 100) for RAN were greater (P less than .05) for LP than for HP. However, AUC ratios for bacterial N were not affected (P greater than .05) by protein level. Whereas BUN-derived 15NH3 appeared to thoroughly equilibrate with RAN in interior ruminal digesta with HP, there appeared to be a declining enrichment gradient for RAN from the rumen wall to the interior ruminal digesta with LP. Data are interpreted to suggest that bacteria at or near the rumen wall may preferentially utilize some BUN-derived NH3-N entering through the rumen wall in calves fed LP diets.  相似文献   

10.
The clinical features and pathological findings of 6 steers drenched with dried plant material of Cestrum laevigatum are described. Doses ranging from 0.5 to 10 g/kg/day were given intraruminally for 1 to 38 days. Animals that received 5 to 10 g/kg/day showed nervous signs including ataxia, muscle tremors, hypersensitivity and intermittent chewing. Clinical signs in the steers which received 0,5 to 4 g/kg/day were mild. High doses induced moderate to severe hepatosis characterized by centrilobular to midzonal coagulative necrosis, haemorrhage and congestion. At lower rates only mild hepatic lesions, characterized by disappearance of hepatocytes and collapse of the reticulin stroma in the centrilobular areas were evident. Ultrastructural changes were primarily limited to the hepatocytes and comprised degeneration, necrosis and fatty change. Degeneration and necrosis of endothelial cells and disruption of sinusoidal walls were occasionally observed.  相似文献   

11.
Six heifer calves were administered the dried and ground whole plant of Thermopsis montana by gavage once daily for 2 to 4 days at an initial dosage rate of 1 g/kg of body weight. Two of the 6 heifers died after the second dose, and the remaining 4 calves were humanely killed and their tissues were examined. Serum creatine kinase and aspartate transaminase activities were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased after initiation of plant administration. All calves had skeletal muscular degeneration or evidence of regeneration and repair of damaged myofibers in all skeletal muscle groups examined. Myoglobinuria and cardiac muscle degeneration were not detected in any of the calves.  相似文献   

12.
The sequential development of the clinical signs and lesions in the organs of desert sheep and Nubian goats dosed with Jatropha curcas seeds at 0.05, 0.5 and 1 g/kg/day was studied. Diarrhoea, reduced water consumption, dehydration, sunken eyes, inappetence and loss in condition were the important signs of J curcas poisoning in sheep and goats. The main pathological changes were haemorrhage in the rumen, reticulum, lungs, kidneys and heart, catarrhal and/or haemorrhagic enteritis, hepatic fatty change, pulmonary congestion and oedema and straw-coloured fluid in serous cavities. An increase in the concentrations of AST, ammonia, potassium and sodium and a decrease in total protein and calcium were detected in the serum. Haematological changes were haemoconcentration and leucocytosis.  相似文献   

13.
旨在研究牛至精油（oregano essential oil,OEO）与莫能菌素（monensin,MON）对荷斯坦犊牛血清生化指标、消化酶活性以及瘤胃微生物区系的影响。本试验前期阶段选用了体重相近（（41.31±2.23）kg）,体况良好的荷斯坦初生犊牛80头,随机分为4组,每组20头,采用单栏饲养。对照组饲喂全脂牛乳和颗粒饲料,其他3个试验组在饲喂全脂牛乳和颗粒饲料的基础上分别添加4 g·kg-1牛至精油、3.6 g·kg-1莫能菌素和7.6 g·kg-1牛至精油和莫能菌素的混合物,饲喂至56、70日龄时,从每组中选取6头体重相近的公犊,颈静脉采血测定血清指标,并通过口腔导管的形式采集犊牛的瘤胃液,检测消化酶活性以及瘤胃微生物区系。结果表明：1）添加牛至精油显著提高了56日龄犊牛血清中TP、SOD、GSH和GSH-Px的浓度（P ≤ 0.05）;莫能菌素对56、70日龄犊牛BUN浓度有降低的趋势（P<0.10）。2）牛至精油显著降低了56、70日龄犊牛瘤胃中产琥珀酸丝状杆菌的数量（P<0.05）,显著提高了白色瘤胃球菌的数量（P ≤ 0.05）;莫能菌素显著降低了56、70日龄犊牛瘤胃中原虫的数量（P ≤ 0.05）,并有降低白色瘤胃球菌数量的趋势（P<0.10）,在56日龄时,莫能菌素有降低犊牛瘤胃中黄色瘤胃球菌数量的趋势（P<0.10）;牛至精油和莫能菌素对56、70日龄犊牛瘤胃中溶纤维丁酸弧菌有显著的交互作用（P ≤ 0.05）;在56日龄时,牛至精油和莫能菌素对栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌有交互作用的趋势（P<0.10）,而在70日龄时则呈显著的交互作用（P ≤ 0.05）。3）牛至精油和莫能菌素对56、70日龄犊牛瘤胃中胃蛋白酶浓度有显著的交互作用（P ≤ 0.05）。综上所述,饲粮中添加牛至精油可提高犊牛的免疫力和抗氧化能力。莫能菌素在抑制瘤胃内原虫数量上强于牛至精油,牛至精油对提高主要蛋白质降解菌数量的作用效果优于莫能菌素。总之,牛至精油可改善犊牛的健康状况以及调控瘤胃微生物区系,牛至精油作为天然植物抗生素可替代犊牛期预防性治疗的其他类抗生素生长促进剂。  相似文献   

14.
Boobialla (Myoporum tetrandrum)leaf contains from 0.25 to 0.5% wet weight of furanoid sesquiterpene essential oils of which the main component is dehydrongaione. The plant was toxic when dosed to calves at equivalent dose rates of oils of from 50 to 134 mg/kg, causing mainly extensive haemorrhagic centrillobular necrosis; and to sheep at equivalent dose rates of oil of from 55 to 66 mg/kg, causing either centrilobular or periportal liver lesions with or without acute pulmonary oedema. An essential oil mixture of similar composition derived from Myoporum deserti produced similar syndromes. In addition, treatment of calves with phenobarbitone or Melaleuca linariifolia essential oils prior to dosing with the Myoporum oils caused periportal hepatic necrosis rather than the centrilobular lesion which occurred usually in this species. The liver lesions found in the experimental calves and sheep respectively, were thus similar to those reported in suspected field cases of Boobialla poisoning in cattle and goats in Western Australia. The liver injury that may be expected in intoxication of livestock by myoporaceous plants containing this type of essential oils can thus be either periportal, midzonal or centrilobular necrosis, depending, probably, on the nutritional regime of the animal immediately prior to consumption of the toxic plant.  相似文献   

15.
选用4只体重约40 kg、安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的新疆美利奴羯羊按分期试验设计，分别添喂赖氨酸席夫碱-铜配合物0（第Ⅰ期）、4（第Ⅱ期）、8（第Ⅲ期）g/d·只，以研究不同水平的赖氨酸席夫碱 铜配合物对绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响。结果表明：随着添喂水平的提高，绵羊对玉米秸秆干物质的采食量增加，其中添喂量为8 g/d·只组与0 g/d·只组相比，采食量提高了12.5％（P＜0.05）。瘤胃液pH在4 g/d·只组与对照组之间无明显差异（P＞0.05），添喂8 g/d·只时在前3 h内具有明显减缓瘤胃液pH下降的作用。各组瘤胃液NH3-N含量差异不明显（P＞0.05），但8 g/d·只组的整体瘤胃液NH3-N含量有降低趋势。添喂赖氨酸席夫碱-铜配合物可降低乙酸和TVFA含量，提高丙酸和丁酸含量，使瘤胃发酵由乙酸型向丙酸型转变。本试验结果表明，添喂赖氨酸席夫碱 铜配合物对绵羊瘤胃发酵有一定的调节作用。  相似文献   

16.
Ten female beef calves weighing approximately 180 kg each were allotted to 2 groups of 5 each before they were given (orally) monensin (50 mg/kg of body weight). In group A, the calves were given (IM) a commercial selenium-vitamin E (Se-E) preparation (0.25 mg of Se and 17 IU of alpha-tocopherol/kg of body weight) at 72 and 24 hours before monensin was given. The calves in group B were injected at the 2 times with isotonic saline solution. Clinical signs of monensin toxicosis, including lethargy and recumbency, appeared on day 2 in the calves given the Se-E pretreatment, compared with the onset on day 1 in the saline solution-pretreated calves. All calves in the 2 groups died, but mean survival time was longer in group A (4.4 vs 2.2 days). Lesions of monensin toxicosis were myocardial necrosis, skeletal myonecrosis, pulmonary congestion, and rumenitis. The frequency and severity of the lesions were similar for both groups of calves. The results of the present study indicate that Se-E pretreatment modifies the development of monensin toxicosis in cattle.  相似文献   

17.
The etiologic role of Clostridum perfringens type A in the acute abdominal syndrome characterized by abomasal and rumen tympany, abomasitis, and abomasal ulceration was investigated in neonatal calves. Eight calves, 4 to 12 days old, were inoculated intraruminally with toxigenic C perfringens type A. Before and after C perfringens inoculation, blood samples were collected from all calves for blood gas and serum biochemical analysis and for determination of serum copper concentration; ruminal fluid was obtained for isolation of C perfringens. Calves were monitored daily for clinical signs of the syndrome and, depending on the severity of clinical signs, they were either euthanatized or redosed within 4 to 7 days. After necropsy, specimens obtained from the abomasum and rumen for macroscopic and microscopic examination and for anaerobic bacteriologic culture were processed in routine manner. Intraruminal inoculation of C perfringens type A into healthy calves induced anorexia, depression, bloat, diarrhea, and in some calves, death. Serum copper concentration was within normal range. Necropsy revealed variable degrees of abomasitis, petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages, and ulcers (ranging from pinpoint to nearly perforate) in the abomasum. Seven of those calves also had multiple trichobezoars in the rumen. These necropsy findings were not seen in calves (controls) given distilled H2O only. In affected calves, acute abdominal syndrome was unrelated to copper deficiency, and C perfringens type A given intraruminally was able to induce clinical signs similar to those of the naturally acquired disease.  相似文献   

18.
Sulfur influences on rumen microorganisms in vitro and in sheep and calves   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
When continuously cultured ruminal microbes were given orchardgrass hay and sufficient sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid to maintain a pH of 5.5, fermentation and numbers of protozoa were reduced compared with cultures whose pH was controlled with phosphoric acid. Likewise, when sulfur-deficient, purified diets were supplied to cultures, less methane (mmol X liter-1 X d-1), 3.2 vs 32.6, was produced and fewer cellulolytic bacteria (log10/ml), 5.8 vs 7.2 were present than when cultures were given the same diet supplemented with .3% elemental sulfur. The rumen of sheep fed the .04% sulfur diet had reduced digesta weights (1.69 vs 3.2 kg) compared with sheep fed the diet with .34% sulfur at the same intake. There also was reduced methanogenesis 12.3 vs 25.8 mmol X liter-1 X d-1) and reduced numbers of cellulolytic bacteria (7.4 vs 8.4 log10/ml) in sulfur-deficient sheep in comparison to sulfur-supplemented sheep. In growing calves, the same types of bacteria predominated in the rumen, but more facultative anaerobic bacteria were isolated from calves fed .04% sulfur than from calves fed diets with .34 to 1.72% sulfur. None of the dietary levels of sulfur appeared toxic. Regardless of treatment, volatile fatty acids were more predominant than lactic acid as end-products of fermentation of ruminal microbes in fermenters, sheep and calves. The greater methanogenesis and the greater cellulolytic bacterial numbers of sulfur-supplemented sheep compared with sulfur-deficient in vitro cultures, is interpreted to be the result of recycling of sulfur to the rumen in sheep where it is efficiently scavengered by ruminal bacteria.  相似文献   

19.
Twelve Nubian goats were given single or repeated oral dosages of mercuric chloride at 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg and died or were killed in extremis at various times after dosing (18 hours-18 days). The main signs of poisoning were anorexia, frothing at the mouth, respiratory distress, epistaxis, bloat, diarrhoea, abnormal posture and recumbency. An increase in the activity of GOT and in the concentrations of urea and inorganic phosphate and a decrease in total protein and calcium concentrations in the serum were detected. The main lesions were dilatation and necrosis of the proximal convoluted tubules, shrinkage and disappearance of the glomerular tufts, varying amounts of acidophilic homogenous material in the lumens of the affected tubules of the kidney, enteritis, hepatocellular degeneration and/or necrosis and pulmonary congestion, haemorrhage, oedema and emphysema. The changes in the red blood cells indicated anaemia.  相似文献   

20.
选用3只1岁半、平均体重24 kg,安装永久瘤胃瘘管的甘肃高山细毛羊羯羊,按3×3拉丁方试验设计,每个循环19 d(预试期10 d,正试期9 d),研究饲粮中红豆草缩合单宁水平对绵羊瘤胃代谢的影响。试验共设3个处理饲粮,其中红豆草缩合单宁水平依次是Ⅰ为0.00 g/kg DM、Ⅱ为1.52 g/kg DM、Ⅲ为3.03 g/kg DM。试验结果表明,3个处理的瘤胃液pH均值(依组次为6.24±0.32,6.13±0.28和6.13±0.37)无显著差异(P＞0.05);处理Ⅱ、Ⅲ瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)呈高于Ⅰ的趋势(P=0.099);处理Ⅲ的乙酸摩尔比低于处理Ⅰ(P＜0.05)与Ⅱ(P=0.074),其丙酸摩尔比较高(P=0.088),乙酸/丙酸较低(P=0.096);各处理间瘤胃液总氮、蛋白氮、细菌氮、氨态氮、尿素氮的平均浓度差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。因此,本试验结果表明,含红豆草缩合单宁3.03 g/kg DM的饲粮对绵羊瘤胃纤维素分解微生物的活性产生一定程度的抑制,而分解淀粉的微生物活性被增强。  相似文献   

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