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1.
Long‐term crop rotation trials were designed to assess sustainability of alternatives to traditional fallow and monocropping. The trial described here (6 years) involved wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rotation with lentil (Lens culinaris L.), forage vetch (Vicia sativa), pasture medic (Medicago spp.), fallow and watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris). Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was compared with wheat for an additional 2 years. Cereal grain and straw yields were highest with fallow and watermelon followed by vetch, lentil and medic; the latter showed no differential effect of variable grazing intensity. Fertilizer N increased yields except in the low‐rainfall years (less than 250 mm). Barley out‐yielded wheat in terms of grain, but not straw. Medic yielded highest in dry matter, whereas lentil produced highest seed yield. Despite the difficulty of assessing crop and animal‐oriented rotations because of non‐commonality of outputs, economic considerations are foremost, but other benefits of rotations (soil quality, water‐use relations) are also relevant to the overall assessment of cereal‐based Mediterranean rotations. The study suggested barley rather than wheat as the desired cereal in rotation with legumes in this marginal‐rainfall (350 mm) environment and provided support for the viability of vetch and lentil in the cropping system. Given the importance of sheep in the region’s farming system, vetch is likely to have a major role in crop rotations. 相似文献
2.
The need to increase forage production for the growing livestock population in the Mediterranean region necessitates the evaluation of various promising forage species with respect to maximum herbage yield, optimum time for harvest and seed yield. Seven forage legumes, woolly pod vetch ( Vicia villosa subsp. dasycarpa accession 683), narbon vetch (V. narbonensis accession 67), common vetch ( V. sativa selections 2541, 2037, 2020), common chickling ( Lathyrus sativus selection 439) and ochrus chickling ( L. ochrus selection 104) were compared over two years with contrasting rainfall. In both years the entries were sown in November and their primary growths sampled periodically during growth. For each sample, phenology, total dry matter, leaf area index (LAI) and, at maturity, total dry matter, seed yield and harvest index, were recorded.
In both seasons, narbon vetch attained the highest dry matter and seed yields, and there was very limited variability in the maximum dry matter yield of the other entries. In general, the maximum dry matter occurred at 20–50 % podding in woolly pod vetch, 100 % podding in common vetch selection 2541 (local), narbon vetch and common chickling and at maturity in common vetch selection 2037, selection 2020 and ochrus chickling.
Throughout the vegetative to early flowering stages, woolly pod vetch had the highest dry matter yield and LAI. Possible uses of each species as animal feed are discussed. 相似文献
In both seasons, narbon vetch attained the highest dry matter and seed yields, and there was very limited variability in the maximum dry matter yield of the other entries. In general, the maximum dry matter occurred at 20–50 % podding in woolly pod vetch, 100 % podding in common vetch selection 2541 (local), narbon vetch and common chickling and at maturity in common vetch selection 2037, selection 2020 and ochrus chickling.
Throughout the vegetative to early flowering stages, woolly pod vetch had the highest dry matter yield and LAI. Possible uses of each species as animal feed are discussed. 相似文献
3.
The major limiting factor to livestock production in West Asia and North Africa is the inadequate feed supply. The introduction of leguminous forage species into fallow lands represents a means of increasing feed supplies for the rapidly growing livestock population.
Twenty five lines each of common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) wooly-pod vetch ( Vicia villosa ssp. dasycarpa Ten.), and bitter vetch ( Vicia ervilia L.) were tested over three seasons with contrasting rainfalls and winter temperatures. For each species, seedling vigour, winter growth, cold effect, spring growth, leafiness, herbage yield at 100 % flowering, grain yield, harvest index and aspects of herbage quality were recorded. There were considerable variation among entries with the same species, entries of V. ervilia were the earlier in flowering and maturity, and V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa almost the latest by 45 days. V. sativa , was the most affected by frost whilst both V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa and V. ervilia proved to be cold tolerant.
Although V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa produced high herbage yield in springs its grain yield is low resulting in a low harvest index. Both V. ervilia and V. sativa produced high grain yield with high harvest index. Seed yield was negatively correlated (P < 0.01) with days to flowering and maturity indicating the need of earlier types.
Quality of the herbage in term of digestibility was far lower (46 % IVDMD) in V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa than the other two species (69 % and 72 %).
The possible niches and utilization of each species as animal feed in the prevailing farming systems are discussed. 相似文献
Twenty five lines each of common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) wooly-pod vetch ( Vicia villosa ssp. dasycarpa Ten.), and bitter vetch ( Vicia ervilia L.) were tested over three seasons with contrasting rainfalls and winter temperatures. For each species, seedling vigour, winter growth, cold effect, spring growth, leafiness, herbage yield at 100 % flowering, grain yield, harvest index and aspects of herbage quality were recorded. There were considerable variation among entries with the same species, entries of V. ervilia were the earlier in flowering and maturity, and V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa almost the latest by 45 days. V. sativa , was the most affected by frost whilst both V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa and V. ervilia proved to be cold tolerant.
Although V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa produced high herbage yield in springs its grain yield is low resulting in a low harvest index. Both V. ervilia and V. sativa produced high grain yield with high harvest index. Seed yield was negatively correlated (P < 0.01) with days to flowering and maturity indicating the need of earlier types.
Quality of the herbage in term of digestibility was far lower (46 % IVDMD) in V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa than the other two species (69 % and 72 %).
The possible niches and utilization of each species as animal feed in the prevailing farming systems are discussed. 相似文献
4.
The introduction of annual feed legumes into the intensifying systems of barley monocropping in dry-area Mediterranean agriculture would reduce pest and disease risk and increase sustainable productivity. Potential modes of legume utilization by small ruminants — as green grazing, hay, or mature grain and straw — imply different times of harvest removal with possible consequences for the subsequent barley crop. In nine two-year trials, barley following green-grazed common vetch (Vicia sativa) always outyielded barley following vetch cut as hay or harvested at maturity, albeit in some years by small and non-significant margins; mean differences in barley grain and straw yields between green-graze and mature vetch treatments were around 20 %. The main mechanisms implicated are carryover to the barley of small amounts of soil water unused by early-harvested vetch and enhanced nitrogen availability where active vetch root systems were killed by removal of the above-ground crop. 相似文献
5.
Relationship between grain yield and grain nitrogen concentration in winter triticale 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Summary Ten hexaploid winter triticale lines were grown for two cropping periods at three locations in western Switzerland. Averaged across the six environments, the differences between lines were statistically significant (P=0.05) for grain yield, above-ground biomass, N uptake, grain N yield, nitrogen harvest index, grain N concentration and straw N concentration. There were significant line x environment interactions for all traits. Grain yield and grain N concentration were inversely related (r=–0.74**). Diagrams in which grain yields were plotted against grain N concentration were used to identify lines with a consistently unusual combination of grain yield and grain N concentration. Despite comparable grain yields, Line 3 had a high grain N concentration, while that of Line 7 was low. Line 3 was superior to Line 7 in both N uptake and N harvest index. Averaged across environments and lines, the N harvest index was 0.73 which corresponds to N harvest indices reported for bread wheat in the same region. We considered the feasibility of developing triticale lines which would outperform the best recent ones in N uptake and partitioning. However, we doubted that this would bring about a marked increase in grain N concentration, because, in the long run, the expected genetic progress in grain yield will lead to a dilution of grain protein by grain carbohydrate increments.Abbreviations GNC
grain N concentration
- GNY
grain N yield
- GY
grain yield
- HI
above-ground dry matter harvest index
- NHI
nitrogen harvest index
- SNC
straw N concentration
- TB
total above-ground biomass
- TPN
total plant N 相似文献
6.
《European Journal of Agronomy》2006,24(2):87-94
The objective of the research was to compare an aerial image with optical data of an on the ground platform device measuring continuously while driving through the field. For this latter, a Cropscan, Inc. multi-spectral radiometer was used to automatically take a measurement every 1–1.5 m. Field images of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of both devices were compared in their capability estimating yield variability in a wheat field. An experimental field with three seeding densities and five nitrogen application rates was investigated. Every treatment had four repetitions, resulting in 60 plots of 12 m × 16 m. At harvest, yield variables of the plots (grain and straw yield (t/ha), dry matter content in grain and straw (t/ha), nitrogen in grain and straw (kg[N]/ha) and protein content (%) in grain) were collected to relate to the images of both systems. The NDVI of both measurement systems was well related to applied nitrogen in the field: correlation coefficients were 0.78 and 0.85 for the aerial-based and the ground-based system, respectively. There was a high similarity (correlation coefficient of 0.94) between NDVI measurements of both systems. NDVI was also well related to yield variables at harvest. The NDVI of the ground system was better related to yield variables at harvest compared to NDVI of the aerial system. Best correlation coefficient found for both systems was with nitrogen in grain: 0.84 and 0.91 for the aerial-based and the ground-based system, respectively. NDVI images were more related to yield quality. Grain yield already reached its optimum in the field, while grain quality still increased with increasing nitrogen application rate. For the ground system, the average estimation errors, when using linear regression analysis, were smaller than 10% for all yield variables except for estimated straw yield and estimated nitrogen content in straw. For the aerial system, also estimated total nitrogen content exceeded the 10% error percentage. Besides the higher accuracy in the estimation of yields variables, the ground system had the advantage of being cheaper and that the data were immediately available. 相似文献
7.
The yield of maize ( Zea mays L.) can be increased appreciably if canopy closure is brought forward. In France and Germany, the use of plastic mulch has boosted dry matter yields of silage maize by approximately 4 t/ha. In Germany, the grain yield of maize plants grown from greenhouse-raised seedlings was 2.4 t/ha more than that of plants grown conventionally. The present study aimed to review and quantify the effect of the use of plastic mulch and greenhouse-raised seedlings on yield of maize. In field trials the effect of a photo-degradable transparent plastic mulch on the yield of two hybrids: Clipper (early-maturing) and Dea (late-maturing) was tested. In two of these trials the effect of using seedlings raised in the greenhouse up to the five-leaf stage was also tested. Crops with plastic mulch required 10 % fewer growing degree days from planting to silking than the unmulched crops, and this number was more constant between years and sites. On average, plastic mulch increased whole plant dry matter content from 29 % to 33 %, and the dry matter of the ear from 45 % to 52 %. In Dea , dry matter yields of the whole plant and of the ear rose by 2.6 and 2.1 t/ha respectively. In Clipper the yield increases were half as large. The regression of whole plant dry matter yield on the sum of global radiation from silking to harvest was similar for mulched and unmulched crops. This suggests that the yield increases obtained with the plastic mulch were largely attributable to advancement of canopy establishment. The whole-plant dry matter yield of plants initially raised in the greenhouse was similar to that of maize sown in situ, but the ear dry matter yield was 2.4 t/ha higher. 相似文献
8.
S. K. Yau M. Bounejmate J. Ryan R. Baalbaki A. Nassar R. Maacaroun 《European Journal of Agronomy》2003,19(4):599-610
In arid and semi-arid areas of West Asia and North Africa, including the northern Bekaa Valley of Lebanon, farmers have been increasingly practicing continuous barley cultivation. The objectives of the study were to (1) determine whether barley monoculture is unsustainable1, (2) ascertain if barley and total dry matter yields can be increased and sustained by including a legume crop in the rotation, and (3) determine which barley–legume rotations are more productive. The trial was set up in a randomised complete block design with two replicates under rain-fed conditions in 1994–1995 at the Agricultural Research and Educational Center (33°56′ N, 36°5′ E, 995 m above sea level). Eight two-phase barley-based rotations were compared: barley in rotation with barley, lentil, common vetch, bitter vetch, common vetch for grazing, medics for grazing, common vetch for hay, and common vetch with barley for hay. Seed and straw were harvested from barley and legumes in the first four rotations. Relative to the trial mean, seed and straw yield under barley monoculture slumped in 1997–1998 and did not recover since then. Infestation of wild barley was a cause of this yield decline. Barley–legume rotations yielded 44–80% more barley grain and 27–53% more barley straw than the barley monoculture over the 6 years (1995–1996 to 2000–2001). Furthermore, in the legume phase, common and bitter vetch gave higher seed yield than barley monoculture. Thus, all barley–legume rotations, except barley–medics, yielded more total dry matter than barley monoculture on the basis of per rotation cycle. Among the barley–legume rotations, the barley-common vetch for seed rotation gave the highest and most stable dry matter yield. In conclusion, barley monoculture was unsustainable, but barley yields could be increased and sustained by including legumes in the rotation. Farmers in semi-arid areas of Lebanon should discontinue practicing barley monoculture and adopt a barley–legume, such as common vetch, rotation. 相似文献
9.
M Aufhammer H. J. Pieper J. Kásser V. Scháfhr T. Senn E. Kübler 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1996,177(3):185-196
The Suitability of Grains from Cereal Crops with Different N Supply for Bioethanol Production
The properties of grains of different small grain cereals, produced under increasing N-supply levels, for conversion into bioerhanol were investigated. Grain material of winterwheat, -rye and -triticale, two cultivars each, was used At two locations, field experiments comprising several N-fertilization levels between 0 and 180 kg N/ha were conducted. The main parameters analysed were the bioethanol output (1 bioethanol/dt grain dry matter) and the bioethanol yield (1 bioethanol/ha), both under addition and without addition of technical enzymes. Furthermore, the falling numbers, the protein content and die autoamylolytic quotient (AAQ) were determined. AAQ means the autoamylolytic bioethanol output related to die output under addition of technical enzymes. With a rising N-supply, yields/ha and die protein contents of grain increased differently. Combined with increasing protein contents, decreasing bioethanol outputs were measured, particularly with wheat, to a smaller extent with triticale, and to an even lesser extent with rye. Only with wheat were die AAQ-values significantly reduced as a consequence of rising N-supply levels. In interaction with growing conditions, cultivars and N-levels, the bioethanol yields/ha of rye and triticale equalled or even surpassed the yields of wheat, particularly under autoamylolytic-conversion processing conditions. 相似文献
The properties of grains of different small grain cereals, produced under increasing N-supply levels, for conversion into bioerhanol were investigated. Grain material of winterwheat, -rye and -triticale, two cultivars each, was used At two locations, field experiments comprising several N-fertilization levels between 0 and 180 kg N/ha were conducted. The main parameters analysed were the bioethanol output (1 bioethanol/dt grain dry matter) and the bioethanol yield (1 bioethanol/ha), both under addition and without addition of technical enzymes. Furthermore, the falling numbers, the protein content and die autoamylolytic quotient (AAQ) were determined. AAQ means the autoamylolytic bioethanol output related to die output under addition of technical enzymes. With a rising N-supply, yields/ha and die protein contents of grain increased differently. Combined with increasing protein contents, decreasing bioethanol outputs were measured, particularly with wheat, to a smaller extent with triticale, and to an even lesser extent with rye. Only with wheat were die AAQ-values significantly reduced as a consequence of rising N-supply levels. In interaction with growing conditions, cultivars and N-levels, the bioethanol yields/ha of rye and triticale equalled or even surpassed the yields of wheat, particularly under autoamylolytic-conversion processing conditions. 相似文献
10.
Nitrogen uptake and nitrogen harvest index in durum wheat cultivars varying in their grain protein concentration 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
Summary In a field experiment, plant (excluding roots) and grain nitrogen at harvest were estimated in 15 durum wheat cultivars varying in their grain protein concentration. They showed significant variation in grain yield, grain protein concentration, biological yield, total plant nitrogen at harvest and residual nitrogen in straw. Harvest index and nitrogen harvest index were calculated from this primary data. Nitrogen harvest index varied from 57 to 83%. Plant nitrogen showed significant positive correlation with biological yield, grain yield and grain protein yield, but the correlations with grain protein concentration, harvest index and nitrogen harvest index were not significant. Nitrogen harvest index was positively correlated with harvest index indicating that the distribution of N between straw and grain to a large extent, but not entirely, depends upon the partitioning of dry matter between the two. Grain protein concentration was neither correlated significantly to plant nitrogen nor to nitrogen harvest index. 相似文献
11.
灌水对强筋小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及其稳定性的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
2005—2006年小麦生长季, 利用7个强筋品种, 按统一设计方案分别在7个省进行田间试验, 研究灌水在不同生态环境下对籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及其稳定性的调控效应。结果表明, 在小麦生育期平均降水量低于常年的情况下, 各试验点的平均产量以灌3次水(灌水时期分别为春2叶露尖、春5叶露尖和开花期,每次灌水量均为600 m3 hm-2)的处理最高, 显著高于灌2次水(灌水时期为春5叶露尖和开花期, 每次灌水量均为600 m3 hm-2)和灌1次水(灌水时期为春5叶露尖期, 灌水量为600 m3 hm-2)的处理, 但与灌4次水(灌水时期分别为春2叶露尖、春5叶露尖、开花期和灌浆期,每次灌水量均为600 m3 hm-2)的处理差异不显著。随着灌水次数和灌水量的增加, 各试验点总体呈现产量提高和试验点间差异缩小的趋势, 产量环境指数越低的试验点, 灌水处理的增产效果越好。说明灌水可使不同生态环境下强筋小麦产量的稳定性增强。平均产量越高的品种, 在各试验点间的产量变异越小, 即稳定性越好; 产量的环境指数越高, 品种间产量变异系数越小。不同灌水处理的籽粒蛋白质含量差异显著, 随灌水次数增加, 平均蛋白质含量有逐渐降低的趋势, 但在降水过少的河北任丘试验点, 增加灌水使蛋白质含量有所提高。同一品种在不同试验点的蛋白质含量有较大变化。在各试验点间变异系数小的品种, 其蛋白质含量静态稳定性较好; 而变异系数大的品种则对生态环境变化有较大反应, 说明其品质的栽培可塑性较强。 相似文献
12.
Underground Vetch (Vicia sativa ssp. amphicarpa): A Potential Pasture and Forage Legume for Dry Areas in West Asia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Subterranean vetch [Vicia sativa ssp. amphicarpa (Dorth.) Aschers & Graebn.] is native to disturbed grasslands of the Mediterranean basin where heavy grazing, seasonal drought and erosion act as strong selection forces. It produces two pod types, above‐ground and 5 cm below the soil surface. Unlike subterranean clover (Trifolium subterranean L.), which buries its seeds after flowering above‐ground, subterranean vetch flowers and forms pods beneath the soil surface on underground stems. The aerial pods are produced after vegetative development ceases, while the underground pods are produced in ontogeny. The ability of this unusual vetch to survive in marginal areas with low rainfall (about 250 mm year?1) and to produce nutritious herbage and pods is an important characteristic which helps address rehabilitation of degraded rangelands and increase feed production for small ruminants. Research at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) during the 1988–93 growing seasons has assessed the herbage and seed productivity of underground vetch, its ability to grow in rotation with barley in marginal low‐rainfall areas, and its capacity to regenerate after heavy grazing. Drier conditions in 1989 favoured earlier underground flowering; the number of underground pods was higher than that of aerial pods. Grain yield of barley (var. Atlas) was around 2.0 t ha?1 after underground vetch and only 1.2 t ha?1 after barley. Grazing underground vetch had no effect on the productivity of the succeeding barley crop. The aerial and underground pods serve two distinct functions; aerial pods increase dissemination within suitable habitats, while underground pods increase the probability of plant survival under adverse conditions such as drought and heavy grazing. Underground vetch has two potential uses, namely the rehabilitation of marginal areas and production in rotation with barley. 相似文献
13.
Evaluation of plant species for animal feed requires the quantitative and qualitative comparison of different genotypes. Promising lines of annual legumes comprising seven genotypes of vetche ( Vicia spp.) and chicklings ( Lathyrus spp.) were compared for herbage quality. The content of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in herbage and pods were measured at different stages of plant maturity. The proportion of the leaves to shoots (leafiness) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were also determined. As plants matured IVDMD, CP and leafiness decreased and NDF and ADF increased. For all the genotypes maximum digestible dry matter (DDM) and CP yields were more or less attained at 50–100 % podding. Narbon vetch had the highest DDM. The possible uses of the different genotypes as animal feed are discussed based on the partitioning of the DDM and CP yield as plants matured. 相似文献
14.
Summary Forty-one breeding lines of common wheat, derived from crosses between the Israeli cultivars Miriam and Lakhish and high-protein lines of wild tetraploid wheat, Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides, were tested for various protein and yield parameters in field trials, under typical agronomic conditions. All lines had a higher grain protein percentage (GPP) than the leading Israeli cultivar Deganit, which was grown as a control. Grain yield (GY) ranged in the breeding lines from a low of 2.44 t/ha to as high as that of Deganit (6.95 t/ha). Despite the weak negative correlation between GPP and GY, several lines excelled both in GPP and in GY. The grain protein yield (GPY) of some of these selected breeding lines was higher than that of Deganit; e.g., 1.19 t/ha in the best line vs. 1.02 t/ha in Deganit. The 16.7% increase in GPY in this line reflected a more efficient utilization of nitrogen. 相似文献
15.
Y. Shakhatreh O. Kafawin S. Ceccarelli & H. Saoub 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2001,186(2):119-127
An experiment was conducted at five locations in Jordan (Khanasri, annual rainfall 150 mm; Ramtha, 225 mm; Muwaqar, 150 mm; Rabba, 350 mm; Ghweer, 250 mm) during the 1996/1997 growing season, to evaluate the yield performance and some agronomic traits of 84 barley breeding lines and three long‐term checks (Zanbaka, Arta and Klaxon) for drought tolerance. An α‐lattice design with two replications and six incomplete blocks for each replication was used. Genotype 6 (WI2291/Tadmor) was found to be superior in grain yield, especially compared to the best check (Arta) at the two wettest locations (Rabba and Ghweer). Genotype 21 (Mo.B1337/WI2291/5/Emir/Sb//CM67/3/F8‐HB‐854‐23/121//148‐221/4/CI 08887/CI05761) out‐yielded the best check (Arta) at the driest location (Khanasri), while genotype 61 (Salmas/Arabia Aswad) produced a higher grain yield than the best check (Zanbaka) at Ramtha. The correlations amongst grain yield, biological yield, straw yield, plant height and harvest index were always significant and positive regardless of the location. The correlations amongst days to heading, days to maturity and grain yield were significant at the two driest locations only. This suggests that different phonologies are required to maximize grain yield in wet and dry environments. Also, the relationship between grain yield and the length of grain‐filling period was positive in the wettest location (Rabba), negative in the driest (Khanasri) and not significant at the two intermediate locations. These results emphasize the importance of selection in the target environment and the need to develop early‐maturing genotypes as a way of withstanding drought and high temperatures during the grain‐filling period. A high and negative correlation coefficient was found between the drought susceptibility index and grain yield at the driest site, whereas at the wettest site the correlation coefficient was lower and in some cases positive, indicating the existence of traits that are desirable under drought and undesirable under favourable conditions. 相似文献
16.
Influence of winter wheat grown continuously on grain yield, foot rot infection and nematodes compared with winter wheat in rotation
The field trial, started in 1968 at the experimental-station in Rauischholzhausen, was intended to give informations about winter wheat in continuous cultivation. The question was if intensification of growing culture enables monoculture wheat to yield as high as winter wheat in rotation (sugar-beet, winter wheat, spring barley). Influence of green manuring with additional nitrogen, straw manuring with additional nitrogen, straw burning and fungicid treatment against eyespot was investigated.
The following results have been obtained in the years 1969 to 1985:
1. In the 17 years average winter wheat in rotation yielded with 50.1 dt/ha a higher amount of grain dry weight than wheat in monoculture (43.6 dt/ha). Only in 3 years wheat in monoculture reaches the grain yield level of wheat in rotation.
2. The incidence of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides was in wheat after wheat about 10% higher than in wheat after sugar-beets.
3. The use of fungicides against culm base diseases caused in monoculture an increase in yield of about 2.7 dt/ha which was not higher than in rotation (+2.5 dt/ha).
4. The first 12 years indicated a decline-effect with continuously decreasing differences in the yield of wheat in monoculture compared with rotation. But until the 17th year of the trial grain yield differences were as high as in the beginning.
It is not possible either by means of intensification of fertilizing or chemical plant protection treatment to reach the grain yield level of winter wheat in rotation with winter wheat in monoculture. Even the use of modern agronomical methodes remains crop rotation as a central part of an effective plant culture. 相似文献
The field trial, started in 1968 at the experimental-station in Rauischholzhausen, was intended to give informations about winter wheat in continuous cultivation. The question was if intensification of growing culture enables monoculture wheat to yield as high as winter wheat in rotation (sugar-beet, winter wheat, spring barley). Influence of green manuring with additional nitrogen, straw manuring with additional nitrogen, straw burning and fungicid treatment against eyespot was investigated.
The following results have been obtained in the years 1969 to 1985:
1. In the 17 years average winter wheat in rotation yielded with 50.1 dt/ha a higher amount of grain dry weight than wheat in monoculture (43.6 dt/ha). Only in 3 years wheat in monoculture reaches the grain yield level of wheat in rotation.
2. The incidence of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides was in wheat after wheat about 10% higher than in wheat after sugar-beets.
3. The use of fungicides against culm base diseases caused in monoculture an increase in yield of about 2.7 dt/ha which was not higher than in rotation (+2.5 dt/ha).
4. The first 12 years indicated a decline-effect with continuously decreasing differences in the yield of wheat in monoculture compared with rotation. But until the 17th year of the trial grain yield differences were as high as in the beginning.
It is not possible either by means of intensification of fertilizing or chemical plant protection treatment to reach the grain yield level of winter wheat in rotation with winter wheat in monoculture. Even the use of modern agronomical methodes remains crop rotation as a central part of an effective plant culture. 相似文献
17.
秋季玉米秸秆覆盖对丘陵旱地小麦生理特性及水分利用效率的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
西南丘陵冬春季节干旱频繁,严重影响小麦播种立苗及产量。2012—2013(干旱)和2013—2014年度(湿润),在四川简阳开展田间试验,比较不同玉米秸秆处理方式对旱地小麦生理性状、水分利用效率及产量的影响。试验共设4个处理,分别是无覆盖(CK)、无覆盖+播后和拔节期灌水(T1)、休闲期覆盖(T2)和休闲期+小麦生育期覆盖(T3)。干旱年份T1、T2和T3的产量分别为4151、3926和3603 kg hm–2;较CK增产42.0%、34.3%和23.2%,提高水分利用效率27.2%、29.6%和18.8%。湿润年份处理间产量差异较小。与CK相比,干旱年份灌水和覆盖提高了播种至开花阶段的干物质积累量,有效抑制了花后旗叶、倒二叶的叶绿素降解;覆盖处理有利于保持播前充足的底墒及生育期间较高的土壤含水量;T2处理主要生育时期的根干重、根冠比、根长密度、根质量密度和根表面积密度增加,下层土壤中的根系增多。籽粒产量与各生育阶段干物质积累量、花后旗叶和倒二叶的SPAD及水分利用效率呈显著或极显著正相关。秋季玉米秸秆就地覆盖具有显著的纳雨保墒作用,可提高小麦立苗质量,延缓叶片衰老,进而增产。 相似文献
18.
冬种马铃薯新品种‘闽薯1号’高产栽培试验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以 ‘闽薯1号’为试验材料,采用裂区设计,探讨不同品种和栽培方式对冬种马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明：（1）6种不同处理间商品薯产量差异均达极显著水平。其中,以‘闽薯1号’稻草包芯+地膜覆盖栽培的鲜薯产量为39.39 t/hm2,增产44.23%,大中薯率高达95.2%,生育期缩短5天,每公顷可增加纯收入1.66万元,增产增效最为显著。其次是‘闽薯1号’地膜覆盖栽培,‘紫花851’常规栽培处理最低。（2）同一品种不同栽培方式的产量、大中薯率和商品率表现依次为稻草包芯+地膜覆盖>地膜覆盖>常规栽培。（3）同一栽培方式不同品种的产量差异显著,表现依次为‘闽薯1号’>‘紫花851’。稻草包芯+地膜覆盖栽培具有增产增效显著、增温保墒、保水防旱、抑制杂草、减轻病虫害和防霜冻害等优点。马铃薯新品种‘闽薯1号’采用稻草包芯+地膜覆盖配套栽培技术,具有良好的推广应用前景。 相似文献
19.
玉米秸秆还田条件下麦田氮素运转和籽粒产量对氮肥的响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为给秸秆全部还田条件下豫北麦玉两熟高产地区冬小麦合理施用氮肥提供理论依据,以周麦18和济麦22为试材,于2011-2013年研究了不同施氮处理(小麦全生育期不施氮肥,及底施纯氮120 kg/hm2基础上拔节期分别追施0,60,100,140,180,210 kg/hm2)下麦田土壤和植株氮素含量的动态变化,分析了不同追氮量对植株氮素吸收、麦田氮肥利用率和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,小麦植株氮素吸收积累和籽粒产量随施氮量的增加呈单峰曲线变化,周麦18和济麦22分别在220,260 kg/hm2和120,180 kg/hm2施氮量下植株氮素吸收积累达到峰值,籽粒产量较高。麦田氮流失量随施氮量增加呈先升后降变化趋势。秸秆还田配施适量氮肥能够显著提高氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率;随着施氮量的持续增加氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率显著降低。综合来看,玉米秸秆还田条件下兼顾氮肥效率和籽粒产量,豫北麦玉两熟区周麦18适宜的氮肥配施量为220~260 kg/hm2,种植济麦22适宜的氮肥配施量为120~180 kg/hm2。 相似文献
20.
Water use and water use efficiency of cool season grain legumes in low rainfall Mediterranean-type environments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
K. H. M. Siddique K. L. Regan D. Tennant B. D. Thomson 《European Journal of Agronomy》2001,15(4):267-280
The water use (Et) and water use efficiency (WUE) of a range of cool season grain legume species (field pea [Pisum sativum L.], faba bean [Vicia faba L.], chickpea [Cicer arietinum L.], lentil [Lens culinaris Med.], albus lupin [Lupinus albus L.], dwarf chickling [Lathyrus cicera L.], ochrus chickling [Lathyrus ochrus L.], grass pea [Lathyrus sativus L.], narbon bean [Vicia narbonensis L.], common vetch [Vicia sativa L.], and purple vetch [Vicia benghalensis L.]) were examined on fine textured neutral to alkaline soils in the low to medium rainfall Mediterranean-type environments in south-western Australia at Merredin and Mullewa in two seasons. There was no difference in the total Et between grain legumes at either site in either year. There was also no variation in soil water extraction between species on the shallow sandy loam soil at Merredin. However, C. arietinum, L. sativus and L. cicera had greater water extraction and P. sativum the least water extraction at Mullewa where soil conditions were less hostile and root penetration was not restricted. The pattern of water use varied markedly between the grain legume species examined. Grain yield was positively correlated with post-flowering water use (Etpa) in both erect (r=0.59) and prostrate (r=0.54) grain legume species. Water use efficiencies for dry matter production (WUEdm) of up to 30 kg ha−1 mm−1 for V. faba and V. narbonensis at Merredin, and water use efficiencies for grain yield (WUEgr) of up to 16 kg ha−1 mm−1 for P. sativum and 13 kg ha−1 mm−1 for V. faba at Mullewa, were comparable to those reported for cereals and other grain legumes in previous studies in this and other environments. Potential transpiration efficiencies (TE) of 15 kg ha−1 mm−1 together with soil evaporation (Es) values of 100–125 mm were estimated in this and associated studies, and can be used as benchmark values to assess the yield potential of cool season grain legume crops in low rainfall Mediterranean-type environments. The major traits of adaptation for grain legume species producing large yields in this short season environment are early flowering, and pod and seed set before the onset of terminal drought. Early phenology together with rapid ground cover and dry matter production allows greater water use in the post flowering period. This leads to greater partitioning of dry matter into seed, which is reflected in greater harvest index (HI) and WUEgr, as was observed for V. faba and P. sativum. Improvement in the adaptation of other grain legume species to short season Mediterranean-type environments requires increased early growth for rapid ground cover and improved tolerance to low temperatures (especially for C. arietinum) during flowering and podding. 相似文献