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1.
Objective  We hypothesized that propofol can produce rapidly-reversible, dose-dependent standing sedation in horses.
Study design  Prospective randomized, blinded, experimental trial.
Animals  Twelve healthy horses aged 12 ± 6 years (mean ± SD), weighing 565 ± 20 kg, and with an equal distribution of mares and geldings.
Methods  Propofol was administered as an intravenous bolus at one of three randomized doses (0.20, 0.35 and 0.50 mg kg−1). Cardiovascular and behavioral measurements were made by a single investigator, who was blinded to treatment dose, at 3 minute intervals until subjective behavior scores returned to pre-sedation baseline values. Continuous data were analyzed over time using repeated-measures anova and noncontinuous data were analyzed using Friedman tests.
Results  There were no significant propofol dose or temporal effects on heart rate, respiratory rate, vertical head height, or jugular venous blood gases (pHv, PvO2, PvCO2). The 0.35 mg kg−1 dose caused mild sedation lasting up to 6 minutes. The 0.50 mg kg−1 dose increased sedation depth and duration, but with increased ataxia and apparent muscle weakness.
Conclusions and clinical relevance  Intravenous 0.35 mg kg−1 propofol provided brief, mild sedation in horses. Caution is warranted at higher doses due to increased risk of ataxia.  相似文献   

2.
Objective  To investigate the effects of a low-dose constant rate infusion (LCRI; 50 μg kg−1 minute−1) and high-dose CRI (HCRI; 200 μg kg−1 minute−1) lidocaine on arterial blood pressure and on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane (Sevo), in dogs.
Study design  Prospective, randomized experimental design.
Animals  Eight healthy adult spayed female dogs, weighing 16.0 ± 2.1 kg.
Methods  Each dog was anesthetized with sevoflurane in oxygen and mechanically ventilated, on three separate occasions 7 days apart. Following a 40-minute equilibration period, a 0.1-mL kg−1 saline loading dose or lidocaine (2 mg kg−1 intravenously) was administered over 3 minutes, followed by saline CRI or lidocaine LCRI or HCRI. The sevoflurane MAC was determined using a tail clamp. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure and plasma concentration of lidocaine were measured. All values are expressed as mean ± SD.
Results  The MAC of Sevo was 2.30 ± 0.19%. The LCRI reduced MAC by 15% to 1.95 ± 0.23% and HCRI by 37% to 1.45 ± 0.21%. Diastolic and mean pressure increased with HCRI. Lidocaine plasma concentration was 0.84 ± 0.18 for LCRI and 1.89 ± 0.37 μg mL−1 for HCRI. Seventy-five percent of HCRI dogs vomited during recovery.
Conclusion and clinical relevance  Lidocaine infusions dose dependently decreased the MAC of Sevo, did not induce clinically significant changes in HR or arterial blood pressure, but vomiting was common during recovery in HCRI.  相似文献   

3.
Observations  A left sided Horner's syndrome (ptosis, prolapse of the nictitating membrane and miosis) was observed in a 4-year-old female, neutered Beagle dog after epidural injection of 0.22 mL kg−1 ropivacaine (0.75%) in 0.01 mL kg−1 of saline during isoflurane anaesthesia. Clinical signs disappeared gradually and resolved completely 4 hours and 10 minutes after injection.
Conclusions  The epidural injection of 0.22 mL kg−1 ropivacaine (0.75%) in 0.01 mL kg−1 of saline during isoflurane anaesthesia caused unilateral (left) Horner's syndrome in a 4-year-old female, neutered Beagle dog.  相似文献   

4.
Objective  To compare the effects of morphine (MOR), methadone (MET), butorphanol (BUT) and tramadol (TRA), in combination with acepromazine, on sedation, cardiorespiratory variables, body temperature and incidence of emesis in dogs.
Study design  Prospective randomized, blinded, experimental trial.
Animals  Six adult mixed-breed male dogs weighing 12.0 ± 4.3 kg.
Methods  Dogs received intravenous administration (IV) of acepromazine (0.05 mg kg−1) and 15 minutes later, one of four opioids was randomly administered IV in a cross-over design, with at least 1-week intervals. Dogs then received MOR 0.5 mg kg−1; MET 0.5 mg kg−1; BUT 0.15 mg kg−1; or TRA 2.0 mg kg−1. Indirect systolic arterial pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate ( f R), rectal temperature, pedal withdrawal reflex and sedation were evaluated at regular intervals for 90 minutes.
Results  Acepromazine administration decreased SAP, HR and temperature and produced mild sedation. All opioids further decreased temperature and MOR, BUT and TRA were associated with further decreases in HR. Tramadol decreased SAP whereas BUT decreased f R compared with values before opioid administration. Retching was observed in five of six dogs and vomiting occurred in one dog in MOR, but not in any dog in the remaining treatments. Sedation scores were greater in MET followed by MOR and BUT. Tramadol was associated with minor changes in sedation produced by acepromazine alone.
Conclusions and clinical relevance  When used with acepromazine, MET appears to provide better sedation than MOR, BUT and TRA. If vomiting is to be avoided, MET, BUT and TRA may be better options than MOR.  相似文献   

5.
Objective  To evaluate the quality of brachial plexus blockade with 0.75% ropivacaine in domestic chickens.
Study design  Prospective experimental trial.
Animals  Six 30-week-old female chickens, weighing 4.5 ± 0.4 kg.
Methods  Six brachial plexus injections were performed after anesthetic induction with isoflurane. After achieving adequate muscle relaxation, the animals were positioned in dorsal recumbency and injected with ropivacaine (1 mL kg−1). The birds recovered and assessments of motor function and response to pinch were scored every 5 minutes for 180 minutes. The scores were from zero (no response) to three (greatest response). The scores over time were analyzed using a Wilcoxon nonparametric test with statistical significance accepted if p  ≤ 0.05.
Results  There was a significant difference ( p  < 0.05) from 15 to 130 minutes and 15 to 120 minutes for motor and sensory blocks, respectively. The onset of both blocks took 15 minutes and the effective periods of sensory and motor anesthesia were 105 and 115 minutes, respectively. Comparison between blocks at different times did not demonstrate significant differences ( p  > 0.05).
Conclusions and clinical relevance  No complications were observed after the technique. Brachial plexus blockade with 0.75% ropivacaine is a simple and effective technique for procedures on the thoracic limb of domestic chickens.  相似文献   

6.
Objective  To evaluate the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia using alfaxalone following pre-anaesthetic medication with romifidine and butorphanol in ponies undergoing castration in the field.
Study design  Prospective clinical study.
Animals  Seventeen male ponies weighing 169 ± 29 kg.
Methods  The ponies were sedated with romifidine and butorphanol intravenously (IV). Induction time was recorded following administration of alfaxalone 1 mg kg−1 and diazepam 0.02 mg kg−1 IV. If movement during surgery occurred, alfaxalone 0.2 mg kg−1 was administered IV. The quality of anaesthetic induction, and recovery were scored on a subjective scale of 1 (good) to 5 (poor). The number of attempts to attain sternal recumbency and standing, quality of recovery and times from induction to end of surgery, first head lift, sternal recumbency and standing were recorded.
Results  Induction quality was good [median score (range) 1 (1–3)] with a mean ± SD time of 29 ± 6 seconds taken to achieve lateral recumbency. Ten ponies required incremental doses of alfaxalone during surgery. Mean times to the end of surgery, first head lift, sternal recumbency and standing were 26 ± 9 minutes, 31 ± 9 minutes, 33 ± 9 minutes and 34 ± 9 minutes respectively. The number of attempts to attain sternal recumbency was 1(1–1) and to attain standing was 1(1–2). Quality of recovery was good, with a recovery score of 1(1–2).
Conclusions and clinical relevance  Alfaxalone provided smooth induction and recovery characteristics and was considered suitable for maintenance of anaesthesia for castration in ponies.  相似文献   

7.
Epidural administration of bupivacaine and meperidine produces analgesia in several animal species and in humans. A prospective randomized study was conducted in 18 healthy horses to compare the effect of these 2 drugs administered by the epidural route. Animals were divided into 3 treatment groups of 6 animals each. All drugs were injected by the epidural route in all animals between the 1st and 2nd coccygeal vertebrae. Treatment 1 (BUP)--0.06 mg/kg of body weight of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine; treatment 2 (MEP)--0.6 mg/kg of body weight of 5% meperidine; treatment 3 (SS)--0.9% saline solution (control group). Heart rate, arterial pressure, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, analgesia, sedation, and motor-blocking were determined before drug administration (baseline values); at 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes after drug administration, and then at 30-minute intervals thereafter. Both hyperbaric bupivacaine and meperidine administered epidurally produced complete bilateral perineal analgesia in all horses. The onset of analgesia was 6, s = 2.6 minutes after injection of bupivacaine, as opposed to 9, s = 2 minutes after meperidine. The duration of analgesia was 240, s = 57 minutes for meperidine and 320, s = 30 minutes for bupivacaine. Heart and respiratory rates, arterial pressure, and rectal temperature did not change (P < 0.05) significantly from basal values after the epidural administration of bupivacaine, meperidine, or saline solution. To conclude, both bupivacaine and meperidine induced long-lasting perineal analgesia, with minimal cardiovascular effects. Analgesia was induced faster and lasted longer with bupivacaine.  相似文献   

8.
Objective To compare the incidence of arrhythmias in cats receiving either acepromazine or diazepam for pre-anaesthetic medication prior to halothane anaesthesia.
Study design A blinded, randomized clinical study.
Animals Forty-six healthy cats undergoing surgery.
Methods Animals were allocated to one of two groups for pre-anaesthetic medication. Group 1 received diazepam (0.2 mg kg−1). Group 2 received acepromazine (0.02 mg kg−1). The trial drug was administered intramuscularly in combination with buprenorphine (0.01 mg kg−1) 30 minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia with propofol (approximately 5 mg kg−1). Anaesthesia was maintained using halothane: delivered concentration was 1–2% carried in oxygen and nitrous oxide via an endotracheal tube attached to an Ayre's T-piece (with Jackson-Rees modification) breathing system. The incidence of cardiac arrhythmias was determined by continuously monitoring the electrocardiogram from the time of induction until recovery occurred. Demographical group characteristics were compared using analysis of variance. The incidence of cardiac arrhythmias was compared by the Chi squared test. Statistical significance was set at the 5% level.
Results The two groups were similar in weight, age, length and type of procedure undertaken. The incidence of arrhythmias was the same in each group (3/23 cases) ( p = 1.0).
Conclusions The incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in this study did not appear to be influenced by the nature of pre-anaesthetic medication.
Clinical relevance The incidence of cardiac arrhythmias under halothane anaesthesia was 13% in this study. Acepromazine did not appear to exert an anti-arrhythmic effect. This may not be the case in a larger scale study.  相似文献   

9.
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10.
Ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, has been shown to provide analgesia in some species. To target the NMDA receptor specifically and to potentially minimize some untoward side-effects, ketamine had been used epidurally. The objective of this study was to determine the analgesic effect of epidurally administered ketamine in dogs with chemically induced synovitis.
Sixteen healthy dogs were used. Dogs were anesthetized with propofol (4 mg kg−1 IV). Synovitis was induced by injecting 1 mL of sodium urate crystal solution (10 mg mL−1) into the right stifle. Dogs were allowed to recover and the synovitis was allowed to develop for 12 hours. The dogs were then anesthetized again using propofol (4 mg kg−1 IV). Lumbosacral epidural injections were performed with each dog receiving either 2 mg kg−1 of ketamine (20 mg mL−1) or an equal volume of placebo (sterile water containing not more than 0.1 mg mL−1 benzethonium chloride). Analgesia was assessed at baseline and then at 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 24 hours after induction of synovitis. Ground reaction forces (peak vertical force and impulse area) and overall pain were measured using a force platform and a pain scoring system (numerical rating scale).
Analysis of the data by Repeated Measures anova showed that the dogs developed a significant lameness between the baseline and 12 hours. However, no significant difference in ground reaction forces or total pain score was demonstrated between the treatment and control groups at any other time.
In conclusion, ketamine administered epidurally at a dose of 2 mg kg−1 did not provide significant analgesia in dogs with chemically induced synovitis.  相似文献   

11.
The objective of the study was to compare the effects of caudal epidural bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine (DEX) combination, with bupivacaine or DEX plain for perineal analgesia in mares. Six healthy saddle mares weighing 330–370 kg and aged 10–15 years were used in this study. Each mare was assigned to receive three treatments: 0.04 mg/kg 0.25% bupivacaine (BP), 2 μg/kg DEX (DX), or 0.02 mg/kg bupivacaine and 1 μg/kg DEX (BPDX). The order of treatments was randomized. All drugs were injected into the caudal epidural space (Co1-Co2) through a 16-G Tuohy epidural needle. After the epidural injections, heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressures (systolic, diastolic, and mean), and rectal temperature were measured at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes, and after this time, every 60 minutes until the end of the experiments. A subjective score system was used to assess analgesia, behavioral and motor blockade at the same time points. The BPDX treatment produced analgesic action with twice the duration (200 minutes) of the BP treatment (97 minutes), but with an analgesic duration shorter than the DX treatment (240 minutes) in the regions of the tail, perineum, and upper hind limbs in mares. All treatments showed mild motor blockade. No behavioral changes were observed in any of the animals. There was hemodynamic stability without significant changes in respiratory rate for all treatments. Epidural analgesia using DEX alone or the combination of DEX and bupivacaine may be an option for painful obstetric and gynecological procedures in mares.  相似文献   

12.
Objective  To compare the effect of three different administration rates of one dose of propofol on the depth and duration of anaesthesia and cardiopulmonary function during induction of anaesthesia in rats using electroencephalogram (EEG) and clinical signs.
Study design  Prospective, randomized experimental trial.
Animals  Twenty-one, adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 341 ± 26 g (mean ± SD) (325 to 480 g).
Methods  Animals were randomly divided into three groups to receive 20 mg kg−1 propofol as a bolus injection over 1, 2 or 3 minutes (groups P1, P2 and P3 respectively) intravenously (IV). The total duration and number of burst suppression (BS) episodes in the EEG, the time to loss of righting reflex, reflex score from electrical stimulation, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse rate were measured from the beginning of propofol injection.
Results  While loss of reflex to electrical stimulus and time to loss of righting reflex in group P3 were slower than in other groups, the total duration and number of BS episodes in group P3 were significantly higher than in groups P1 and P2 and cardiopulmonary depression was less prominent in group P3 than in groups P1 and P2 up to 2 minutes after the start of administration.
Conclusions  Twenty milligram per kg propofol administration IV for 3 minutes increased the duration of anaesthesia and decreased cardiopulmonary depression in rats.
Clinical relevance  Slower infusion of propofol produced surgical anaesthesia with less cardiopulmonary depression in rats.  相似文献   

13.
Pancuronium bromide, a neuromuscular blocking agent, was evaluated in canine cataract surgical patients under general anesthesia to determine its effects on respiratory function and globe position. Two paralytic, anesthetic regimes were studied: one using a standard dosage of 0.066 mg kg−1 pancuronium bromide, given intravenously while providing the patient with ventilatory support, and one using a dosage of 0.022 mg kg−1 in which no ventilatory support was provided. Eye position and anterior vitreal position/displacement were recorded by a surgeon who was blinded as to treatment group. Physiological parameters indicative of respiratory function were monitored. Both dosages of pancuronium produced comparable, neutral globe position within 30 s following administration which lasted for 20–30 min. All patients in the standard dose group experienced uneventful anesthetic episodes with physiological parameters well within the normal ranges. Within 5 min after administration, all patients in the low-dose group developed a pronounced respiratory acidosis (mean arterial pH = 7.07 ± 0.08; mean PaCO2 = 79.8 ± 10.7 mmHg), which exceeded a set of predetermined safety limits, and subsequently these dogs received ventilatory support. We conclude that 0.022 mg kg−1 pancuronium rapidly produces an unacceptable level of respiratory acidosis and, as a result, patients receiving neuromuscular blocking agents should routinely receive ventilatory support.  相似文献   

14.
Objective  To determine how a combination of anesthetic drugs; including pre-medication, induction agents and inhalational agents; affect colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in the presence and absence of isotonic fluid administration. Secondarily, to determine if changes in total plasma protein (TPP) correlate with COP in anesthetized patients.
Study Design  Prospective, randomized clinical study.
Animals  Ten female dogs, 4 months to 4 years of age and >8 kg undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.
Methods  All dogs were anesthetized in a similar fashion. After induction, five dogs received lactated ringer's solution (LRS) at 10 mL kg−1 hour−1 and five dogs received no fluid therapy during anesthesia. Blood samples were collected prior to pre-medication, prior to induction, immediately post-induction/prior to the inhalational agent, 30 minutes post-induction, at the time of recovery and 45 minutes post-discontinuation of inhalant. TPP and COP were measured from each sample.
Results  Administration of fluids resulted in a decrease in COP and TPP over time that did not return to baseline by 45 minutes after recovery. Anesthesia without the administration of fluids also resulted in a significant decrease in COP over time, that was rebounding by recovery (but still significantly less than baseline). TPP had variable correlation with COP at different time points with or without fluid administration.
Conclusions and clinical relevance  Anesthetic drugs alter COP similarly in the presence and absence of isotonic fluids. These changes in COP did not have a simple relationship to TPP and so the latter could not be used to predict COP in this patient population.  相似文献   

15.
Objective  To investigate the influence of L-659,066, a peripheral α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, on dexmedetomidine-induced sedation and reduction in pulse rate (PR) in dogs.
Study design  Randomized, cross-over.
Animals  Six healthy laboratory Beagles.
Methods  All animals received dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg−1 IV, DEX) alone or in combination with L-659,066 (250 μg kg−1 IV, DEX + L) with a 7-day rest period between treatments. Sedation was assessed using a composite sedation score and PRs were recorded. Atipamezole (50 μg kg−1 IM, ATI) was administered to reverse the sedation. Overnight Holter-monitoring was carried out to obtain a minimum heart rate (MHR) at rest.
Results  Bioequivalence was shown for clinical sedation between DEX and DEX + L. Heart rate was significantly higher with DEX + L during the period of sedation. Bioequivalence was demonstrated between MHR and PR in the DEX + L group during the period of sedation. Recoveries after ATI were uneventful.
Conclusions  L-659,066 did not affect the quality of dexmedetomidine-induced sedation whilst it attenuated the reduction in PR. Thus, L-659,066 could prove a useful adjunct to reduce the peripheral cardiovascular effects attributed to dexmedetomidine in dogs.
Clinical relevance  The clinical safety of α2-adrenoceptor agonists could be markedly improved with less peripheral cardiovascular effects.  相似文献   

16.
Objective  To evaluate and to validate the accuracy of the Perkins® handheld applanation tonometer in the measurement of IOP in dogs and cats.
Animals  Twenty eyes from 10 dogs and 10 cats immediately after sacrifice were used for the postmortem study and 20 eyes from 10 clinically normal and anesthetized dogs and cats were used for the in vivo study. Both eyes of 20 conscious dogs and cats were also evaluated.
Procedure  Readings of IOP postmortem and in vivo were taken using manometry (measured with a mercury column manometer) and tonometry (measured with a Perkins® handheld applanation tonometer). The IOP measurement with Perkins® tonometer in anesthetized and conscious dogs and cats was accomplished by instillation of proxymetacaine 0.5% and of 1% fluorescein eye drops.
Results  The correlation coefficient ( r 2) between the manometry and the Perkins® tonometer were 0.982 (dogs) and 0.988 (cats), and the corresponding linear regression equation were y  = 0.0893 x  + 0.1105 (dogs) and y  = 0.0899 x  + 0.1145 (cats) in the postmortem study. The mean IOP readings with the Perkins® tonometer after calibration curve correction were 14.9 ± 1.6 mmHg (range 12.2–17.2 mmHg) in conscious dogs, and were 15.1 ± 1.7 mmHg (range 12.1–18.7 mmHg) in conscious cats.
Conclusion  There was an excellent correlation between the IOP values obtained from direct ocular manometry and the Perkins® tonometer in dogs and cats. The Perkins® handheld tonometer could be in the future a new alternative for the diagnosis of glaucoma in veterinary ophthalmology.  相似文献   

17.
Objective – To evaluate the effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solution in vivo, with an average molecular weight of 670 kDa and degree of substitution of 0.75, on canine platelet function.
Design – Prospective, controlled-experimental study.
Setting – University of California, Davis, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital.
Animals – Seven healthy employee-owned dogs.
Interventions – Seven dogs were included in the treatment group. Four of these dogs also served as the control group. Platelet closure time (CT) was measured using a platelet function analyzer and collagen/ADP cartridges. Dogs were given 20 mL/kg of either sodium chloride 0.9% (control group, n =4) or HES (treatment group, n =7) IV over 1 hour. CT was measured before the infusion, and at 1, 3, 5, and 24 hours after the start of the infusion.
Measurements and Main Results – There was a significant change over time from 0 to 24 hours ( P <0.001), a significant difference between groups across time ( P <0.001), and a significant group-by-time interaction ( P =0.007). At 3 hours, mean CT for the treatment group was 122.3±18.1 seconds, which was significantly different ( P <0.001) from the control group (71.0±3.5 s). At 5 hours, mean CT for the treatment group was 142.7±33.9 seconds, which was significantly different ( P =0.001) from the control group (75.0±8.6 s). Mean CT at 24 hours was within the reference interval for both the control and treatment group (66.0±2.9 and 81.8±11.9 s, respectively); however, CT in 3 individual dogs in the treatment group at this time point remained prolonged.
Conclusions – A clinically relevant dose of HES 670/0.75 prolongs CT in dogs for up to 24 hours. This may be due to platelet dysfunction in addition to the effects of hemodilution, and therefore, may increase the risk of bleeding.  相似文献   

18.
Epidural nerve block with 0.75% bupivacaine (1 ml/4 kg of body weight) was performed in 17 goats tranquilized by IM administration of acetylpromazine (0.07 mg/kg). For comparison, epidural nerve block with 2% lidocaine containing 1:100,000 epinephrine (1 ml/5 kg) was performed in 7 goats. Transient signs of CNS stimulation were observed during injection of bupivacaine in 5 goats and of lidocaine in 2 goats. Analgesia of the flank was inadequate for laparotomy in 4 goats given bupivacaine (including 1 goat given a two-thirds dose) and in 2 goats given lidocaine. Analgesia for these goats was provided by local infiltration of the operative site with lidocaine. With bupivacaine, the onset of analgesia was up to 40 minutes, and the duration of analgesia was several hours; most goats were unable to stand for at least 11 hours. In comparison, epidural nerve block with lidocaine had a more rapid onset and much shorter duration. For both anesthetic drugs, despite adequate analgesia for laparotomy, response to manipulation of abdominal viscera was observed in 12 goats. Arterial blood pressure and blood gas tensions were measured in 8 goats given bupivacaine; 3 goats had mean arterial blood pressure less than 70 mm of Hg. Seven goats had normal PaCO2 but 2 goats had low PaO2; 1 goat sedated with xylazine had increased PaCO2 and hypoxemia.  相似文献   

19.
Bupivacaine is available as a racemic mixture of its enantiomers, d -bupivacaine and l -bupivacaine (LB). The aim of this randomized, double-blind study was to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of S(−)-bupivacaine compared with standard racemic bupivacaine (RB) in horses under caudal epidural analgesia. Two treatments were administered to each horse, with a 2-week interval between subsequent treatments. Treatment 1 consisted of 0.5% LB at a dose of 0.06 mg/kg of body weight, and treatment 2 consisted of 0.5% RB at a dose of 0.06 mg/kg of body weight. Epidural injections were given in all animals between the first and second coccygeal vertebra. Heart rate (HR), arterial pressures, respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), analgesia, and motor blocking were determined before drug administration (basal) and 5, 10, 15 and 30 min after drug administration, and at 30 min intervals thereafter. There were no significant differences between the two treatments in the quality of sensory and motor block. The duration of analgesia was 320 ± 30 min (mean ± SD) for RB and 360 ± 42 min for LB. HRs and RRs, arterial pressures and RT did not change ( P  < 0.05) significantly from basal values after epidural administration of LB or RB. This study supports that 0.5% LB is an effective alternative to RB in caudal epidural analgesia in conscious, standing horses. The use of LB vs. RB warrants further investigation, particularly for long-lasting surgery in the perineal region.  相似文献   

20.
Objective To compare the cardiopulmonary effects and sensory blockade of epidural bupivacaine and ropivacaine. Study Design Prospective randomized study. Animals Six young adult medium‐sized crossbred dogs weighing 25.7 ± 7.1 kg. Method Dogs were chronically implanted with a lumbosacral epidural catheter. Acepromazine sedated dogs received all treatments: 0.5% bupivacaine at 0.14 mL kg?1 (LB5) or 0.22 mL kg?1 (HB5); 0.5% ropivacaine at 0.14 mL kg?1 (LR5) or 0.22 mL kg?1 (HR5); 0.75% bupivacaine at 0.22 mL kg?1 (HB7.5) or 0.75% ropivacaine at 0.22 mL kg?1 (HR7.5). Loss of sensation was tested at the level of the perineum, hind toe webs, flank, and caudodorsal rib areas before injection, and post‐injection (PI) up to 150 minutes PI. Systemic arterial blood pressure and heart rate were recorded before injection, and every 10 minutes PI until 150 minutes PI. Arterial blood gas analyses were performed prior to injection, and at 30, 60 and 150 minutes PI. Results No statistical differences existed between groups for the cardiopulmonary data or time to onset of block. Group HR7.5 had lower systolic (10–70 minutes PI) and diastolic (10–70 minutes PI) blood pressures and group HR5 had lower mean (10–90 minutes PI) and diastolic (10–90 minutes PI) blood pressures compared to baseline. Heart rate was lower compared to baseline in groups LR5 and HB7.5. A significant, but mild metabolic acidosis developed in groups LR5 and HB7.5 (150 minutes PI). No differences were present for the duration of block between groups, but duration of block in the dorsocaudal rib area was shorter in group HR5 compared to HR7.5. Conclusion Epidural ropivacaine and bupivacaine at the doses used have mild effects on the cardiopulmonary system, and extent of block are similar. Clinical Relevance The 0.75% concentration of bupivacaine and ropivacaine at 0.22 mL kg?1 appeared to contribute to greater success of block (>80%) at dermatomes L5–L7.  相似文献   

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