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1.
不同氮肥施用水平对春玉米光合特性及产量构成的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
试验设不施氮(N1)、70%推荐施氮量(70%Opt,N2)、推荐施氮(Opt,N3)、130%推荐施氮量(130%Opt,N4)、高量施氮(N5)5个处理,通过两年田间试验,探讨不同氮肥施用水平对春玉米光合特性、产量及其构成的影响。结果表明,合理增施氮肥可显著提高玉米子粒产量。与不施氮相比较,施氮后玉米株高平均增幅8.5%,茎粗平均增幅8.5%,生物量增幅为16.8%～29.1%。N3处理下,叶面积指数和叶片SPAD值在处理间均最高。施氮显著提高花后叶片净光合速率,施氮量和叶片净光合速率之间并不呈正比关系,当施氮量增加至330 kg/hm2后,叶片净光合速率降低。相关分析表明,玉米产量、叶面积指数、SPAD值、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率间均呈正相关。 相似文献
2.
不同密度下施氮对甜玉米果穗形成的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以甜玉米甜单8号为材料,在不同种植密度(45 000、60 000和75 000株/hm2)及不同供氮水平(0、120和240 kg/hm2)下对果穗产量、穗粒结构、穗部性状形成过程及子粒灌浆动态进行了研究。结果表明：施氮水平、种植密度对甜玉米产量影响显著,施氮可显著提高鲜穗产量与子粒产量;穗长、穗粗的形成贯穿整个果穗发育过程,可用Logistic曲线拟合,分别在吐丝与抽雄期达到最终穗长与穗粗的50%;穗粒数在抽雄期达到最高峰,随时间推进果穗败育粒增加;施氮对单穗重的提高在高密度下最明显。施氮能够促进玉米子粒的灌浆,但不同密度下施氮对灌浆动态的影响明显不同,在4～20 DAP子粒体积、百粒鲜重、灌浆速率均明显升高,且施氮处理高于不施氮处理。 相似文献
3.
为了解施用不同量尿素（N）、缓释尿素（CN）及其配施黄腐酸（FA）对黑青稞籽粒灌浆特性的影响,以隆子黑为材料,测定并分析了不同氮肥处理下其籽粒灌浆相关指标及其相关性。结果表明：（1）相同施氮量下,较N处理,CN处理下隆子黑渐增期、快增期灌浆速率（R1、R2）及最大灌浆速率（Rmax）分别提高11.84%、2.65%、0.46%,渐增期持续时间（Ta）缩短,快增期持续时间（Tb）延长,籽粒产量、千粒重分别提高13.8%、4.11%;（2）较单施氮肥,氮肥配施黄腐酸可提高隆子黑灌浆速率,延长灌浆持续时间,CN+FA处理增效作用最好,其较CN处理的产量、有效穗数、千粒重、穗粒数分别提高21.66%、17.88%、2.87%、20.24%;（3）减氮20%处理下,隆子黑灌浆指标均呈下降趋势,缓释尿素处理无显著的减氮增效优势,CN80%较N、CN处理产量分别下降5.51%、12.08%;（4）快增期灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率、灌浆持续时间、快增期持续时间、缓增期持续时间与千粒重呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),提高灌浆速率、延长灌浆持续时间是增加隆子黑产量的有效措施。缓释尿素配施黄腐酸提高了黑青稞籽粒灌浆能力、千粒重和产量,生产上推荐135 kg·hm-2缓释尿素配施45 kg·hm-2黄腐酸为黑青稞的最佳施肥方案。 相似文献
4.
施氮对不同种植密度玉米产量和子粒灌浆特性的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
以玉米品种先玉335为供试材料,在大田条件下设2个氮肥水平、5个种植密度,探讨施氮量与密度互作对玉米子粒灌浆特性影响,通过Logistic方程拟合子粒灌浆过程,解析灌浆特征参数与粒重的关系。在玉米子粒灌浆过程中,氮肥主要调控灌浆前期的灌浆速率来影响子粒建成,最终使百粒重增加;密度则调控快增期、缓增期持续天数来影响子粒重。要提高玉米产量,关键在于提高子粒灌浆速率和有效灌浆时间,尤其是延长快增期和缓增期持续时间以及提高渐增期平均灌浆速率。在生产中,首先要合理密植,构建适宜的群体,延长子粒灌浆持续时间;此外,通过增加开花后的氮肥供应来提高子粒灌浆前期的平均灌浆速率。 相似文献
5.
以玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,研究氮肥全部基施(N1)、基肥70%+拔节肥30%(N2)、基肥50%+拔节肥50%(N3)和基肥30%+拔节肥50%+大喇叭口肥20%(N4)不同氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米子粒灌浆特性及产量的影响,利用Logistic方程比较不同处理的玉米子粒灌浆过程。结果表明,渍水处理降低子粒千粒重最大潜力值,降幅达5.5%~10.3%;灌浆持续期缩短,最高达9 d;平均灌浆速率降低,最大灌浆速率出现的时间提前。氮肥后移较氮肥前移处理提高子粒最大潜力值;平均灌浆速率增大,最高达22.4%;最大灌浆速率出现"滞后性",最高延迟13.8%,有利于减轻苗期渍害对子粒灌浆特性的影响。通径分析表明,最大灌浆速率出现的时间、平均灌浆速率和渐增期灌浆速率对粒重影响较大,表现为TmVaV1。苗期渍水抑制子粒灌浆速率,导致夏玉米产量下降,降幅达24.2%~25.7%,氮肥后移能够减轻苗期渍害对产量的影响。 相似文献
6.
氮肥管理对夏玉米冠层结构和氮肥吸收利用的影响 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
通过大田试验研究不同氮肥管理模式下夏玉米群体结构和氮肥利用情况,探索节肥、高产、高效的夏玉米氮肥管理模式。结果表明,施氮显著改善夏玉米产量因子、提高产量。氮肥适量后移显著改善穗部性状,等氮量下大喇叭口期和吐丝期均追施氮肥处理与大喇叭口期追施氮肥处理相比穗粒数提高28.5粒,收获指数提高11.3%,增产101 kg/hm2。吐丝期施氮显著增加灌浆期LAI,使LAI峰值从吐丝期后移至灌浆期。施氮肥可增加夏玉米SPAD值,大喇叭口期追施氮肥可提高各生育时期玉米SPAD值;吐丝期追施氮肥可提高株高、茎粗、穗位高。适当降低氮肥投入,氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高232.3%、60.9%;氮肥用量相同时氮肥适当后移分别提高10.5%、1.3%。吐丝期施氮增加夏玉米成熟期营养器官的氮素积累,减少子粒的氮素积累,导致氮收获指数下降。 相似文献
7.
施氮方式对冬小麦品种京冬11籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为确定冬小麦品种京冬11的适宜施氮方式,在总施氮量（210kg.hm-2）一致条件下,分析了全部基施（N1）、1/2作基施＋1/2在拔节期追施（N2）和1/2作基肥＋1/3在拔节期追施＋1/6在开花期追施（N3）三种施氮方式间该品种籽粒灌浆特性及产量的差异。结果表明,随氮肥后移,籽粒达到最大灌浆速率的时间后延,总灌浆时间延长;灌浆速率系列参数以氮肥全部基施的最小,其余两处理的基本相同;各灌浆阶段籽粒干物质积累量均以N1处理最少,N3处理最多。灌浆时间系列参数变异系数较小;灌浆速率除渐增期变异系数较小外,其余时期变异系数均较大。籽粒干重灌浆初期以氮肥全部基施处理最大,灌浆中后期随氮肥后移而增加。全部基施处理千粒重最小,产量最低,其余两处理间产量及其构成因素差异均不显著。 相似文献
8.
氮肥对夏玉米子粒不同部位重量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对玉米子粒不同部位进行划分,从粒位角度研究了不同氮肥用量和施用时期对夏玉米子粒中下部和上部重量的影响。结果表明,中下部子粒是单穗重量的主要构成部分。不同氮肥运筹对上部子粒重量的影响大于中下部子粒;增加上部子粒重量对提高单穗重量意义重大。在所有氮肥处理中,以基肥施氮45 kg/hm2 雌穗小花分化期施氮135 kg/hm2的单穗总重量最高。 相似文献
9.
以郑单1002和郑单958为材料,0(N0)、150(N1)、300(N2)kg/hm2氮肥水平,常规尿素和一次性基施掺混控释肥两种氮肥类型,研究不同氮肥运筹对夏玉米冠层特征、干物质积累与分配和产量的影响。结果表明,增加施氮量,两个品种穗位层和近地表叶面积指数(LAI)比N0处理增加25.7%~52.5%,开花期和成熟期干物质积累、千粒重、穗粒数、穗长和产量显著增加,农学利用效率降低22.0%~40.0%。与常规尿素相比,掺混控释肥增加玉米生长后期穗位层和近地表的透光率和成熟期干物质积累,提高了千粒重、穗粒数、产量和氮肥农学效率,降低子粒含水率。在相同施肥条件下,与郑单958相比,郑单1002的LAI和穗粒数分别提高7.5%~14.8%和2.3%~11.5%,千粒重降低1.4%~6.2%,产量提高0.8%~6.2%。 相似文献
10.
不同施氮水平影响到植物内养份含量的变化，在返青期以前，植株体内全氮含量较高，从返青以后到乳熟阶段，体内含量呈直线下降，CK和15N更为明显。全P含量CK和15N偏低，25N和35N相对较高。全钾含量则较为稳定。随着施肥水平的提高，叶面积和干物重都逐渐增大。不同施肥水平对分蘖和有效穗有很大的影响。，以25N表现较为适宜。在25N以下，每穗实粒数随施氮量的增加而增多，而千粒重则随着施氮量的增加而下降。产量结果表明：增施氮肥的增产效果是极显著的，但各氮肥处理之间却无显著性差异。从增产效果看，以15N最好，25N次之，35N较差；但从增产效应看，25N增产效应最大。 相似文献
11.
12.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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15.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
16.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
17.
Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
18.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献
19.
Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase). 相似文献
20.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献