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1.
Central Asia is located in the hinterland of Eurasia, comprising Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan; over 93.00% of the total area is dryland. Temperature rise and human activities have severe impacts on the fragile ecosystems. Since the 1970s, nearly half the great lakes in Central Asia have shrunk and rivers are drying rapidly owing to climate changes and human activities. Water shortage and ecological crisis have attracted extensive international attention. In general, ecosystem services in Central Asia are declining, particularly with respect to biodiversity, water, and soil conservation. Furthermore, the annual average temperature and annual precipitation in Central Asia increased by 0.30°C/decade and 6.9 mm/decade in recent decades, respectively. Temperature rise significantly affected glacier retreat in the Tianshan Mountains and Pamir Mountains, which may intensify water shortage in the 21st century. The increase in precipitation cannot counterbalance the aggravation of water shortage caused by the temperature rise and human activities in Central Asia. The population of Central Asia is growing gradually, and its economy is increasing steadily. Moreover, the agricultural land has not been expended in the last two decades. Thus, water and ecological crises, such as the Aral Sea shrinkage in the 21st century, cannot be attributed to agriculture extension any longer. Unbalanced regional development and water interception/transfer have led to the irrational exploitation of water resources in some watersheds, inducing downstream water shortage and ecological degradation. In addition, accelerated industrialization and urbanization have intensified this process. Therefore, all Central Asian countries must urgently reach a consensus and adopt common measures for water and ecological protection. 相似文献
2.
水资源纠纷已成为当前威胁中亚地区国家安全与稳定的主要因素，而上对流层水汽作为全球水循环的重要组成部分，其空间分布和变化过程对中亚地区水资源分配具有重要科学价值。利用最新的AIRS水汽质量混合比数据，分析了中亚地区2003-2011年上对流层水汽的时空变化及其异常特征，揭示了其与青藏高原、热带季风区等受亚洲夏季风影响区域的显著差异。研究表明：就整个亚洲中低纬地区而言，中亚地区全年上对流层水汽偏少，且年内变化相对稳定，逐月波动不大。与夏季青藏高原南部及热带季风区北部的水汽大值区相比，在黑海-里海以东至我国新疆西部之间的中亚地区上对流层为显著的水汽含量低值区。近9 a中亚地区上对流层水汽整体呈微弱的增加趋势，且具有较强的波动性：水汽最小、最大值分别出现在2009年、2010年，这一显著振荡对近9 a水汽的线性变化趋势影响较大。就季节变化而言，春、夏季分别呈微弱的下降、上升趋势，秋季上升趋势显著，冬季在2~3 a波动变化特征明显。 相似文献
3.
中亚（五国）干旱生态地理环境特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
中亚五国位于地球陆地北半球温带面积最大的世界级干旱区,地处青藏高原西侧的帕米尔高原西北坡,成为亚洲中部干旱区的重要组成部分。同时,它又是世界上生态系统十分脆弱,而自然资源尤其是能源相对富集的区域,揭示其生态地理环境形成和演变过程,已成为中亚五国社会经济可持续发展的必然。自1989年以来,国际合作研究注重亚洲内陆干旱区的生态地理环境科学问题。为此,基于该区域研究成果的全面集成出发,来论述中亚五国的地理环境形成、演变及其基本生态特征,籍以力促中亚五国经济社会的和谐、平衡和快速发展,造福当地的社会和人民。 相似文献
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5.
Land use/land cover (LULC) change and climate change are two major factors affecting the provision of ecosystem services which are closely related to human well-being. However, a clear understanding of the relationships between these two factors and ecosystem services in Central Asia is still lacking. This study aimed to comprehensively assess ecosystem services in Central Asia and analyze how they are impacted by changes in LULC and climate. The spatiotemporal patterns of three ecosystem services during the period of 2000-2015, namely the net primary productivity (NPP), water yield, and soil retention, were quantified and mapped by the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model, Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model, and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). Scenarios were used to determine the relative importance and combined effect of LULC change and climate change on ecosystem services. Then, the relationships between climate factors (precipitation and temperature) and ecosystem services, as well as between LULC change and ecosystem services, were further discussed. The results showed that the high values of ecosystem services appeared in the southeast of Central Asia. Among the six biomes (alpine forest region (AFR), alpine meadow region (AMR), typical steppe region (TSR), desert steppe region (DSR), desert region (DR), and lake region (LR)), the values of ecosystem services followed the order of AFR>AMR>TSR>DSR> DR>LR. In addition, the values of ecosystem services fluctuated during the period of 2000-2015, with the most significant decreases observed in the southeast mountainous area and northwest of Central Asia. LULC change had a greater impact on the NPP, while climate change had a stronger influence on the water yield and soil retention. The combined LULC change and climate change exhibited a significant synergistic effect on ecosystem services in most of Central Asia. Moreover, ecosystem services were more strongly and positively correlated with precipitation than with temperature. The greening of desert areas and forest land expansion could improve ecosystem services, but unreasonable development of cropland and urbanization have had an adverse impact on ecosystem services. According to the results, ecological stability in Central Asia can be achieved through the natural vegetation protection, reasonable urbanization, and ecological agriculture development. 相似文献
6.
亚洲中部干旱区绿洲水热匹配与生物、农业技术适应性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
亚洲中部干旱区"中亚天山北坡-新疆天山北坡-甘肃祁连山北坡"山前平原,在古丝绸之路和现代丝绸之路经济带时期均为社会、经济、文化最繁荣的重要地区。而一个地区某生物的生长发育除与降水、气温有关外,还与当地的水热匹配特征密切相关。中亚天山北坡区段水热不同步-新疆天山北坡区段水热较同步-甘肃祁连山北坡河西走廊区段水热同步的生态环境,深刻地影响着当地的天然动植物种类及其生长发育,使某些生物在研究区内各区段间形成了发生中心区、扩散区及无发生区的规律性分布;不同区段多项绿洲农业技术的差异性也反映出其对当地水热匹配特征的适应性。 相似文献
7.
Rangelands of Central Asia: challenges and opportunities 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alisher MIRZABAEV 《干旱区科学》2016,8(1):93-108
Rangelands of Central Asia(referring to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in this study), the largest contiguous area of grazed land in the world, serve as an important source of livelihood for pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in this region. They also play an important role in absorbing CO2 as a global carbon sink. However, unsustainable management of rangelands has led to their degradation hugely by downgrading their potential agro-ecological, environmental and socio-economical roles. This paper reviewed the rangeland degradation in Central Asia, a topic which so far has received only scant coverage in the international scientific literature. It also provided examples of successful experiences and outlined possible options that land managers can adopt to enhance the sustainable management of these vast degraded rangelands. The experiences and lessons described in this paper may also be relevant for other degraded rangeland areas, especially in the developing countries. The causes of rangeland degradation within the Central Asian region are numerous, complex and inter-related. Therefore, while addressing the factors associated with improper rangeland management may shed some light on the causes of rangeland degradation, the scope of this paper would not be all-encompassing for the major causes of degradation. There is a need to develop and widely apply the viable and locally accepted and adapted packages of technical, institutional and policy options for sustainable rangeland management. Incentivizing the collective action of small-scale pastoralists who group together to facilitate access to remote pastures can reduce the degree of overgrazing within community pastures, such as those near the settlements. We also found that migratory grazing through pooling of resources among small-scale pastoralists can increase household income. After their independence, most Central Asian countries adopted various rangeland tenure arrangements. However, the building of enhanced capacities of pasture management and effective local rangeland governance structures can increase the likelihood, which will be sustainable and equitable. Finally, this paper presented several promising technical options, aiming at reversing the trend of rangeland degradation in Central Asia. 相似文献
8.
塔里木河下游典型区景观生态质量评价 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
近20年来,由于人类对水资源利用的不合理,塔里木河下游生态环境持续恶化,大西海子水库以下河段自1974年以来至2000年全部断流。本文选取卡拉～台特马湖段呈东南向分布的狭长地带为典型区,以2000年的TM影像为数据源,在RS和GIS技术的支持下提取了土地利用程度及植被类型因子,结合地下水位对塔里木河下游典型区进行了景观生态质量综合评价。研究将典型区按景观生态质量高低分为好、一般、较差、差和极差五个等级,结果表明:质量优的景观多是河道附近呈斑块状分布的人工绿洲,质量差的景观是塔里木河下游典型区的主体,景观质量较差的景观面积占典型区的98.91％,主要分布在距离河道比较远的地区和英苏以下地段。以上研究结果可为生态治理规划提供科学依据。 相似文献
9.
塔里木河干流上游土地利用动态变化研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
在干旱区 ,水资源十分匮乏。若能有效的控制塔里木河上游耕地面积的扩张 ,同时提高水资源利用率 ,则能解决塔里木河流域长期以来农业用水和生态用水之间的矛盾 ,这对塔里木河流域持续发展有重要意义。应用遥感技术进行上游土地利用动态变化则为上游耕地现状和趋势发展提供一种快速和准确的方法。本文利用 1 95 9年、1 983年、1 992年和 1 996年四个时期的航片及卫片资料 ,研究了塔里木河干流上游典型图幅土地利用的动态变化。结果表明 ,研究区域人工绿洲和居民点面积逐年扩大 ,湖泊面积明显缩小 ,而天然植被面积趋于缩小 ,难利用面积变化不大。为此 ,有关部门应严格控制目前这种耕地继续扩张趋势 ,同时加强植被生态环境建设 相似文献
10.
亚洲中部干旱区降水异常的大气环流特征 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
亚洲中部干旱区(中亚五国和新疆)是地中海气候与东亚季风气候的过渡带,区域天气气候与欧洲和东亚季风区迥异,具有世界独特的干旱区生态气候模式,即山地森林草原—盆地平原绿洲寓于荒漠,并与荒漠共存的生态气候地理格局。天气气候受高、中、低纬环流的共同影响,区域内部差异很大,形成多背景、多因子、多尺度影响下的极具代表性的气象灾害孕育和成灾环境。亚洲中部干旱区光热资源丰富、蒸发量大、气温变化剧烈,而降水稀少,且分布极不均匀,天山山脉的中西段是降水高值区,近百年来整体表现为增暖、增湿趋势。高、中、低纬系统和中亚低值系统的活跃,共同造就了中亚东部(新疆)降水年代际和年际异常增多。西亚西风急流是联系高、中、低纬环流系统相互作用的纽带。目前,该区域气象综合观测网建设不能满足应对气候变化的需求,同时对区域特有的环流系统、灾害性天气气候发生规律和形成机理、高分辨率区域数值模式、地—气相互作用对区域天气气候的影响、气候变化预估等方面的研究也较薄弱,开展上述研究对"丝绸之路经济带"可持续发展具有重要科学意义和战略价值。 相似文献
11.
Spatio-temporal pattern and changes of evapotranspiration in arid Central Asia and Xinjiang of China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Saparnov ABDULLA 《干旱区科学》2012,4(1):105-112
Accurate inversion of land surface evapotranspiration (ET) in arid areas is of great significance for understanding global eco-hydrological process and exploring the spatio-temporal variation and ecological response of water resources.It is also important in the functional evaluation of regional water cycle and water balance,as well as the rational allocation and management of water resources.This study,based on model validation analysis at varied scales in five Central Asian countries and China's Xinjiang,developed an appropriate approach for ET inversion in arid lands.The actual ET during growing seasons of the study area was defined,and the changes in water participating in evaporation in regional water cycle were then educed.The results show the simulation error of SEBS (Surface Energy Balance System) model under cloud amount consideration was 1.34% at 30-m spatial scale,2.75% at 1-km spatial scale and 6.37% at 4-km spatial scale.ET inversion for 1980-2007 applying SEBS model in the study area indicates:(1) the evaporation depth (May-September) by land types descends in the order of waters (660.24 mm) > cultivated land (464.66 mm) > woodland (388.44 mm) > urbanized land (168.16 mm) > grassland (160.48 mm) > unused land (83.08 mm);and (2) ET during the 2005 growing season in Xinjiang and Central Asia was 2,168.68×10 8 m 3 (with an evaporation/precipitation ratio of 1.05) and 9,741.03×10 8 m 3 (with an evaporation/precipitation ratio of 1.4),respectively.The results unveiled the spatio-temporal variation rules of ET process in arid areas,providing a reference for further research on the water cycle and water balance in similar arid regions. 相似文献
12.
There exist some controversies over the larger zoogeographic divisions of the arid areas of Central Asia, whose characteristics include complex ecological environments, complex fauna origins and unique patterns of animal distribution. The aim of this study was to determine, using quantitative analysis, the distribution patterns of amphibians and reptiles in the arid areas of Central Asia, whose various physiographical regions were divided into 17 Operative Geographical Units(OGUs). Based on the presence or absence of 52 amphibian and reptile genera in the 17 OGUs, and by making use of the Czekanowski Similarity Index, the Baroni-Urbani and Buser's Similarity Index, and the strong and weak boundary test, we studied the biotic boundaries within these contested regions. In accordance with our results, the classification dendrogram was divided into two main branches. One branch is composed of the northern OGUs of the Altai Mountains which are a part of the Euro-Siberian Subrealm. The other branch includes all of the OGUs south of the Altai Mountains, which belong to the Central Asia Subrealm. There is a significantly weak biotic boundary(DW>0, GW>GS, P<0.01) between the Euro-Siberian Subrealm and the Central Asia Subrealm that corresponded to the transitional zones. The boundary between the two subrealms runs along the Altai Mountains, the Sayan Mountains, the Hangai Mountains and the Mongolian Dagurr Mountains. The boundaries between the main branches in the Central Asia Subrealm are weak, reflecting the widespread existence of transitional zones in the arid areas of Central Asia. The Tianshan Mountains should be elevated to form its own separate region, "the Middle Asian Mountain Region", which, due to its special fauna and environment, would be classified at the same level as the Mongolia-Xinjiang Region. With the approach of creating a cluster analysis dendogram based upon the genera of amphibians and reptiles, the relationship of these higher level zoogeographical divisions was successfully resolved and the error of long-branch attraction was also avoided. With our clustering dendrogram as the foundation, the independence test was applied to strong and weak boundaries, and this resolved the problem of where to attribute the transition areas and revealed as well the barrier effect that physical, geographic boundaries have upon amphibians and reptiles. The approach of combining genera clustering analysis with a statistical boundary test should be applicable not only to the distribution patterns of other animal groups, but also to delineating large-scale zoogeographical divisions. 相似文献
13.
借助前人研究成果和环境监测资料,分析新疆南部（以下简称南疆）地区近年来存在的主要生态与环境问题及其影响因素。结果表明：影响南疆环境变化的有自然因素和人为因素。自然因素主要是南疆呈现气温上升、降水增加和风沙天气减弱的趋势;人为因素主要表现为,人口持续增加、过度的水土开发以及城市化和工业化进程加速对环境的压力。合理的水土资源开发会对环境产生积极影响,即改善局部地带的小气候,减少干旱、土地荒漠化和风沙灾害,提高人工绿洲生态系统的服务功能等。无论是自然因素的变化,还是人为因素的干扰,对南疆生态系统的发展都存在着利与弊的双重作用。 相似文献
14.
唐代长安与洛阳都城水旱灾害对比研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本文根据翔实的史实资料,对唐代都城长安与陪都洛阳水旱灾害的发生频率进行了统计,并从气候因素、地理位置及地形水系、都城建设等方面对唐代长安与洛阳地区水旱灾害频率的特征进行了对比分析。从气候方面来看,在唐代,不论是长安,还是洛阳,都表现出水灾发生频率中间多、两头少;旱灾发生频率两头多、中间少的特征。说明唐代中期气候更为湿润,唐前期与后期气候则相对偏干。从地理位置与地形、水系的关系方面来看,正是由于地理位置及地形与水系特点,导致了唐代长安地区的水旱灾害以旱灾为主,而洛阳地区以水灾为主。因此,在气候较为湿润的唐代,洛阳比长安更易受到洪水的侵袭,且水灾危害程度远超过长安地区。此外,都城建设也与水旱灾害的发生频率有一定关系。作为都城或陪都,大量的宫殿建设及人口增长,会导致生态环境恶化,使水旱灾害发生频率增大。因此,从整个唐代发生的水旱灾害总量来看,长安地区的灾害频率比洛阳地区要高得多。在一定程度上,反映出唐代都城建设对生态环境的负面影响。 相似文献
15.
亚洲中部干旱区的湖泊 总被引：20，自引：8，他引：12
采用系统论的观点,对亚洲中部的干旱区湖泊（包括咸海、巴尔喀什湖、博斯腾湖、艾比湖、玛纳斯湖、艾丁湖与罗布泊等）的水分循环与其他物质循环进行综合研究,其结果不仅丰富了生态循环的理论,而且深刻地揭示了干旱区湖泊与湿润区湖泊截然不同的特征;表现出水分循环的独特性、形态测量学的复杂性、风生湖流的奇特性与泥沙运行的规律性以及内陆湖水化学特征和别具一格的水生态循环系统等。干旱区湖泊作为陆地水圈的组成部分,他是一个完整的生态系统。他由湖泊中的生物和水两大亚系统组成,相互作用而又相互联系。尽管大陆性气候严酷和强烈,风生湖流强劲（有时还多亏他的作用）,蒸发量大,但内陆湖能生存数千年,即在现代时间尺度上是无IL尽的。 相似文献
16.
通过文献资料的检索、统计数据的分析和实地调查,本文对乌鲁木齐市土地利用变化及其环境效应进行了研究。结果表明:近20年来,乌鲁木齐市土地利用结构发生显著变化,耕地减少,园地、建设用地增加,未利用地减少,土地利用强度明显提高,城市建设用地布局过于集中,引起较为严重的环境问题,造成区域内水土流失,土壤污染,水质恶化,大气污染严重,热岛效应显著,地质灾害频发等。但在个别区域合理的土地开发利用取代了生态价值较低的未利用地,使得这些区域的生态环境质量有所改善。建议对快速发展的特大城市乌鲁木齐市,不必强调集中连片扩展,可采取分散集中布局的模式,将耕地或果园作为城市绿色空间加以保护,继续加强周边荒山的绿化,以缓解建设用地和绿色用地的矛盾,有利于环境问题的解决。 相似文献
17.
WU Changxue 《干旱区科学》2022,14(4):426-440
With realizing the importance of ecosystem services to society, the efforts to evaluate the ecosystem services have increased. As the largest tributary of the Yellow River, the Weihe River has been endowed with many ecological service functions. Among which, water yield can be a measure of local availability of water and an index for evaluating the conservation function of the region. This study aimed to explore the temporal and spatial variation of water yield and its influencing factors in the Weihe River Basin (WRB), and provide basis for formulating reasonable water resources utilization schemes. Based on the InVEST (integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs) model, this study simulated the water yield in the WRB from 1985 to 2019, and discussed the impacts of climatic factors and land use change on water yield by spatial autocorrelation analysis and scenario analysis methods. The results showed that there was a slight increasing trend in water yield in the WRB over the study period with the increasing rate of 4.84 mm/10a and an average depth of 83.14 mm. The main water-producing areas were concentrated along the mainstream of the Weihe River and in the southern basin. Changes in water yield were comprehensively affected by climate and underlying surface factors. Precipitation was the main factor affecting water yield, which was consistent with water yield in time. And there existed significant spatial agglomeration between water yield and precipitation. Land use had little impact on the amount of water yield, but had an impact on its spatial distribution. Water yield was higher in areas with wide distribution of construction land and grassland. Water yield of different land use types were different. Unused land showed the largest water yield capacity, whereas grassland and farmland contributed most to the total water yield. The increasing water yield in the basin indicates an enhanced water supply service function of the ecosystem. These results are of great significance to the water resources management of the WRB. 相似文献
18.
关于严格限制西北干旱区荒地开垦的若干对策与建议 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
中国西北干旱区最大的特点就是高山-绿洲-荒漠组成的复杂而完整的山盆地域生态系统。盆地内降水极少,地表不产生径流,主要依赖出山口径流量来维护脆弱的荒漠生态平衡和经济社会的可持续发展。在历史上,特别是近60余年来,上中游绿洲区大面积开垦和发展灌溉,使有限的水资源越来越集中地消耗在中上游,导致下游地区日趋缺水和荒漠化,彻底改变了干旱区原有的水资源格局和生态演化趋势。应用确切的数据,比较了耕地适宜规模与实际耕地面积,突出了干旱区过度开垦的问题,表明这是干旱区生态问题的总根源。在此基础上,提出5条防治荒漠化的对策：① 建议国务院制定相关条例,禁止干旱区荒地开垦,并对已经过度开垦的荒地实行“退耕（牧）还草（荒）”工程;② 制定并严格实施科学合理的内陆河分水方案,兼顾上中下游地区,确保西北干旱区水土资源的有效配置与利用;③ 调整绿洲农业结构,发展高效区域特色产业;④ 生态需水需要逐步得到保障;⑤ 强化立法管理,保障西北干旱区生态建设与可持续发展。 相似文献
19.
The Aral Sea Basin in Central Asia is an important geographical environment unit in the center of Eurasia.It is of great significance to the ecological protection and sustainable development of Central Asia to carry out dynamic monitoring and effective evaluation of the eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin.In this study,the arid remote sensing ecological index(ARSEI)for large-scale arid areas was developed,which coupled the information of the greenness index,the salinity index,the humidity index,the heat index,and the land degradation index of arid areas.The ARSEI was used to monitor and evaluate the eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin from 2000 to 2019.The results show that the greenness index,the humidity index and the land degradation index had a positive impact on the quality of the ecological environment in the Aral Sea Basin,while the salinity index and the heat index exerted a negative impact on the quality of the ecological environment.The eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin demonstrated a trend of initial improvement,followed by deterioration,and finally further improvement.The spatial variation of these changes was significant.From 2000 to 2019,grassland and wasteland(saline alkali land and sandy land)in the central and western parts of the basin had the worst ecological environment quality.The areas with poor ecological environment quality are mainly distributed in rivers,wetlands,and cultivated land around lakes.During the period from 2000 to 2019,except for the surrounding areas of the Aral Sea,the ecological environment quality in other areas of the Aral Sea Basin has been improved in general.The correlation coefficients between the change in the eco-environmental quality and the heat index and between the change in the eco-environmental quality and the humidity index were–0.593 and 0.524,respectively.Climate conditions and human activities have led to different combinations of heat and humidity changes in the eco-environmental quality of the Aral Sea Basin.However,human activities had a greater impact.The ARSEI can quantitatively and intuitively reflect the scale and causes of large-scale and long-time period changes of the eco-environmental quality in arid areas;it is very suitable for the study of the eco-environmental quality in arid areas. 相似文献
20.
夏季北极涛动与亚洲中部干湿状况关系研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用NCEP/NCAR全球再分析资料和NOAA北极涛动指数资料,采用相关分析、谱分析、小波分析等,对北极涛动(AO)与亚洲中部干旱区(ACA)的干湿变化关系进行分析.研究认为:夏季北极涛动指数和ACA相对湿度场存在显著反相关,尤其表现在年代际尺度上;两者都于20世纪70年代初发生显著突变,2年准周期贯穿过去50年,但5年左右的周期在70年代中期以后表现显著.结果表明:AO突变前后,ACA海平面高度场、对流低层风场都具有显著变化,但ACA东半部和西半部受作用的亚系统并不一致,认为夏季ACA干湿状况突变及其周期特点转变的主要原因之一是AO突变引起环流场变化所致. 相似文献