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为明确宁夏四类主要草原的蝗虫物种组成、多样性和对天敌、植被、土壤及其气候等生物和非生物因子的响应,2019-2020年在宁夏温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原和温性草原化荒漠四类草原对蝗虫及天敌物种进行了调查采集,通过物种数、个体数、多样性指数、优势度指数、丰富度指数及均匀性指数分析蝗虫、天敌和昆虫的多样性,并就草原蝗虫优势种和多样性对天敌、植被、土壤及气候等生物和非生物因子的响应进行分析。结果表明,共采集鉴定草原蝗虫和天敌个体数分别有743头和3592头,物种数分别有27种和24种;温性草原上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最多,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为23种和21种,数量分别为432头和1682头;温性草原化荒漠上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最少,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为8种和7种,数量分别为34头和132头。蝗虫优势种有白纹雏蝗Chorthippus albonemus、短星翅蝗Calliptamus abbreviatus和亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus三种,天敌优势种有直角通缘步甲Pterostichus gebleri、麻步甲Carabus brandti和短翅伪葬步甲Pseudotaphoxenus brevipennis三种。温性草原无论是在草原蝗虫群落中,还是整个昆虫和天敌群落中,其丰富度指数均显著高于其他三类草原;草原蝗虫多样性指数和丰富度指数与天敌多样性指数和丰富度指数间均存在极显著正相关关系,与天敌优势度指数间存在极显著负相关关系;短星翅蝗和亚洲小车蝗发生均与天敌直角通缘步甲呈显著正相关关系,白纹雏蝗与禾本科植被盖度、高度、生物量,菊科植被盖度、生物量、频度、高度、土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、海拔和降水量间均呈显著正相关关系,与土壤容重、pH、平均气温和最高气温间均呈极显著负相关关系。 相似文献
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Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Antonio Logrieco Antonio Bottalico Giuseppina Mulé Antonio Moretti Giancarlo Perrone 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):645-667
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams. 相似文献
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M. Fortass S. Diallo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(4):219-226
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes. 相似文献
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SHEHZADI Anum 《干旱区科学》2019,11(2):292-305
Although exogenous application of glycinebetaine(GB) is widely reported to regulate a myriad of physio-biochemical attributes in plants under stressful environments including drought stress, there is little information available in the literature on how and up to what extent GB can induce changes in anatomical features in water starved plants. Thus, the present research work was conducted to assess the GB-induced changes in growth, physio-biochemical, and anatomical characteristics in two cultivars(CK-1 and F-411) of oat(Avena sativa L.) under limited water supply. After exposure to water stress, a considerable reduction was observed in plant growth in terms of lengths and weights of shoot and roots,leaf mesophyll thickness, leaf midrib thickness, root cortex thickness, root diameter, stem diameter, stem phloem area, and stem vascular bundle area in both oat cultivars. However, water stress resulted in a significant increase in leaf total phenolics, hydrogen peroxide(H_2 O_2), ascorbic acid(AsA), GB contents,activities of enzymes(CAT, SOD and POD), total soluble proteins, leaf epidermis(abaxial and adaxial)thickness, bulliform cell area, sclerenchyma thickness, root endodermis and epidermis thickness, root metaxylem area, stem metaxylem area and stem sclerenchyma thickness in both oat cultivars.Foliar-applied 100 mM GB suppressed H_2 O_2 contents, while improved growth attributes, free proline and GB contents, activity of SOD enzyme, leaf abaxial epidermis thickness, leaf bulliform cell area, leaf midrib thickness, leaf sclerenchyma thickness, root cortex thickness, root endodermis, epidermis thickness,root stele diameter, stem diameter, stem epidermis thickness, stem metaxylem area, and stem phloem and vascular bundle area in both oat cultivars. For both oat cultivars, CK-1 was superior to F-411 in leaf abaxial epidermis thickness, leaf mesophyll, leaf sclerenchyma, root metaxylem area, stem diameter, stem epidermis, sclerenchyma thickness, stem metaxylem area, and stem vascular bundle area. Overall, both oat cultivars showed inconsistent behavior to water stress and foliar-applied GB in terms of different physio-biochemical attributes, however, CK-1 was superior to F-411 in a number of anatomical features of leaf, root, and stem. 相似文献
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本试验以黄瓜品种“博特209”为试材,采用基质盆栽,共设置4个灌水下限处理,分别为田间持水量的50%（A）、60%（B）、70%（C）、80%（D）,灌水上限统一设定为田间持水量的90%,研究不同灌水下限对基质栽培黄瓜生长、产量和品质的影响,并运用主成分分析法对4个处理黄瓜的生长、产量及品质相关的22个指标进行了综合评价。结果表明：处理D的株高和叶面积显著高于处理A、B和C,株高增幅分别为56.50%、22.51%和11.04%,叶面积增幅分别为92.61%、61.35%和27.87%;处理C的茎粗最大,相较于处理A、B、D分别增加了28.36%、16.91%和18.49%;单果重、单株果数、单株产量及灌水量均以处理D最大;水分利用率以处理C最高,相较于处理A、B、D分别增高了33.14%、13.23%和10.30%。处理C与处理D的瓜粗、含水量及商品瓜率无显著差异,但相对于处理A和B则分别显著增加了19.17%和10.81%、0.98%和0.45%、66.70%和18.21%。处理C的可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量显著高于其他处理,而硝酸盐含量显著低于其他处理;黄瓜果实中全K和全Ca含量以处理C最高,相较于处理A、B和D,其全K和全Ca的增幅分别为35.20%和11.19%、3.81%和11.19%、1.06%和6.43%。经主成分分析及综合评价,4个处理的得分从高到低依次为：处理C、处理D、处理B、处理A。 相似文献
16.
Narayan Rishi 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2009,75(1):1-18
India has a diverse agroclimate representing tropical, subtropical and temperate climates with zones ranging from average
to high in temperature, humidity and rainfall; from low to scarce rainfall in deserts to cold to very cold plains and upland
areas. Thus it is the home of one of the richest flora and fauna in the world. For pests and pathogens, too, tropical and
subtropical climates are ideal for growth and development. A majority of the world’s fruits, vegetables, cereals, pulses,
oil seed crops, fiber crops, sugarcane, spices, and ornamentals are cultivated in India. Virus diseases and their vectors
are also in abundance. Since ancient times, virus-like diseases and management practices have been known in India. This knowledge
has now been revived and adopted in organic farming, especially for medicinal and aromatic plants. Current trends for extensive
and intensive agriculture, open international agricultural trade, and thus food security and sustained economy have brought
new challenges in the fight against virus diseases. In this changing scenario, current diseases of significance are caused
by begomoviruses, badnaviruses, cucomoviruses, potyviruses, ilarviruses in crops such as vegetables, fruits, ornamentals,
fiber crops, and sugarcane. Variability in the viruses is also common. Briefly reviewed here is the positive effect of an
isolate of Rice necrosis mosaic virus; when artificially inoculated on jute and mesta fiber crops enhanced their fiber contents. Diseases of significance, e.g.,
leaf fleck disease of sugarcane, citrus yellow mosaic disease, banana bunchy top, banana bract mosaic, mungbean yellow mosaic,
mosaic in chrysanthemum, gladiolus and orchids are also discussed. Efficient, reliable diagnostic tools have been developed
and used extensively. Some of the advanced laboratories have been accredited for virus indexing under the National Certification
System for tissue-cultured plants. International standards for phytosanitary measures have been promulgated, and a mandatory
nodal agency is in place for the conservation and exchange of germplasm; a Containment Level-4 facility to examine incoming
transgenics and a fully equipped laboratory to intercept virus-infected plant material are functional. A National Agricultural
Biosecurity System will soon be in place. All these measures are essential to protect agricultural systems and to compete
in the international agriculture market. Continued vigilance, disease mapping and adopting the latest technology are required
to practice sustainable agriculture. 相似文献
17.
几种化学物质诱导黄瓜对霜霉病的抗性 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
在黄瓜幼苗子叶期及第1真叶期用苯酚、水杨酸、无水对氨基苯磺酸和氯化钾进行诱导接种,可使黄瓜植株产生对霜霉病的抗病性。在自然病原激发病害的试验中,经上述4种化学物质诱导的植株,其病株率比CK分别降低30％、0％、20％和20％;病叶率发别降低20.61％、6.80％、31.62％和20.72％;相对免疫效果分别为21.73％、35.19％、59.61％和40.84％。在人工接种病原激发病害试验中,经上述4种化学物质诱导的植株,其病株率分别降低28.57％、42.86％、57.14％和28.57％;病叶率分别降低89.13％、63.13％、72.96％和82.75％;相对免疫效果分别为91.15％、33.33％、55.99％和52.81％。 相似文献
18.
C. Bertsch M. Ramírez‐Suero M. Magnin‐Robert P. Larignon J. Chong E. Abou‐Mansour A. Spagnolo C. Clément F. Fontaine 《Plant pathology》2013,62(2):243-265
This review presents an overview of eutypa dieback, esca and botryosphaeria dieback, the predominant grapevine trunk diseases worldwide. It covers their symptomatologies in the trunk, leaves and berries; the characteristics of the different fungal species associated with them; and host–pathogen interactions. Here, the host–pathogen relationship is defined at the cytological, physiological and molecular levels. Currently available experimental tools for studying these diseases, both in vitro and in the field, are discussed. Finally, a progress report on their control, which, since the ban of sodium arsenite, comprises chemical, biological and/or sanitation methods, is presented. 相似文献
19.
72%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂、15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂、70%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂、77%氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂、40%多.五氯可湿性粉剂、75%百菌清可湿性粉剂、50%多菌灵超微可湿性粉剂、50%异菌脲可湿性粉剂、70%叶枯唑可湿性粉剂9种杀菌剂抑制胡萝卜类腊肠茎点霉(Allantophomoides carotae)菌丝生长的EC50分别为136.08、33.66、629.77、139.60、6.45、59.57、461.15、258.01、811.66μg/mL;抑制孢子萌发的EC50分别为1.3510、2.8568、1.7424、1.9559、1.2060、0.1333、0.3462、0.7582、0.4984μg/mL;抑制芽管伸长的EC50分别为2.9593、1.5664、1.8296、8.7493、0.4228、0.1837、0.4486、0.5706、0.2128μg/mL。9种杀菌剂对该菌的作用方式不同。75%百菌清可湿性粉剂对菌丝生长、分生孢子形成、孢子萌发及芽管伸长均有抑制作用;50%多菌灵超微可湿性粉剂对产孢和菌丝生长的抑制作用不显著,但能够抑制孢子萌发和芽管伸长;15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂、77%氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂对菌丝生长的抑制作用十分显著,但对产孢、孢子萌发和芽管伸长作用不明显。 相似文献
20.
Sanjay Mishra G. G. Sanwal 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1994,100(1):61-70
Brassica campestris was infected with the angiosperm parasite,Cuscuta reflexa, on 24 DAS (days after sowing). A significant reduction (43%) in carbon dioxide assimilation in leaves was found compared to normal plant, when both were assayed on 38 DAS. At this stage, the chloroplast lipid in infected leaves had decreased by 34%, with a reduction of 13, 38 and 55%, respectively, in neutral, glyco- and phospholipids. Among the glycolipids, the decrease in the content of MGDG, DGDG and SQDG was 21, 67 and 44%, respectively, with 2.4-fold increase in the MGDG/DGDG ratio. The chlorophyll content was reduced by 24%, while the carotenoid level increased by 44%. The free fatty acid content was enhanced by 47% which may be attributed to an increase in lipase activity. The contents of saturated fatty acids (capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic) increased while the contents of unsaturated fatty acids (palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic) decreased. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids decreased over 50%. These findings may suggest chloroplasts as reactive sites of the host-parasite interaction in case of the angiosperm parasite.Abbreviations DAS
day after sowing
- DGDG
digalactosyl diglyceride
- FAME
fatty acid methyl esters
- FFA
free fatty acids
- MGDG
monogalactosyl diglyceride
- SQDG
sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride 相似文献