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1.
Sorption and desorption of cobalt by soils and soil components 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The sorption of Co by individual soil components was studied at solution Co concentrations that were within the range found in natural soil solutions. Soil-derived oxide materials sorbed by far the greatest amounts of Co although substantial amounts were also sorbed by organic materials (humic and fulvic acids). Clay minerals and non-pedogenic iron and manganese oxides sorbed relatively little Co. It is considered that clay minerals are unlikely to have a significant influence on the sorption of Co by whole soils. Cobalt sorbed by soil oxide material was not readily desorbed back into solution and, in addition, rapidly became non-isotopically exchangeable with solution Co. In contrast, Co was relatively easily desorbed from humic acid and a large proportion of the Co sorbed by humic acid remained isotopically exchangeable. Cobalt sorbed by montmorillonite was more easily desorbed than that sorbed by soil oxide but less easily than that sorbed by humic acid. Cobalt sorption isotherms for whole soils at low site coverage were essentially linear and the gradients of isotherms increased with pH. A comparison of isotherm gradients for whole soils and individual soil components supported the suggestion that Co sorption in whole soils is largely controlled by soil oxide materials. 相似文献
2.
铬在土壤中的吸附解吸研究进展 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
对铬在土壤中的吸附解吸研究进行了综述,土壤中铬的吸附解吸机理包括非专性吸附(离子交换吸附)、专性吸附以及物理表面吸附,分别对pH、氧化还原电位、土壤组分(土壤矿物和有机质)、竞争离子以及离子强度等因素对铬吸附解吸的影响作了论述。文章进一步描述了土壤中铬吸附解吸的数学模型Freundlich方程、Langmuir方程、一级动力学模型、金属-腐殖酸模型(one-sitemodel)和表面络合模型-扩散层模型(DLM)等的研究情况,并对今后的研究方向进行了探讨。 相似文献
3.
Background Aims, and Scope. Reducing heavy metal solubility and bioavailability in contaminated area without removing them from the
soil is one of the common practices in decreasing the negative impacts on the environment and improving the soil quality.
Therefore, our aim was to study the effect of clay minerals: Na-bentonite, Ca-bentonite, and zeolite applied to a contaminated
soil on immobilization of heavy metals, as well as on some soil parameters related with microbial activity.
Methods A soil derived from sewage sludge was incubated with clay minerals of either Na-bentonite, Ca-bentonite, or zeolite for 111
days (d). During the incubation experiment, concentrations of water soluble Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni were measured after extraction
of 2 g air-dry soil with 50 ml of H2O for 2 h. After the water extraction, the soil sediment was extracted with 50 ml of 1
M NH4NO3 for 2 h to estimate the exchangeable amounts of heavy metals. Furthermore, soil microbial respiration, microbial
biomass C, Corg mineralization, metabolic quotient (qCO2), and inorganic N were also investigated.
Results and Discussion Water extractable and exchangeable forms of heavy metals were changed by incubation and addition of clay minerals. Incubation
of soil without addition of clay minerals (control) increased water extractable Cu by 12, 24 and 3.8% of initial content after
21, 62, and 111 d of incubation, respectively. The water extractable Zn decreased by 9% during 62 d of incubation and it tended
to increase by 14% at the end of the incubation, as compared with the initial soil. Water extractable Cd decreased by 71,
66 and 33% of initial content, and Ni decreased by 54, 70, and 58%, after 21, 62, and 111 d of incubation, respectively. During
the incubation experiment, the exchangeable form of all tested metals was decreased by incubation. The addition of clay minerals
led to a significant decrease in water soluble and exchangeable forms of heavy metals during the incubation experiment, resulting
in low metal extractability. The reduction in metal extractability was greater due to the addition of Na-bentonite or Ca-bentonite
than that due to the addition of zeolite. During the first 3 weeks after addition of clay minerals, the studied biological
parameters were not affected. However, as incubation progressed, the addition of Na- or Ca- bentonite led to a significant
increase in soil respiration, microbial biomass C, Corg mineralization, and inorganic N; and a significant decrease in qCO2.
This result is explained by sorption of heavy metals on Na-bentonite and Ca-bentonite and strong reduction of their toxicity.
Conclusions Our results clearly show that the addition of clay minerals, especially of Na-bentonite and Ca-bentonite, decreased the extractability
of four metals during incubation. The decreased metal extractability was accompanied by an increase of soil respiration, Corg
mineralization, microbial biomass C, and inorganic N and a decrease of metabolic quotient (qCO2), showing positive effect
of clay mineral addition on soil biological parameters.
Recommendations and Outlook The use of Na-bentonite and Ca-bentonite is promising tool for reduction the extractability and possible toxicity of heavy
metals in sewage sludge-contaminated soil. Therefore, the soils polluted with heavy metals may be ameliorated by addition
of clay minerals, especially Na-bentonite and Ca-bentonite. 相似文献
4.
《Geoderma》2005,124(1-2):91-104
The bioavailability and ultimate fate of heavy metals in the environment are controlled by chemical sorption. To assess competitive sorption of Pb and Cd, batch equilibrium experiments (generating sorption isotherms) and kinetics sorption studies were performed using single and binary metal solutions in surface samples of four soils from central Spain. For comparisons between soils, as well as, single and binary metal solutions, soil chemical processes were characterized using the Langmuir equation, ionic strength, and an empirical power function for kinetic sorption. In addition, soil pH and clay mineralogy were used to explain observed sorption processes. Sorption isotherms were well described by the Langmuir equation and the sorption kinetics were well described by an empirical power function within the reaction times in this study. Soils with higher pH and clay content (characterized by having smectite) had the greatest sorption capacity as estimated by the maximum sorption parameter (Q) of the Langmuir equation. All soils exhibited greater sorption capacity for Pb than Cd and the presence of both metals reduced the tendency for either to be sorbed although Cd sorption was affected to a greater extent than that of Pb. The Langmuir binding strength parameter (k) was always greater for Pb than for Cd. However, these k values tended to increase as a result of the simultaneous presence of both metals that may indicate competition for sorption sites promoting the retention of both metals on more specific sorption sites. The kinetic experiments showed that Pb sorption is initially faster than Cd sorption from both single and binary solutions although the simultaneous presence of both metals affected the sorption of Cd at short times while only a minor effect was observed on Pb. The estimated exponents of the kinetic function were in all cases smaller for Pb than for Cd, likely due to diffusion processes into micropores or interlayer space of the clay minerals which occurs more readily for Cd than Pb. Finally, the overall sorption processes of Pb and Cd in the smectitic soil with the highest sorption capacity of the studied soils are slower than in the rest of the soils with a clay mineralogy dominated by kaolinite and illite, exhibiting these soils similar sorption rates. These results demonstrate a significant interaction between Pb and Cd sorption when both metals are present that depends on important soil properties such as the clay mineralogy. 相似文献
5.
Gel permeation chromatography was used for monitoring the changes in humic molecular weight distribution after contact with kaolin clay and activated carbon. The high molecular weight fractions excluded from Sephadex G-50 were less removed by carbon indicating the exclusion effect of pores, but were preferentially adsorbed by clay. The aliphatic portion of humic acids is effectively removed by carbon as suggested by the decrease in E4: E6 ratio. The Freundlich and the Langmuir isotherms showed curvilinearity which was resolved into two straight lines. The sorption effect in humic molecular weight distribution suggests the necessity of batch adsorption test with respect to the treated humic material. 相似文献
6.
15NO?3 was immobilized in a calcareous sandy soil and a calcareous clay soil each incubated with glucose and wheat straw. Net mineralization of organic-15N was more rapid in the sandy soil, irrespective of C amendment, and in soils amended with glucose. Intermittent drying and wetting of soils during incubation stimulated mineralization of 15N-labelled and native soil organic-N in all treatments. The availability (percentage mineralization) of recently-immobilized 15N consistently exceeded that of the native soil N. Ratios of the availability of labelled and unlabelled N were similar in the sandy and clay soils but varied according to C amendment, drying and wetting cycle and incubation period.Changes in the distribution of immobilized N amongst soil extracts and soil fractions of different particle size and density were determined during periods of net N mineralization. In straw-amended soils, the organic-15N of a light fraction, sp.gr. < 1.59, decomposed relatively rapidly during the late mineralization period. Decreases of organic 15N of the fine clay fraction were also recorded. In glucose-amended soils, net N mineralization was accompanied by significant decreases in the concentrations of organic-15N of the silt and fine clay fractions.Drying and rewetting of soils hastened or magnified changes occurring in the organic-15N of soil fractions, but qualitatively, the pattern of change was similar to that observed with soils incubated under uniformly-moist conditions.The percentage distribution of labelled and unlabelled N suggested that in the long term, the silt fraction will accumulate an increasing proportion of the more stable nitrogenous residues. 相似文献
7.
The first part of this paper deals with the sorption of Na, Cs, Sr, Ni, Cu and Pb on two humic fractions derived from a soil. The sorption data for individual elements were obtained using the continuous-flow stirred-cell (CFSC) technique, in which the metal sorptive solution is pumped through a cell containing a known mass of the humic acid retained by a filter and the solution emerging from the cell was analysed by either atomic absorption spectrometry (Cu, Ni and Pb) or by the combined use of radioisotope dilution and gamma-ray spectroscopy (Na, Cs and Sr). Sorption isotherms were determined at two flow rates. It was found that, in general, the sorption isotherms for all the metals studied could be described by the Langmuir equation and parameters derived from the fitted line provided information on the metal-humate binding strengths and the maximum amount of metal sorbed per unit mass of humic acid. Caesium showed anomalous behaviour at certain flow rates in both its sorption and desorption behaviour. In the second part of the paper we discuss the sequential sorption and desorption of one metal by another on the same humic fraction, using Na, Cs, Zn and Cd. The aim was to elucidate the nature of the binding process when several metals were competing simultaneously for the functional groups on the humic acids. In addition, at the end of the experiment, the humic material was isolated and analysed by gamma-ray spectroscopy to determine the metals still bound in this fraction. Some tentative conclusions concerning the nature of the metal-humate complexes are made on the basis of these data. 相似文献
8.
Competitive sorption between imidacloprid and imidacloprid-urea on soil clay minerals and humic acids 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Soil organic matter and clay minerals are responsible for the adsorption of many pesticides. Adsorption and competitive sorption of imidacloprid on clay minerals and humic acids (HA) were determined using the batch equilibration method. The sorption coefficient of imidacloprid on humic acids was significantly higher than that on Ca-clay minerals, indicating that soil organic matter content was a more important property in influencing the adsorption of imidacloprid. Competitive sorption was investigated between imidacloprid and its main metabolite imidacloprid-urea on HA and Ca-clay minerals. The results showed that the sorption capacity of imidacloprid on clay minerals and HA was reduced in the presence of the metabolite, implying that imidacloprid-urea could occupy or block adsorption sites of imidacloprid on soil, potentially affecting the fate, transport, and bioavailability of imidacloprid in the environment. The interactions between a Ca-clay or HA-clay mixture and adsorption of imidacloprid and imidacloprid-urea were studied using IR differential spectra on thin films made of the adsorbent. The possible mechanisms were discussed from the shift of characteristic IR absorption bands of imidacloprid and imidacloprid-urea after sorption. 相似文献
9.
Reactions of elements with the water mineral interface are important and affect their bioavailability and transportation within soil. Effects of metal sorption on X-ray-diffraction (XRD-photographs) of clay minerals have been not studied. Therefore, sorption experiments were done on clay fractions of two calcareous soils using 12 concentrations of 0–2000 mg L?1 Zn(NO3)2 and Cu(NO3)2. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms’ coefficients were determined. After sorption, XRD-diffraction were prepared and compared with those of initial samples. Langmuir (R2 = 0.996–0.999 and SE = 0.001–0.002) and Freundlich equation were the best-model for Zn and Cu-sorption, respectively. Sorption energy was higher for Zn than Cu, whereas the maximum concentration of sorbed-Cu was higher than that of Zn. Distribution coefficient (Kd) of Cu were more (threefold) than that of Zn. The Kd values representing the slope of Freundlich isotherms decreased according to linear regression equations (R2 = 0.72–0.91) as the equilibrium concentrations of metals increased. No significant differences were observed among XRD-photographs of applied concentrations (some negligible differences were found in position/sharpness of peaks). Dry-XRD-method resulted in omission of intensity peaks at 2θ which may interfere in recognition of clays that show a maximum intensity >1.4 nm in the mentioned 2θ. Zinc can become more leachable especially in Shekarbani-soil-series, whereas, Cu highly adsorb on clay minerals and can show less tendency to transportation. 相似文献
10.
E. S. Vasil’konov Ya. A. Zavgorodnyaya V. V. Demin S. Ya. Trofimov 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2008,63(1):17-22
The sorption of naphthalene and naphthol from water solutions by peat, chernozem, and humic and fulvic acids was studied. The sorption isotherms of naphthalene and naphthol by chernozem corresponded to the Langmuir isotherms. More complex nonlinear isotherms were obtained for peat. Binding of naphthalene and naphthol by humic and fulvic acids can proceed through hydrophobic interactions with aromatic fragments of humic substances and hydrogen bonds between the polar groups of humic molecules and naphthol OH groups. 相似文献
11.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(18):2200-2218
Application of animal manures with inorganic phosphate (PO4) fertilizer is proposed as one of the management options to improve availability and solubility of applied phosphate in weathered soil. We studied the effects of poultry, cattle, and goat manures at different incubation periods (0 to 120 days) on phosphorus (P) sorption indices of a weathered sandy clay loam soil. The soil P adsorption isotherms conformed to the H curve. Generally, the soil P-sorption efficiency decreased as the number of days of incubation increased irrespective of manure amendments. Manure application reduced the P-sorption efficiency of the soil; the lowest P-sorption efficiency was observed after 30 days of incubation. The data conformed to adsorption models in the order Temkin > Freundlich > Langmuir. Cattle, goat, and poultry manures reduced the adsorption constants in all models. Standard phosphate requirement and P-buffering capacity were also reduced with the application of the manures. 相似文献
12.
Celis R Koskinen WC Hermosin MC Cornejo J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1999,47(2):776-781
Sorption-desorption of the azole fungicide triadimefon [1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1H-1,2, 4-triazol-1-yl)-2-butanone] on eight soils and a series of single, binary, and ternary model soil colloids was determined using the batch equilibration technique. Regression analysis between Freundlich sorption coefficients (K(f)) and soil properties suggested that both clay and organic C (OC) were important in triadimefon sorption by soils, with increasing importance of clay for soils with high clay and relatively low OC contents. Triadimefon sorption coefficients on soil were not significantly affected by the concentration of electrolyte or the presence of soluble soil material in solution, but they were highly dependent on the soil:solution ratio due to the nonlinearity of triadimefon sorption on soil. Freundlich sorption isotherms slopes were very similar for all soils (0.75 +/- 0.02). Desorption did not greatly depend on the concentration at which it was determined and showed higher hysteresis for more sorptive soils. Results of triadimefon sorption on model sorbents supported that both humic acid and montmorillonite-type clay constituents contribute to triadimefon retention by soil colloids. 相似文献
13.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(11):1361-1368
The formation and fate of soluble nitrogen (N) forms and their response to organic-matter mineralization is not obvious yet, and results are often inconsistent despite intensive research. The available N supply of the soil is very important for plant nutrition and environmentally sound N fertilization. The determination of actual N supply is very important for sustainable agriculture in Hungary, especially in acidic sandy soils, which are very sensitive to environmental effects and inefficient human treatment. Therefore, the aim of this article is to provide further information about N mineralization processes and organic–mineral interactions of soil. To establish the potentially mineralized N content and available N supply of soil, a biological (incubation) method was carried out an acidic brown forest soil of the Nyírlugos long-term field experiment in Hungary. The incubation was carried out in the laboratory with differently treated soils of the long-term field experiment to investigate the effect of treatments on N mineralization processes of soil. The incubation period was 16 weeks long. The pH and the easily soluble mineralized and organic N fractions of soil were measured periodically from leached solution (0.01 M calcium chloride; CaCl2). The leaching process was repeated after 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 16 weeks. The potentially mineralized N content of soil and the actual rate of N mineralization were calculated from periodically collected data. The results of the incubation method can be summarized as follows: the kinetics of incubation of 0.01 M CaCl2 soluble organic N is similar to mineral N; 0.01 M CaCl2–soluble N fractions were mainly in inorganic forms in the incubation period but the content of the organic form was significant too; and the mineralization rate is greater where the microbiological activity of the soil is expressed and the soil properties are more favored as a result of applied treatments. 相似文献
14.
Soil samples were fractionated by sedimentation in water and by flotation in heavy liquids to separate complexed and uncomplexed organic and inorganic components. Flocculation of clays in heavy organic liquids was delayed by addition of a surfactant. Heavy liquids and surfactants sorbed by soil components were removed by washing with acetone-water mixtures.In a sample of a red-brown earth, the organic carbon and nitrogen contents were highest in the finest separates. In samples of a ground-water rendzina and a chernozemic soil, the coarse clay and silt separates had the highest organic carbon and nitrogen contents. Organic matter was concentrated in low density fractions in all separates. Carbon/nitrogen ratios were lowest in the finer and heavier separates. Calcium, and to a lesser extent manganese, iron and phosphorus, were concentrated in low density fractions: thus these elements appear to be associated with organic matter and may be important in organo-mineral complex formation. Carbonates, titanium, iron, silicon and potassium were concentrated at the highest densities.Organic fractions < 2.06 g cm?3 from sand size separates were insoluble in alkali and had wide carbon/nitrogen ratios characteristic of plant debris. The light fractions from fine silt and coarse clay separates were more soluble in alkali but showed high ratios of humic to fulvic materials and high absorption at 280 nm. Such materials were considered to be microbial cell debris and were associated with high contents of disordered aluminium and iron oxides and expanding lattice silicates in 1 to 5 μm aggregates.Heavier fractions, particularly of finer clay separates, contained more fulvic and humic materials of a more aliphatic nature than those in < 2.06 g cm?3 fractions. It is suggested that physical sorption on clay surfaces may be more important in these fractions. Ellite and kaolinite were concentrated in medium density fractions, and contents of some iron oxides and titanium minerals were highest in fractions > 2.06 g cm?3. Such minerals plus quartz and feldspars were associated with minor amounts of organic matter or possibly were not involved in organo-mineral associations. 相似文献
15.
THE ADSORPTION OF COPPER BY SOIL MATERIALS AT LOW EQUILIBRIUM SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The adsorption of copper by individual soil components (organic matter fractions, oxides and clay minerals) was examined at equilibrium solution concentrations of copper within the range found in natural soils, the distribution of copper between solution and solid phases being measured by means of labelling with radioactive 64Cu. At these low solution concentrations it was found that the copper adsorption isotherms were essentially linear. The oxides and organic materials adsorbed the greatest amounts of copper. The concentration of copper in natural soil solutions will be controlled by these materials to a far greater extent than by the clay minerals, the influence of which may be negligible in some soils. Solution concentrations of copper are relatively unaffected by both the background concentration of major cations and by changes in pH within the ionic strength and pH range found in normal agricultural soils. Copper adsorption studies with humic and fulvic acids showed that total solution copper concentrations could be greatly enhanced above the equilibrium levels for ionic copper by the presence of soluble organic complexes. The importance of taking into account the presence of such copper complexes in soil copper studies is emphasised. 相似文献
16.
Routine soil testing procedures that are rapid and accurate are needed to evaluate C and N mineralization in agricultural soils in order to determine soil quality and fertility. Laboratory methods were compared for their usefulness in determining soil microbial biomass and potential activity in a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) subjected to long-term tillage, crop sequence, and N-fertilizer management practices. The methods included basal soil respiration, net N mineralization during a 10-day incubation, soil microbial biomass C with the chloroform fumigation-incubation technique with and without subtracting a control value, soil microbial biomass N with the chloroform fumigation-incubation technique, substrate-induced respiration, and arginine ammonification. All methods were highly correlated with each other and, therefore, appear to adequately reflect soil microbial biomass and potential activity under laboratory conditions. The longer incubation times used with the basal soil respiration, N mineralization, and microbial biomass C and N assays resulted in higher correlations and lower variation among replications compared to the shorter incubation times used with substrate-induced respiration and arginine ammonification. The relatively rapid procedural time (3 h) required for the latter two assays could make these methods more attractive for routine soil testing, although multiple assays on the same sample may be necessary because these methods are less precise than the incubation methods that require 10 days. 相似文献
17.
Equilibrium adsorption of isoproturon on soil and pure clays 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The adsorption of isoproturon on soil and pure clay minerals has been investigated as a means of understanding its mobility in soils. Measured adsorption coefficients are correlated with soil and clay mineral properties. Soil organic matter controlled the adsorption of isoproturon at organic carbon contents exceeding 27 g kg?1, whereas at less than this threshold, clay mineral surfaces appeared to control adsorption. The effect of varying temperature suggests that adsorption of isoproturon is a physical process. From the comparison of the fits of linear, Freundlich, and Langmuir adsorption isotherms to the data, the adsorption is best described as a partition process. 相似文献
18.
Influence of two- and three-layered clay minerals on the Dehydrogenase-, acid Phosphatase and Urease Activity in model experiments The influence of different Ca-homo-ionic clay minerals as well as humic acid (Roth) on the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) as well as on urease and acid phosphatase were examined in model experiments. The following results were obtained: 1. The DHA of a fertile soil and the activity of urease and acid-phosphatase decreased remarkably and specifically with increasing amounts of sorbents. Generally speaking, inactivation was complete at approximately 0.6 g of each additive. Both urease- and acid phosphatase activity were inactivated specifically. The inactivation of urease decreased in the sequence humic acid < montmorillonite < illite < pyrophyllite < halloysite < kaolinite < bentonite, whereas the following order of succession pyrophyllite < montmorillonite < bentonite < halloysite < kaolinite < illite was recorded with acid phosphatase. The yellow colour of humic acid excluded it from experiments with acid phosphatase. 2. No relationship could be found between the degree of inactivation and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) or the total surface area of the clays. However, nearly the same sequence of inactivation with the three enzyme systems was revealed, if their activity was related to the specific surface charge of the clay minerals. Apparently, both the total surface area as well as CEC are involved in the specific sorption of cells and enzymes. The possible mechanisms of sorption on clay surfaces are discussed. 相似文献
19.
Jesús M. Marín-Benito M. Soledad Andrades M. Sonia Rodríguez-Cruz María J. Sánchez-Martín 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2012,12(7):1111-1123
Purpose
The aim of this work was to study the temporal changes in the sorption?Cdesorption of fungicides in a sandy clay loam soil amended with spent mushroom substrate (SMS) under controlled laboratory conditions and the influence that fungicides properties and soil characteristics have on these processes. Soil amendment with SMS is becoming a widespread management practice since it can effectively solve the problems of uncontrolled SMS accumulation and disposal and improve soil quality. However, when simultaneously applied with pesticides, SMS can significantly modify the environmental behaviour of these compounds.Materials and methods
Sorption?Cdesorption isotherms of metalaxyl, penconazole, pyrimethanil and iprovalicarb for unamended and amended vineyard soils from La Rioja (Spain) were obtained. Composted SMS (C-SMS) and fresh SMS (F-SMS) from cultivation of different mushrooms were used as amendments at 2?% and 10?% rates. Soil parameters (organic carbon (OC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA)) and sorption (Kf, nf, Kd, Koc) and desorption (Kfd, nfd, H) parameters of fungicides were determined over 0, 6 and 12?months of soil incubation with SMS under controlled conditions.Results and discussion
Addition of amendments to soil increased soil sorption capacity of fungicides. Kd values increased with the hydrophobic character of fungicides (metalaxyl?<?iprovalicarb?<?pyrimethanil?<?penconazole) at both amendment rates. The lower content of DOC and the higher degree of OC humification enhanced sorption of all fungicides by the soil?+?C-SMS with regard to the soil?+?F-SMS. In general, sorption of fungicides decreased after 6 and 12?months of soil?+?SMS incubation, although the humification degree of the remaining OC expressed by HA/FA increased. This might indicate that the OC content was more important for fungicide sorption than the changes in its nature with the incubation time. SMS addition favoured desorption of metalaxyl and iprovalicarb, in general, whereas irreversible sorption of penconazole and pyrimethanil increased. However, the opposite trends were observed when the soil?+ SMS incubation time increased.Conclusions
The results show an increase in sorption of all fungicides by amending soil with composted or fresh SMS. However, desorption of fungicides increases or decreases depending on the properties of fungicides and soil?+ SMS. Changes in both processes with the incubation time are more related to the OC content of the amended soil than to the evolution of its nature. These outcomes are of interest for extending SMS application to soil with minimal or no environmental risk when used simultaneously with fungicides. 相似文献20.
有机肥氮素矿化及影响因素研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
本文综述了有机肥氮素矿化和影响因素的研究进展。有机肥氮素矿化的研究方法主要有室内培养法和田间原位培养法。非淋洗通气培养法和原状土柱培养法虽不破坏土壤结构,但可能低估有机氮的矿化潜力;间歇淋洗通气培养法可模拟植物吸收不断移除矿质氮,适合大批样品的快速测定,但可能高估有机氮的矿化潜力。田间原位培养法包括聚乙烯袋培养法、顶盖埋管培养法和离子交换树脂法。聚乙烯袋培养法目前使用最广泛,但具有不透水、破坏土壤结构、矿质氮损失等缺点,顶盖埋管培养法虽可透水且不易被损坏,但可引起矿化氮流失。离子交换树脂芯法在不破坏土壤原状的条件下进行培养,虽费时、费力,但对土壤温度、湿度、通气状况反应灵敏,并可消除矿质氮累积的影响。影响有机肥氮素矿化的因素主要包括有机肥特性、温度、水分、土壤质地、施肥等因素。关于畜禽粪便的种类、熟化程度、C/N比、碳氮化合物组成等影响有机肥的矿化量和矿化动力学特征的研究较多。用有效积温来表示有机肥的矿化与温度之间的关系更为合理。目前,关于水分的影响,主要集中在干湿交替对有机氮矿化的影响;关于土壤质地的影响,主要集中在研究粘粒含量与有机质矿化的关系;关于施肥的影响,则重点研究氮肥、钾肥对有机氮矿化和粘土矿物固定氮的影响。今后,研究重点应放在有机肥矿化与有机氮组分关系、与植物有效性关系、有机肥替代化肥当量和替代率以及室内研究结果如何应用到田间指导合理施肥。 相似文献