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1.
《Field Crops Research》2002,74(1):67-79
Field experiments were conducted during two rainy seasons to study the effect of soil moisture deficit on total biomass, pod yield, harvest index (HI) and drought tolerance index (DTI) in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars possessing a wide range of specific leaf area (SLA, 144–241 cm2 g−1). There were three soil moisture regimes: adequate irrigation (W1), drought simulated under rain-out-shelter (W2) and rain-fed (W3). This experiment had two parts, in one, five cultivars were exposed to W1, W2 and W3, and in a second, seven cultivars were exposed to W1 and W3. Using the same set of seven cultivars, pot-culture experiments were conducted to study relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (gs) and single leaf carbon exchange rate (CER) during increasing moisture-deficit in two contrasting (rainy and summer) seasons. Variation in DTI was significant, and low SLA types had greater DTI under both W2 and W3. The ranking of SLA among cultivars was consistent between experiments conducted during the two seasons. The rate of reduction in leaf RWC during the progressive moisture-deficit was related directly to SLA (r=0.78, P<0.01). The coefficient of determination of the slopes calculated between RWC and soil moisture during the experimental period was more in the summer (r2=0.82) than the rainy (r2=0.54) season.Under increasing moisture-deficit, the low SLA types were able to maintain higher RWC, CER and gs in both seasons. The relationships between RWC and CER (r=0.91, P<0.01), and RWC and gs (r=0.65, P<0.01) were significant.It is suggested that under water-limited conditions there is a significant inverse relationship between SLA and RWC. The low SLA types (water use efficient) were found to be drought tolerant in terms of total dry matter production in the field studies, and maintenance of higher RWC under drought like situations in pot-culture experiments. Thus the ability of the low SLA types (higher water use efficiency, WUE) to maintain higher RWC may form the basis for the differences in drought tolerance vis a vis WUE in groundnut cultivars differing in SLA. Suggestions are made to select parents for drought tolerance or WUE, and to initiate breeding to combine traits like high HI, and WUE in terms of lower SLA. Ultimately, selection for both WUE (measured in terms of SLA) and yield traits (HI) should result in cultivars with improved performance in rain-fed agriculture.  相似文献   

2.
To determine the most sensitive spectral parameters for powdery mildew detection, hyperspectral canopy reflectance spectra of two winter wheat cultivars with different susceptibilities to powdery mildew were measured at Feekes growth stage (GS) 10, 10.5, 10.5.3, 10.5.4 and 11.1 in 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 seasons. As disease indexes increased, reflectance decreased significantly in near infrared (NIR) regions and it was significantly correlated with disease index at GS 10.5.3, 10.5.4 and 11.1 for both cultivars in both seasons. For the two cultivars, red edge slope (drred), the area of the red edge peak (Σdr680−760 nm), difference vegetation index (DVI) and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) were significantly negatively correlated with disease index at GS 10.5.3, 10.5.4 and 11.1 in both seasons. Compared with other parameters, Σdr680−760 nm was the most sensitive parameter for powdery mildew detection. The regression models based on Σdr680−760 nm were constructed at GS 10.5.3, 10.5.4 and 11.1 in both seasons. These results indicated that canopy hyperspectral reflectance can be used in wheat powdery mildew detection in the absence of other stresses resulting in unhealthy symptoms. Therefore, disease management strategies can be applied when it is necessary based on canopy hyperspectral reflectance data.  相似文献   

3.
为明确不同生态环境下减少灌水次数对冬性强筋小麦产量和品质的影响,以冬性强筋小麦品种农优3号和中麦998为材料,分别在冀中北生态区的徐水区和冀东生态区的昌黎县进行大田试验,设3个灌水次数处理(CK:越冬水+拔节水+开花水;W_2:越冬水+拔节水;W_1:越冬水),研究了不同灌水次数对冬性强筋小麦叶面积系数、干物质积累、籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随灌水次数减少,两个供试小麦品种孕穗期叶面积系数呈下降趋势,W_1处理显著低于其他处理;减少灌水次数导致2个冬性强筋小麦地上部的干物质积累量显著降低,而对收获指数的影响因品种而异,其中农优3号收获指数呈上升趋势,而中麦998以W_2处理最大。减少灌水次数使冬性强筋小麦有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重显著降低,导致产量显著降低。灌水次数减少造成冬性强筋小麦籽粒容重和蛋白质含量提高,稳定时间延长,但湿面筋含量和沉降值下降。本研究条件下,徐水点农优3号的产量较高,而昌黎点中麦998的产量较高;相同灌水处理下,同一品种在昌黎点的品质指标优于徐水试验点。综上,在河北冬性强筋小麦种植区可以选用灌越冬水和拔节水协调其籽粒产量和品质。  相似文献   

4.
Fast protein liquid chromatography has been developed for purification of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits HMW-GSs from wheat flour. Flour samples from four wheat cultivars with different HMW-GS alleles at Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 loci were used to establish the method. The column material used was Resource™ Phe, and the optimal elution was with a gradient formed with buffer A [0.05 M Tris–HCl containing 4 M urea and 0.25 M (NH4)2SO4, pH 8.0] and buffer B [0.05 M Tris–HCl containing 4 M urea (pH 8.0)] at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. A pure single 1Dx-, 1Bx- HMW-GS, and all the y-type HMW-GSs present in one genotype can be reliably separated in a single step.  相似文献   

5.
One of the challenges of modern grassland systems is to minimize nitrogen (N) fertilization without negatively affecting the forage yield. Therefore, critical N dilution curves (Nc = ac W?b) have been developed in different species to improve N fertilization management. The aim of this study was to validate a critical N dilution curve for hybrid ryegrasses. Two field experiments were conducted in southern Chile. Treatments were the factorial combination of two hybrid ryegrasses (Shogun and Trojan cultivars) and seven N fertilization rates (0, 50, 100, 200, 350, 525 and 700 kg N/ha). Factors were arranged in a split‐plot design, where forage species were assigned to main plots and N rates to subplots that were randomized into four blocks. A wide range in forage yield and plant N concentration was observed (yield: 0.16 and 3.9 Mg DM/ha and N: 1.6% and 5.1%). The variations in these traits were principally explained by the N levels and harvest times. Relative yield responses of both cultivars were significantly (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.81–0.87) related to the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) calculated with different critical N dilution curves. However, the NNI calculated with N dilution curves from annual ryegrass best described the relative yield response of hybrid ryegrass. Therefore, this validated critical N dilution curve (%Nc = 4.1W?0.38) will serve as a useful diagnosis tool for improving the N fertilization management of grazing systems for hybrid ryegrasses.  相似文献   

6.
The stress relaxation behaviour of barley kernels with differences in β-glucan was studied using the generalized Maxwell model for explaining the differences in quality. The relaxation moduli show that cultivar significantly affected the relaxation times (τ2 and τ3) and compressional viscosity (ηE2 and ηE3) of the 3 Maxwell elements and the pure elastic component (E0). These data were twice as high in cultivars with high β-glucans compared to low β-glucans. Protein and malt extract, as well as β-glucan, showed similar patterns to the corresponding cultivars from the same locations. Malt extract was correlated with both insoluble fibre (−0.71; P < 0.0007) and total fibre (−0.66; P < 0.006). High β-glucan cultivars presented relatively high soluble fibre, wort viscosity and presented higher relaxation times. Soluble fibre and the wort viscosity were correlated with relaxation times τ1, τ2, τ3. Also, β-glucans were correlated with τ3 and viscosity ηE3. The overall importance of the effect of β-glucans on viscoelasticity, malting and food quality as shown in this investigation is in agreement with earlier investigations.  相似文献   

7.
《Field Crops Research》2006,96(1):176-180
The utilisation of resynthesized Brassica napus (RS) genotypes in commercial breeding programmes is restricted to the development of intraspecific hybrids, so-called semi-synthetic rapeseed, and backcross progenies. In order to determine the general combining ability (GCA) of different rapeseed material, nine high-erucic acid RS lines and three old spring rapeseed cultivars were used as pollinators of male sterile double-low spring rapeseed lines (MSL-system). Yield performance of the single-cross hybrids was tested in a multi-location field trial that revealed a high yield potential of semi-synthetic rapeseed hybrids based on RS lines. The use of such resynthesized rapeseed forms in developing rapeseed hybrids and their possible use in future oilseed breeding is discussed.  相似文献   

8.
The stress relaxation behaviour of barley kernels with differences in β-glucan was studied using the generalized Maxwell model for explaining the differences in quality. The relaxation moduli show that cultivar significantly affected the relaxation times (τ2 and τ3) and compressional viscosity (ηE2 and ηE3) of the 3 Maxwell elements and the pure elastic component (E0). These data were twice as high in cultivars with high β-glucans compared to low β-glucans. Protein and malt extract, as well as β-glucan, showed similar patterns to the corresponding cultivars from the same locations. Malt extract was correlated with both insoluble fibre (−0.71; P < 0.0007) and total fibre (−0.66; P < 0.006). High β-glucan cultivars presented relatively high soluble fibre, wort viscosity and presented higher relaxation times. Soluble fibre and the wort viscosity were correlated with relaxation times τ1, τ2, τ3. Also, β-glucans were correlated with τ3 and viscosity ηE3. The overall importance of the effect of β-glucans on viscoelasticity, malting and food quality as shown in this investigation is in agreement with earlier investigations.  相似文献   

9.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most important pathogens of winter oilseed rape plants. It causes the white mould disease of rape, thus significantly reducing the yield. The aim of our research was to use a spring oilseed rape variety sown in autumn or an early-flowering variety of winter oilseed rape to predict the infection pressure of S. sclerotiorum in a given year. Field experiments were conducted in 2008–2012 at the experimental station of the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague at Červený Újezd, 20 km west of Prague. In the experiment, we used one variety of spring oilseed rape (Lužnice, LU) and one early-flowering variety of winter oilseed rape (Californium, CA). The methodology of the petal test involved isolating pathogenic fungi from fallen petals on a nutrient medium (potato dextrose agar) in Petri dishes. The first term of collection was the beginning of petal fall (BBCH 61) and the last term was the end of flowering (BBCH 69). The dishes with petals were visually analysed after 1 week. The results were compared with the actual occurrence of white mould of rape in the stand. The occurrence of white mould of rape was strongly influenced by the progress of weather conditions over the given year. Infected petals and stems with symptoms of white mould of rape were found to be moderately correlated (r = 0.80). Spread of white mould spores was mostly observed in two terms (BBCH 62 and BBCH 65). Statistically significant differences were not observed in the infection of petals of spring (LU) and winter (CA) oilseed rape. Spring oilseed rape (LU) and early-flowering varieties of winter oilseed rape (CA) can be used to determine the strength of infection pressure of S. sclerotiorum in the stand in a given year, thereby improving protection against white mould of rape.  相似文献   

10.
Glasshouse screening tests with the aphid, Sitobion avenae, demonstrated resistance or extreme susceptibility in a minority of winter wheat cultivars. Assessments of some, but not all, resistant cultivars were apparently affected by the conditions of the test, and field observations confirmed some, but not all, of the glasshouse results. Rapier and Galahad were the most resistant of the cultivars currently available to British wheat growers. F4 lines of spring wheat from crosses of wheat stocks resistant to S. avenae were screened by two methods and on average were resistant. Crosses differed in the amount of variability available for further selection, and wide-ranging segregation among the lines indicated that resistance genes differed among the parent stocks.  相似文献   

11.
《Field Crops Research》1999,64(3):287-291
Osmotic adjustment (OA) is generally considered an important component of drought resistance. Several reports by J.M. Morgan [Morgan, J.M., 1983. Osmoregulation as a selection criterion for drought tolerance in wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 34, 607–614; 1992. Osmotic components and properties associated with genotypic differences in osmoregulation in wheat. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 19, 67–76; 1995. Growth and yield of wheat lines with differing osmoregulative capacity at high soil water deficit in seasons of varying evaporative demand. Field Crops Res. 40, 143–152; Morgan, J.M., Condon, A.G., 1986. Water-use, grain yield and osmoregulation in wheat. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 13, 523–532] from Australia concluded that consistent genetic differences in OA existed among wheat cultivars and that high OA cultivars tended to yield better than low OA cultivars under drought stress. Our study was performed to assess his results with his and other genetic materials.Two of Morgan’s spring wheat lines with high OA (‘H.Osm-134’) and low OA (‘L.Osm-136’) capacity in addition to eight other diverse spring wheat cultivars were tested for OA and plant production when grown in small plots under a rain exclusion shelter at Bet Dagan, Israel in 1996. OA of five of these cultivars (including Morgan’s lines) was also measured in two independent greenhouse tests in 1997 (Israel) and 1998 (Texas).The five cultivars differed significantly and ranked consistently for OA in all tests. No significant cultivar by test interaction for OA was revealed. OA was well correlated across cultivars between tests. The significantly higher OA capacity of H.Osm-134 as compared with L.Osm-136 was repeated in all tests. OA of all ten cultivars was positively correlated with biomass (r = 0.73; p = 0.02) and yield (r = 0.55; p = 0.09) under pre-flowering drought stress in the rain exclusion shelter. H.Osm-134 line performed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) better than L.Osm-136 line for both biomass and yield under drought stress. We therefore support Morgan’s results and conclude that consistent differences in OA exist among wheat cultivars and that these differences can be associated with plant production under pre-flowering drought stress.  相似文献   

12.
HW02, a pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibitor, is a newly developed herbicide for broadleaf weed control in wheat, maize and turf in China. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate its efficacy against weeds and safety to winter wheat. In the greenhouse experiment, this herbicide had higher activities than 2,4-D against Descurainia sophia (L.) Schur., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic., and Malachium aquaticum (L.) Fries.. When it was applied at late tillering stage of winter wheat in spring, the herbicide provided weed biomass reduction of 98%–100% at the rates 225–525 g a.i. ha−1 and was safe to the crop at the rate of up to 900 g a.i. ha−1. These results showed HW02 could be an alternative herbicide for resistant weed management because its mode of action is different from herbicides presently used.  相似文献   

13.
Tyrophagus putrescentiae on rapeseed was exposed to a sub-lethal residue of 0.15 μg of bifenthrin per 100 g of rapeseed over 147 days, i.e. 14 generations. Every 21 days, samples of mites were collected and mortality was evaluated using a bifenthrin-treated filter paper bioassay. The sampled mites were also introduced onto newly-treated seeds. The susceptibility of the mites to bifenthrin remained similar after pre-exposure for all intervals from 21 to 147 days. The, LD50 ranged from 0.16 to 1.14 μg of bifenthrin per cm2 of filter paper. After 147 days, the rates of population increase and respiration of mites pre-exposed to the sub-lethal dose of bifenthrin were evaluated on bifenthrin treated (sub-lethal dose) and untreated rapeseed. Pre-exposure to bifenthrin had no significant effect on respiration, but influenced the rate of increase of mites on rapeseed: The mites pre-exposed to the sub-lethal dose of exhibited a higher rate of increase on the bifenthrin-treated rapeseed than on untreated rapeseed. Thus a decrease in the susceptibility of T. putrescentiae to bifenthrin with selection on a sub-lethal bifenthrin dose on rapeseed during up to 147 days of exposure during which the mite completed approximately 14 generations was not observed. However, the sub-lethal doses of bifenthrin stimulated the population growth and metabolic activity of the mites. Under such conditions, the production of hazardous proteins will probably be higher than on untreated rapeseed.  相似文献   

14.
The development of non-destructive methods for the evaluation of cereal grain varieties has important implications for the food processing industry. The described experiment investigated 11 varieties of spring and winter wheat of different quality class. The analysis was performed on images acquired from a flatbed scanner interfaced to a PC. Kernel images were digitalized at high resolution (2673 × 4031) with 24-bit depth and 400 dpi. The variables input into the statistical model were the textures of single kernel projections. Textures were computed separately for seven channels (R, G, B, Y, S, U, V). The results were examined with the application of discriminant analysis and neural networks. The accuracy of texture-based classification of 11 wheat varieties reached 100%. The experimental design which yielded the most satisfactory results comprised texture measurements from the combined area of 20 kernels and variables from seven channels input into the neural network. The final classification quality was not affected by the year of cultivation, moisture content or grain variety.  相似文献   

15.
滴灌量对冬小麦耗水特性和干物质积累分配的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为给滴灌冬小麦高产栽培的水分管理提供理论依据,在播前足墒和越冬前灌水750 m33·hm-2的条件下分析了起身后不同滴灌量(2550、3150和3750 m3·hm-2,分别用W1、W2、W3表示)对冬小麦耗水及干物质积累、分配的影响.结果表明,随滴灌量的减少,冬小麦孕穗期至花后20 d的0～100 cm土层含水量明显降低,但土壤含水量沿毛管的横向差异增大,总耗水量减少,土壤贮水的消耗量明显增加;群体的叶面积指数和干物质积累量降低,尤其是远离毛管处下降更明显;开花前营养器官贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运量、运转率及对籽粒的贡献率增加,开花后干物质同化量和对籽粒的贡献率显著降低;籽粒产量降低,灌溉水利用效率呈增加趋势.3个处理中,W2的水分利用效率最高,产量与W3差异不显著.在本试验条件下,起身后滴灌冬小麦的适宜灌溉定额为3150～3750 m3·hm2.  相似文献   

16.
The genetic control determining the days to flowering, defined as the number of days from emergence to the beginning of flowering is considered an important characteristic for breeding purpose. We investigated this factor in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), as part of an agroindustrial project in northwest Argentina. A diallelic cross approach was considered in this study. Six highly inbred photosensitive cultivars were used in the cross, namely, Endora, Pandora, Tainung 1, Line 42, Line 21, and Line 29. Significant differences among F1 family means as well as among general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) components were found based on the Griffing genetic-statistical method IV, Model 1. A predominant additive effect was detected for the days to flowering, giving high heritability estimates (H = DGD = 0.96; h2 = 0.69), and suggests the possibility of effective selection for earliness in these cultivars. Early flowering in Line 29 was highly heritable, and therefore, is important for breeding purposes. Line 42, despite being the earliest, did not transmit this characteristic to its progenies, possibly because of epistatic genetic effects. The regression of the covariances of F1 families on the non-recurrent parent (Wr) and the variance of the “n” families (Vr) revealed that some dominance effects also occurred in the form of a partial dominance for early flowering. These results support the evidences revealed by the analysis of means of combinations between early and late flowering lines.  相似文献   

17.
Field burning of residue is a traditional management tool for irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the Inland Pacific Northwest of the United States (PNW) that can result in reduced air quality. A 6-year no-till field experiment to evaluate two complete cycles of a 3-year irrigated crop rotation of winter wheat–spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)–winter canola (Brassica napus L.) was sown (i) directly into standing residue of the previous crop, (ii) after mechanical removal of residue and, (iii) after burning of residue. The traditional practice of continuous annual winter wheat sown after burning residue and inverting the topsoil with a moldboard plow was included as a check treatment. Over-winter precipitation storage efficiency (PSE) was markedly improved when residue was not burned or burned and plowed after grain harvest. Grain yield of winter wheat trended higher in all no-till residue management treatments compared to the check treatment. Average grain yields of spring barley and canola were not significantly different among the no-till residue management treatments. Winter canola failed in 5 of 6 years due to a combination of a newly identified Rhizoctonia damping-off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-1 and cold temperatures that necessitated replanting to spring canola. Six-year average net returns over total costs were statistically equal over all four systems. All systems lost from $358 to $396 ha?1. Soil organic carbon (SOC) increased linearly each year with no-till at the 0–5 cm depth and accumulated at a slower rate at the 5–10 cm depth. Take-all of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici was most severe in continuous annual winter wheat. The incidence and severity of Rhizoctonia on roots of wheat and inoculum of R. solani AG-8, was highest in the no-till treatments, but there was no grain yield loss due to this disease in any treatment. Residue management method had no consistent effect on Rhizoctonia root rot on barley. The annual winter grass downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) was problematic for winter wheat in the standing and mechanically removed residue treatments, but was controlled in the no-till residue burned and the burn and plow check. Another winter annual grass weed, rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros L.), infested all no-till treatments. This was the first comprehensive and multidisciplinary no-till irrigated crop rotation study conducted in the Pacific Northwest.  相似文献   

18.
《Field Crops Research》1999,61(1):23-35
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of temperate legume species in rice-based cropping systems in a warm-temperate environment in Nepal. Over the period 1994–1996, various legume species were grown during the winter season (October–May) in the Kathmandu valley (27° N, 1350 m asl) with the aim of evaluating their biomass production and N fixation. A wide range of legume species including food, feed and green manure crops proved to be very well adapted to the winter growing conditions in this environment. The cultivation of temperate legume crops therefore, constitutes an alternative to traditional cropping practices such as growing wheat or leaving the land fallow. The temperate species appeared to capitalise on generally favourable growing conditions such as long growing season, low pest and disease pressure, high radiant energy receipt and cool night temperatures. However, performance varied greatly between species and years. Total dry matter yields ranged from 2 to 20 t ha−1 obtained with lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) and bitter lupin (Lupinus mutabilis), respectively. Highest seed yields were produced by fababean (Vicia faba) (5 t ha−1) and field pea (Pisum sativum var. arvense) (3 t ha−1) in the first season. Nitrogen yields and quantities of N fixed ranged from 18 to 481 kg ha−1 and from 0 to 463 kg ha−1, respectively. Large amounts of N were fixed by species such as fababean, Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum) and bitter lupin. Early sowing in autumn was shown to be beneficial for some crops such as fababean, vetch (Vicia benghalensis) and Persian clover. In these cases, it is, therefore, important to reduce the turn-around interval after rice. Further research is required to fully determine the potential of temperate legume species in these environments with particular emphasis given to the identification of the most adapted cultivars and to reduce the need for irrigation of these winter crops.  相似文献   

19.
Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acids that can improve human health. Rapeseed is the second largest oil crop in the world but the ALA content in its seed fatty acids is only about 10%. Two rapeseed germplasms YH25005 and R8Q10 with high content (up to 21%) ALA were developed by intervarietal crossing. They were used as the maternal parent (P1) when crossed with a low ALA parent SW (P2) to produce the seeds of the F1 hybrid, F2, and backcrosses to P1 (BCP1) and P2 (BCP2). A multigeneration joint segregation analysis was conducted to determine major gene ​+ ​polygene effects of the content of three major unsaturated fatty acids including oleic (OA), linoleic (LA) and ALA. The results showed that, although some genes favorable to ALA accumulation were not allelic in R8Q10 and YH25005, all the inheritances of OA, LA and ALA in YH25005 ​× ​SW and R8Q10 ​× ​SW followed a genetic model of ‘two pairs of additive major genes ​+ ​additive-dominant polygenes’. It is suggested that the contents of OA, LA and ALA are closely related and the major genes in the parent SW containing loss-of-function mutations in FAD2 and FAD3 loci had strong effect to reduce ALA and elevate OA. However, total genetic effect of the polygenes was greater than that of the two major genes, especial on ALA content. It indicated that it is necessary to employ a larger F2 population to find the plant that accumulate enough minor-effect polygenes for high ALA content. The results are useful for high ALA rapeseed breeding and future work of gene mapping.  相似文献   

20.
In this work, the forward extraction of defatted wheat germ protein (DWGP) by reverse micelles was studied. The reverse micellar systems were formed by sulphosuccinic acid bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester sodium salt (AOT), isooctane and KCl solution. The effects of AOT concentration, pH, KCl concentration, extraction time, the amounts of defatted wheat germ flour (DWGF), W0 (the molar ratio of water to surfactant, i.e. W0 = [H2O]/[AOT]) and temperature on the forward extraction efficiency of DWGP were tested. On the basis of single-factor experiments, the optimum extraction was achieved by response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental results lead to the conclusion that the highest forward extraction efficiency of DWGP was reached at the AOT concentration 0.06 g/mL, pH 8, KCl concentration 0.1 mol/L, time 30 min, the amounts of DWGF 0.500 g, W0 25 and temperature 36 °C. Under these conditions, the forward extraction efficiency of DWGP achieved 37%.  相似文献   

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