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1.
应用传统的径流系数法与SCS-CN模型法预测了北京市门头沟西侧小流域雨水资源利用潜力,并对比了不同方法预测的雨水资源量及其时空分布规律。结果表明,径流系数法预测的丰水年(P=25%)、平水年(P=50%)、枯水年(P=75%)和多年平均年份地表雨水资源量分别为:2.84×107m3,1.98×107m3,1.22×107m3和2.14×107m3。模型法预测的丰水年、平水年、枯水年和多年平均地表雨水资源量分别为:3.21×107m3,2.16×107m3,1.31×107m3和2.50×107m3,经验法预测值小于模型法。夏季的7月,地表的雨水资源利用潜力达到相应特征年份的最大值。  相似文献   

2.
新疆棉花种植面积的时空变化及适度规模研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
本研究通过对建国以来新疆植棉业的调查数据进行统计分析, 探究其时序演变规律和空间分布特点,并运用模糊数学理论和层次分析法, 构建植棉规模及其影响因素的交互作用模型, 揭示新疆植棉业发展的适度规模。研究结果表明: (1)1949 年以来, 新疆植棉规模不断扩大, 从1949 年的33.41×103 hm2 上升到2007 年的1 782.60×103 hm2, 且表现出明显的阶段性和波动性; 三大棉区即南疆棉区、北疆棉区、东疆棉区变化特点各异, 其中南疆棉区起主导作用; 按绿洲分类棉区中, 以塔里木盆地绿洲棉区和西北沿边绿洲棉区变化明显。(2)现有条件下, 整个新疆棉花种植经营适度规模以800×103~1 000×103 hm2 为最优, 600×103~800×103 hm2 次之,400×103～600×103 hm2 再次之, ＞1 000×103 hm2 最差。该规模标准可作为制定新疆植棉业发展、安排植棉业经济投入和劳动力投入、进一步优化农业产业结构的依据。  相似文献   

3.
气候变暖对甘肃省不同气候类型区主要作物需水量的影响   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
作物需水量是农田水分循环系统中最重要的因素之一。在未来温度上升1~4 ℃的情景下, 研究了气候变暖对我国甘肃省不同气候类型区主要作物需水量的影响。结果表明, 气候变暖对不同作物需水量的影响程度不同。其中对冬小麦需水量的影响最大, 对玉米和春小麦次之。当生长期内温度上升1~4 ℃时, 冬小麦需水量将增加3.05%~12.90%, 相当于13.2~81.2 mm; 玉米需水量将增加2.49%~10.80%, 相当于9.9~60.6 mm;春小麦需水量将增加2.74%~11.69%, 相当于6.7~40.0 mm。气候变暖对作物需水量的影响存在一定地域性差异。对干旱区的作物需水量影响最大, 半干旱区次之, 其次是半湿润区, 对湿润区影响不大。根据甘肃省目前的种植结构, 据此估算, 当温度上升1~4 ℃时, 将使甘肃省冬小麦的灌溉需水量增加12.43×108 m3、13.02×108 m3、13.74×108 m3 和14.65×108 m3, 玉米的灌溉需水量增加7.94×108 m3、8.32×108 m3、8.78×108 m3 和9.30×108 m3, 春小麦的灌溉需水量增加4.97×108 m3、5.16×108 m3、5.42×108 m3 和5.76×108 m3。  相似文献   

4.
甘肃河西走廊水资源供需分析及耕作节水研究   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8  
根据河西走廊有62.42×108 m3地表水资源、4.94×108 m3地下水资源和每年耗水70.44×108 m3的矛盾，分析了水对这一地区的影响，指出了河西走廊只能靠减少水分蒸发、农业节约用水、提高水的利用率和灌水生产效率来实现水资源的平衡。在试验的基础上 ，提出了灌水生产率比传统耕作高60.78％和节水41.29%的保护性耕作方法。  相似文献   

5.
[目的] 评估广西壮族自治区茅尾海土地利用与碳储量的时空变化特征,为促进增碳汇与可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法] 使用监督分类的方法对茅尾海2009,2015和2021年的3期遥感影像数据进行解译提取,基于ArcGIS软件和InVEST模型对茅尾海土地利用变化与碳储量演化进行研究。[结果] ①茅尾海土地类型主要呈现"大聚居,小杂居"的分布特点,2009-2021年耕地、浅海水域和渔业养殖区面积减少,红树林湿地、建筑用地、林草地、淤泥质滩涂面积增加; ②茅尾海碳储量呈先下降后上升趋势,2009-2015,2015-2021,2009-2021年区域碳储量变化量分别为-1.10×105,3.77×104,-7.29×104 t;碳固定净现值分别为-1.37×108,4.66×107,-9.01×107元; ③2009-2021年,茅尾海主要为渔业养殖区、林草地等高固碳土地利用类型向建筑用地等低固碳类型的转变,转为建筑用地造成的碳储量损失最大,达2.85×105 t;转为渔业养殖区增加的碳储量达1.81×105 t。[结论] 加快推动茅尾海养殖方式转型升级,加强红树林在宜林区域的增殖及加快森林城市建设,有利于研究区域固碳与可持续发展。  相似文献   

6.
[目的] 分析区域水生生态系统服务功能的价值变化和辐射效应,为区域水资源可持续发展和流域生态补偿提供科学依据。[方法] 利用ArcGIS软件对2000—2020年河南省洛阳市土地利用数据进行提取得到水域类型面积,采用能值方法对水生生态系统服务功能进行量化,并分析其变化。同时通过断裂点模型分析其功能辐射。[结果] 2000—2020年洛阳市水生生态服务总能值分别为8.01×1021sej, 1.29×1022sej, 1.27×1022sej, 1.29×1022sej, 1.31×1022sej,总体上呈增长趋势。其中,服务构成重心已由供给功能向文化功能偏移,系统中生物多样性保护、水产品生产、水资源供给、水资源调蓄和休闲娱乐功能居于支配地位,且休闲娱乐功能已成为核心功能。此外,洛阳市水生生态系统服务功能主要转出地区为嵩县和洛宁县,向外转移总量分别为3.10×1020sej和3.21×1020sej,主要转入地区为栾川县、宜阳县、伊川县及汝阳县。[结论] 在洛阳市同类地区,需要重视水生态保护,加大对区域旅游事业的扶持引导,同时合理地进行流域内生态补偿,促进各地区经济、社会、生态协调发展。  相似文献   

7.
宁夏引黄灌区井渠双灌节水效果研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文
定量研究了宁夏引黄灌区地表水与地下水联合利用的节水效果。引黄灌区的大引大排是造成渠系输水损失、农田地下水位高和潜水蒸发严重的主要原因，在整个黄河流域用水十分紧张的现状下，以引黄灌区地下水可开采量为基础，根据现有的机井条件并有计划的布设发展一批机井，考虑开采一定数量的地下水用于农业灌溉，在灌区逐步实现基于井渠双灌的水资源高效利用。研究结果表明，随地下水利用量的增大，可有效的降低灌区地下水位0.5～1.0 m、使引黄灌区的总耗水量从39.64×108 m3降低到29.95×108 m3、渠首引用水量从81.71×108 m3降低到64.79×108 m3。  相似文献   

8.
纳米二氧化钛闪照强光光催化杀菌与保鲜技术初探   总被引：7，自引：4，他引：7  
利用纳米二氧化钛光催化活性高的特性，对纳米二氧化钛闪照强光光催化杀菌与保鲜技术进行了初步研究；采用L16(45)正交试验探讨了纳米二氧化钛浓度、强光的闪照次数、闪照距离和菌液浓度等因素对枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌杀灭效果的影响；并对龙眼进行保鲜试验。结果表明，纳米二氧化钛在闪照强光作用下对枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌具有杀灭作用，也能延长龙眼保质期。当TiO2浓度为4.0×10-4 g/mL，闪照次数30次时，杀菌效果最好；当保鲜薄膜含纳米二氧化钛1.3×10-4～1.5×10-4 g/cm2，闪照距离为8 cm，闪照次数为10次，龙眼保鲜效果最好。  相似文献   

9.
东北地区土地利用转换及其生态效应分析   总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13  
基于1990、1995、2000年3期Landsat TM影像数据,在遥感与GIS支持下分析了东北地区1990～2000年土地利用转换特征与格局,以及耕地内部水田与旱地转换态势和成因。研究表明：农业土地利用内部及其非农化转换趋势明显。耕地、草地年均减少4.99×104和1.40×104 hm2,水域、林地、建设用地年均增加2.39×104、1.93×104和1.44×104 hm2;不同时期的土地利用类型转换差异较大,以1990～1995年间变化为主,耕地、林地和建设用地变化量分别占总变化量的93.5%、85.8%和75.8%。耕地内部水田和旱地的转换频繁,主要是政策调控和市场调节综合作用下实施农田改造工程的结果。退耕还林草与林草地开垦的逆向发展,以及水田与旱地频繁的转换过程,已带来土地退化、水资源浪费和环境恶化等严重负面效应。  相似文献   

10.
Hydraulic Resistance and Capacitance in the Soil-Plant System   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
In this paper, the hydraulic resistances and capacitances were evaluated. based on the development of non-(?) model of water flow in the soil-plant system and the simulating experiment work.The results show that the mean hydraulic resistance in the soil-plant system is 6.79×109 MPa·S·m-3; the mean hydraulic capacitance in the system is 5.2×107m3·MPa-1. In the components of hydraulic capacitance in the system, the capacitance in soil (81.8×10-6m3·MPa ) is the biggest and its variability with suii water potential is extremely strong, the capacitance in plant (5.3×10-7m3·MPa-1) is much smaller than that in soil, and the capacitance in shoots (15.5×10-7m3·2MPa-1) is bigger than that in roots (8.4×10-7m3·2MPa-1). An interesting result is that the capacitance in plant is almost equivalent to that in the soil-plant system.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Characterization of methanotrophs isolated from paddy soils and rice (Oryza sativa) roots was investigated in the present study. The number of methanotrophs in root homogenates of the rice cultivar Mutsuhomare was 4.9 × 107 most-probable-number (MPN) g?1 dry roots, in Yumeakari it was 2.0 × 108 MPN g?1 dry roots and in Kirara it was 4.6 × 107 MPN g?1 dry roots. Although bacterial cells were observed infrequently on the surface and in the interiors of roots before incubation, a large number of colonies, measuring 0.5–5 mm in diameter, were observed on the sterilized roots after incubation on nitrate mineral agar plates under methane in air. In particular, a large number of colonies were observed at the emergence sites of lateral roots and root hairs. Strains MD5-1 and M1 were isolated from the roots of Mutsuhomare and strain R62 was isolated from the root homogenate of Yumeakari. All isolates were catalase-positive and oxidase-positive, Gram-negative, straight-rod-shaped and curved-rod-shaped bacteria, and formed exospores. The isolates were able to fix nitrogen and grew in the absence of copper. In addition, all were found to be positive for naphthalene-oxidizing activities (corresponding to soluble methane mono-oxygenase activities). Strains MD5-1, M1 and R62 were closely related to Methylosinus sporium. Methanotrophic strains W3-6, SD3-5 and 2-19, isolated previously from paddy field soils, were classified into Methylosinus (W3-6) and Methylocystis (SD3-5 and 2-19) type II methanotrophs. Isolates from the rice roots (MD5-1, R62 and M1) grew logarithmically when casamino acid was used as the nitrogen source; however, the growth of these strains was reduced on the nitrate medium. These strains preferred amino acids over inorganic nitrogen as a nitrogen source for growth.  相似文献   

12.
Seven phosphate-mobilizing pseudomonads were isolated, identified, and characterized in terms of their biofertilizer potential and root-colonizing properties. Pseudomonas protegens (ex-fluorescens) CHA0 was used for comparative purposes. Four isolates (LF-MB1, LF-P1, LF-P2, and LF-P3) clustered with members of the “Pseudomonas fluorescens complex,” whereas the other three (LF-MB2, LF-V1, and LF-V2) clustered with members of the “Pseudomonas putida/Pseudomonas aeruginosa complex.” Assays in buffered liquid growth medium supplemented with tricalcium phosphate enabled the separation of the isolates into two groups: group A (LF-P1, LF-P2, LF-P3, and LF-V1) solubilized P from 151 up to 182?μg?mL?1, and group B (LF-MB1, LF-MB2, and LF-V2) solubilized less than 150?μg?P?mL?1. All isolates displayed acid and alkaline phosphatase activities. With the exception of LF-MB2, all isolates were able to degrade phospholipids from lecithin. Additionally, all isolates exhibited extracellular protease activity, and four isolates produced hydrogen cyanide, two traits that are related to biocontrol of phytopathogens. To study root colonization in non-sterile soil, isolates were doubly tagged with gfp and a tetracycline resistance cassette. After 15?days of competition with the indigenous bacterial flora, all tagged isolates colonized soybean roots at counts ranging from 7.6?×?105 to 1.7?×?107?CFU?g?1. The results indicate that there are already efficient phosphate-mobilizing pseudomonads adapted to agricultural bulk soils under no-till management in Argentina and thus having excellent potential for use as biofertilizers.  相似文献   

13.
Nocardiae were isolated from 15 out of 47 soils using Diagnostic Sensitivity Test Agar supplemented with antibiotics. Up to 7.3 × 104 g?1 dry wt. soil were counted, indicating that these bacteria might be more widespread and important than previously thought. Study of randomly selected isolates showed that they formed fragmenting mycelium, contained arabinose, galactose, meso-diaminopimelic acid and nocardomycolic acids. They clustered with Nocardia asteroides markers in a numerical taxonomic analysis.  相似文献   

14.
Sunflower protein isolates and the proteases pepsin and pancreatin were used for the production of protein hydrolysates that inhibit angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE). Hydrolysates obtained after 3 h of incubation with pepsin and 3 h with pancreatin were studied. An ACE inhibitory peptide with the sequence Phe-Val-Asn-Pro-Gln-Ala-Gly-Ser was obtained by G-50 gel filtration chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography C18 reverse phase chromatography. This peptide corresponds to a fragment of helianthinin, the 11S globulin from sunflower seeds, which is the main storage protein in sunflower. These results show that sunflower seed proteins are a potential source of ACE inhibitory peptides when hydrolyzed with pepsin and pancreatin.  相似文献   

15.
The objectives of this work were to investigate the nutritional and physicochemical characteristics as well as the functional properties of quinoa protein isolates (QPI) from different varieties, and to determine their potential use of such protein isolates in food products. Proteins were isolated by isoelectric precipitation at pH 5 from quinoa flour, and the QPI had a protein percentage of over 85%. The comparison of the flours and QPI electrophoretic profiles indicated that the extraction method allowed isolating practically all proteins of each variety. All the varieties analyzed had high lysine content, compared with cereals, and the essential amino acid content of Bolivian varieties was higher than varieties from Peru. The pH value affected the solubility and foaming capacity, and the magnitude of effects depended on the variety. Cluster analysis showed a strong influence of variety source and amino acid composition on protein physicochemical and functional properties; samples from Bolivia (cluster 2) were characterized as having the highest thermal stability, oil binding capacity, and water binding capacity at acid pH; samples from Peru (cluster 1) had the highest water binding capacity at basic pH and foaming capacity at pH 5. QPI presented a potential as an alternative vegetable protein for food application, in particular for vegetarian and vegan diets.  相似文献   

16.
刘颖  王数  张凤荣  吕贻忠  李珍珍  毛率垒  任娜欧 《土壤》2017,49(5):1023-1031
本文以内蒙古通辽市科尔沁左翼后旗巴胡塔镇乌旦塔拉村为试验区,选取13个土壤微形态指标,利用Photoshop、土壤切片图像处理分析系统、Image-pro plus 6.0软件对土壤微形态图像进行处理,采用定性、定量相结合的方法对不同改良处理后的砂质土壤肥力进行评价,在此基础上建立了砂质土壤肥力评价的微形态指标最小数据集(MDS)。得出以下结论:与对照组单元1相比,其他各个单元的土壤结构体、粗骨颗粒等微形态特征变化不显著。单元10(黏土、有机肥、腐殖酸施加量分别为3.00×10~5、3.00×10~4、7.50×10~3 kg/hm~2)中土壤黏粒最多、基质比最大、有机物质频率最高;土壤孔隙状况以及毛管孔隙发育最好的单元分别是单元8和单元13(黏土、有机肥、腐殖酸施加量分别是单元8:1.50×105、3.00×10~4、1.125×10~4 kg/hm~2,单元13:7.50×10~4、3.00×10~4、3.75×103 kg/hm~2)。准则层指标土壤基质、土壤孔隙、有机物质、土壤结构体、粗骨颗粒的权重分别为0.336、0.253、0.203、0.124、0.084。砂质土壤肥力评价的最小数据集包括基质比、基质类型、基质颜色、毛管孔隙占比、孔隙类型、有机物质类型、粗骨颗粒平均粒径7个指标,MDS评价结果与原始评价结果呈显著的线性相关关系,因此实际评价砂质土壤肥力时,可以MDS的7个微形态指标代替原始的13个指标。  相似文献   

17.
Endophytic bacteria were isolated from the juice of a 6 month-old sugarcane cv. NiF-8, which was collected from Miyako, Okinawa and planted in a field lysimeter in Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. The most probable number of N2-fixing endophytes was 4.5 × 105 cells per gram of fresh weight sample and 21 isolates have a positive reaction for ARA in an N2-free semi-solid medium with 10% crystallized sugarcane sugar and 0.5% sugarcane juice. Analyses of some of the biochemical properties of the N2-fixing isolates indicated that 13 isolates were putative strains of Acetobacter diazotrophicus, 4 isolates showed similar characteristics to those of Herbaspirillum seropedicae, and 4 isolates consisted of Herbaspirillum rubribalbicans-like strains. This study confirmed the existence of N2-fixing endophytic bacteria in the Japanese sugarcane cv. NiF-8.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

Humic acids were extracted from the surface horizon Yu 1 and buried humic horizons (Yu 2, 800-864 AD; Yu 4, ca. 4,000 years B.P.; Yu 6, 7,000 years B.P.; Yu 7, ca. 10,000 years B.P.). The humic acids were filtered with ultramembranes with 20, 10, 5, 1 or 0.1 × 10' M.W. in this order and separated into five fractions; (>20), (20-10), (10-5), (5-1) and (1-0.1) × 104 M.W. fractions. The elementary composition, functional groups, optical properties, and hydrolyzable total- and sugar-carbon contents of each humic acid fraction were determined, and the changes in properties of the humic acid with age after burial were discussed.

In horizons Yu 1 to Yu 6, the patterns of M.W. distribution of the >20 × 104 to (1- 0.1) × 104 fractions were rather similar. In contrast, Yu 7 was characterized by the predominance of (1-0.1) x 10' M.W. fraction and the presence of a small amount of <0.1 × 104 M.W. fraction.

The chemical properties of humic acid (HA) fractions of each humic horizon and their changes with age after burial were as folIows:

1) Elementary composition of HA fractions of each humic horizon was rather similar to each other. The C% and C/N ratio increased, and the H%, N% and H/C ratio decreased in all HA fractions with age.

2) Total acidity and carboxyl contents of HA fractions of Yu 1 were higher in the lower M.W. fractions. These values increased with age up to Yu 4 or Yu 6 horizons, then decreased in the Yu 6 or Yu 7 horizon. The contents of carbonyl groups in all the HA fractions which were very low in Yu 1, showed a wide range of variations in Yu 2, intermediate values from Yu 4 to Yu 6 horizons then decreased in the HA fractions of Yu 7, except for the (>20) fraction.

3) The degree of humification of the HA fractions of Yu 1 judging from the RF and \sDlogK values, tended to be higher in higher M.W. fractions, and increased in all the HA fractions with age after burial.

4) Hydrolyzable total- and sugar-carbon contents were high in the HA fractions of Yu 1 and decreased with age.

5) Changes of elementary composition, degree of humification and hydrolyzable total- and sugar-carbon contents were conspicuous from the Yu 1 to Yu 2 horizons, and less significant afterwards.

6) The 0%, C/O ratio and phenolic OH content did not show any consistent change with age after burial.  相似文献   

19.
The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment is raising serious public health concerns, and manure is being increasingly recognized as a major source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this research, we isolated Escherichia coli and enterococci from manure produced in a Wisconsin, USA family dairy farm to determine their resistance to six representative antibiotics. The average densities for E. coli and enterococci were 6.37(±4.38)?×?107 colony formation units (CFU)?g?1 and 1.60(±1.57)?×?104 CFU g?1, respectively. The E. coli isolates were found to be resistant to cephalothin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. In addition to these four antibiotics, the Enterococcus isolates were also resistant to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Additionally, we examined the survival and growth of E. coli and enterococci in dairy manure over a period of ~3 days. While the densities of enterococci remained stable over the study period, the concentrations of E. coli on average increased by 1.5 log10 units. Further tests of the bacterial antibiotic resistance over time showed no significant changes in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance. This result indicated that slightly aged manure could represent a larger source of antibiotic-resistant E. coli than fresh manure and the accumulation of antibiotic-resistant E. coli and enterococci in the agricultural fields must be accounted for in the modeling of the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment.  相似文献   

20.
Plant dry matter accumulation rate (DMAR), relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage percentage (ELP), chlorophyll content, osmotic adjustment ability (OAA), and osmotica accumulation in leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings under different levels of dehydration and salinity stress induced by iso-osmotic PEG (polyethylene glycol) or sodium chloride (NaCl) were evaluated. Plants were subjected to four stress treatments for 10 days: ?0.44 MPa PEG6000, ?0.44 MPa NaCl, ?0.88 MPa PEG6000, ?0.88 MPa NaCl. Results showed that PEG and NaCl treatments decreased the plant's DMAR and RWC, and NaCl treatments had more severe inhibitory effect on the plants than PEG treatments. Leaf ELP in sunflower seedlings increased after NaCl and PEG treatments. However, leaf ELP under salt stress was higher than that under dehydration stress (PEG treatment). All stress treatments increased OAA in plant leaves. Leaf OAA was enhanced significantly as PEG concentration increases, while leaf OAA was less enhanced at higher concentration of NaCl. OAA of sunflower leaves under dehydration stress was due to an increase in potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), amino acid, organic acid, magnesium (Mg2+), and proline content. OAA of sunflower leaves under moderate salt stress was owing to an increase in K+, chlorine (Cl?), amino acid, organic acid, sodium (Na+), and proline content, and was mainly due to an accumulation of K+, Cl?, Na+, and proline under severe salt stress.  相似文献   

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