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1.
黄淮麦区杂交小麦亲本的杂种优势和配合力分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了研究黄淮麦区普通小麦品种间的杂种优势和配合力的关系并划分杂种优势群,用GriffingⅡ遗传交配设计对10个黄淮麦区普通小麦品种配制45个杂交组合,对亲本及杂交组合进行8个农艺性状的杂种优势和配合力效应分析,再根据亲本的一般配合力和性状表现划分杂种优势群。结果表明：(1)杂交小麦具有普遍的中亲优势和较强的对照优势, 多数性状的超亲优势不强。单株穗数、主穗粒数表现为负向优势,致使单株产量的对照优势下降,是目前制约杂交小麦产量优势发挥的主要限制因素。(2)周98165、小偃22、西农889、郑麦366和偃展4110的产量一般配合力较高。强优势组合有豫农202×郑麦366、周98165×小偃22、小偃22×豫农202、西农2611×小偃22、烟农19×郑麦366、豫农202×邯6172、小偃22×郑麦366、烟农19×周98165、周98165×邯6172。依据双亲之一GCA或双亲GCA之和较大的要求进行亲本选配,强优势组合出现的几率较高。(3)利用配合力分析法将供试亲本划分为5类,利用性状聚类法将供试亲本划分为4类。这两种方法划分杂种优势群都是可行的。 相似文献
2.
几个小麦亲本主要农艺性状的配合力评价及遗传力分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了解小麦品种（系）主要性状的配合力,为杂交育种选择优良亲本和最优杂交组合提供依据,选用西农979、郑366、西农9871、周麦18等表现优良的小麦品种（系）为材料,采用Griffing不完全双列杂交法,配制了35个杂交组合,对小麦亲本及杂种F1的旗叶面积、穗粒数、千粒重、穗下节长、穗颈长5个性状进行了田间考察,并在基因型方差分析显著的基础上进行了配合力方差分析、配合力效应的估计及遗传力分析。结果表明,周麦18和许农5号是综合性状优良的亲本,其多数性状的一般配合力均较大。陕麦94和周麦18千粒重的一般配合力比较突出,是提高千粒重的理想亲本。结合特殊配合力效应值分析,组合（郑366×郑9694）、（西农9871×周麦18）、［02（6）9510×04中36］、［02（6）9510×浚997］、（郑366×许农5号）、［02（6）9510×郑9694］可作为高产育种的重点组合,在品种选育中应加以重视。遗传力分析表明,旗叶面积、穗下节长、穗颈长、千粒重4个性状的广义遗传力较大,但狭义遗传力均偏小,低于50%,说明加性遗传效应较小,显性效应和上位性效应较大,应该适当推迟选择的世代（F5～F6）。 相似文献
3.
为了探讨黄淮南部和黄淮北部麦区小麦品种间的杂种优势以及主要农艺性状的遗传特性,以黄淮南部麦区的8个小麦品种和黄淮北部麦区的7个小麦品种为亲本配制56个不完全双列杂交组合,对亲本及杂交组合的9个农艺性状进行杂种优势、配合力及遗传特性分析。结果表明：（1）株高、千粒重和结实小穗数的平均中亲优势较高,单株粒数和穗粒数的平均中亲优势为负向优势,各性状均出现了中亲优势较高的组合,说明黄淮麦区不同生态区小麦品种间具有较强的杂种优势。（2）临Y8012、周麦27和邯生923单株粒重的一般配合力效应最高,其他农艺性状的一般配合力也基本上表现优秀,用作亲本可进一步提高组合的产量。单株粒重特殊配合力较高的组合为百农207×临Y8012、秋乐2122×邯生923、周麦27×济麦39、浚2016×冀麦181、周麦17×冀麦181。组合百农207×临Y8012、周麦27×邯生923和周麦27×济麦39两个亲本的一般配合力效应及特殊配合力效应均比较高,为本研究中的最优组合。（3）株高和千粒重的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力都较高,说明这两个性状加性效应较大且受环境影响较小,直接对这两个性状进行选择可取得良好的效果;单株粒重的广义遗传力较高,但其狭义遗传力较低,非加性方差成分占优势,因而对单株粒重直接选择效果不太显著,需要通过其他相关性状来辅助选择。 相似文献
4.
为了解北部冬麦区普通小麦品种间的杂种优势及其与配合力关系,选用14个普通小麦品种为亲本材料,按照NCⅡ不完全双列杂交法配制49(7×7)份杂交组合,对亲本及杂交组合的8个农艺性状进行杂种优势和配合力效应分析,并根据亲本的性状表现和一般配合力(GCA)划分杂种优势群。结果表明,杂交小麦具有普遍的中亲优势,对照优势较强,多数性状的超亲优势不强,穗粒数和千粒重是制约杂交小麦产量优势的主要因素。长6452、周麦30号、京生麦1号、中麦175的单株产量GCA较高,强优势组合有中麦175/周麦30号、中麦175/泰科麦33、京花12/周麦30号、农大5181/长6452、京生麦1号/长6452、京冬17/长6452、中麦175/石优20、京生麦1号/周麦30、中麦175/长6452、农大5181/中优206。依据双亲之一的GCA效应值或者双亲GCA效应之和较大的要求进行亲本选配,强优势组合出现的几率较大。经聚类分析,依据8个性状的GCA和表现值将14个亲本分别划分为5个和4个类别。 相似文献
5.
采用二组品质性状不同的12个亲本材料,通过6×6NCⅡ完全双列杂交设计,配制了36个组合,对小麦品质性状的杂种优势及其配合力进行了研究。结果表明,除谷蛋白大聚合体的平均杂种优势较大外,其它品质性状后代的平均杂种优势较小,但组合间杂种优势具有显著差异;大多数品质性状都受基因加性效应和非加性效应影响,以加性效应为主。在亲本之间、性状之间以及组合之间一般配合力效应值和特殊配合力效应值的差异均较大。除干面筋含量以外,各品质性状的亲本间和组合间方差分别达到显著或极显著差异水平。 相似文献
6.
对马铃薯9个亲本及其不完全双列杂交组配的18个杂种无性一代的8个性状进行了杂种优势和配合力分析。结果表明:①8个性状均具有一定程度的杂种优势,超中亲优势的大小顺序为:烂薯率>块茎产量>结薯数>淀粉含量>单个块茎重>薯形>块茎外观>结薯习性;超高亲优势的排列顺序则为:结薯数>单个块茎重>块茎产量>块茎外观>烂薯率>淀粉含量>薯形>结薯习性。②品种P(2L0031-17)、P(4陇薯3号)、P(7L0218-38)、P(995D-P-8)具有较好的一般配合力,是理想的亲本材料。③组合P1×P4、P2×P9在淀粉含量、块茎产量等性状上具有较高的特殊配合力,产生较强的杂种优势。在马铃薯高淀粉育种中应选择高淀粉材料作为亲本之一,选配组合时亲本最好采用高×高类型或高×低类型配置组合。 相似文献
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8.
以田间种植的十五个杂交组合争进行了杂种优势和配合力的估算。杂种是由南美洲三个地理区域收集的六个花生品系轮交产生的。 在十七个性状中,特殊配合力估算显著的有十六个。普通配合力估算显著的有八个。产量性状及绝大部分果实性状的特殊配合力较大。用中亲值比较,某些交配组合表现了相当大的杂种优势。弗吉尼亚型×瓦棱西亚型为亲本的交配组合比别的交配组合植株在生长性状上有较大的杂种优势,但是,瓦棱西亚型×西班牙型为亲本的交配组合,在产量和荚果性状上具有更大的优势。 田间结果和早先人工控制环境条件下获得的结果相比指出,人工控制条件可能不甚适用于对花生杂种田间表现的予测。 相似文献
9.
采用9个热带、温带群体和4个优良自交系进行 NCⅡ设计,配制36个杂交组合,在河南安阳中棉所试验基地进行了两年的田间鉴定,了解9个群体和4个自交系的配合力及其杂种优势关系,鉴定其应用价值和利用潜力,研究群体种质及群体×测验种互作的遗传效应及其杂种优势关系。结果表明：群体Suwan 1和SG C4的一般配合力(GCA)表现最为突出;自交系HZ111在黄淮海地区有潜在的利用价值;WBMC4×丹340、辽旅群体×掖478、憨头苞谷×掖478、辽旅群体×美22和BSSS C9×HZ111的特殊配合力(SCA)表现突出;群体×测验种的互作对总方差的贡献最大。根据产量特殊配合力划分杂种优势群切实可行,利用地理和种质基础远缘的群体材料与国内系组配,获得强优势组合的机会增加,群体的利用效率明显加大。 相似文献
10.
黄淮主推小麦品种主要农艺性状配合力及遗传效应分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确黄淮麦区主要推广小麦品种的主要农艺性状遗传规律,通过不完全双列杂交试验研究了济麦22、周麦22、矮抗58、西农979等8个小麦新品种9个主要农艺性状(株高、有效穗数、单株生物学产量、穗长、有效小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、单穗重、单株粒重)的遗传力和配合力。结果表明,矮抗58、西农979和郑麦366株高的一般配合力较低,济麦22和矮抗58有效穗数的一般配合力较高,烟农19和郑麦366穗粒数的一般配合力较高,周麦22和济麦22千粒重的一般配合力较高,周麦22和烟农19的单株粒重、单株生物学产量和单穗重的一般配合力较高,新麦26和周麦22主茎穗长的一般配合力较高。周麦22/烟农19、济麦22/西农979、济麦22/郑麦366、矮抗58/烟农19四个组合的9个主要农艺性状的特殊配合力效应值均为正向效应。9个主要农艺性状的狭义遗传力差别较大,变化范围为2.83%~97.39%,其中,株高的狭义遗传力最高,达97.39%,其次为主茎穗长(72.07%)、千粒重(40.64%),这三者在杂交育种时以低世代选择效果较好;株高和单株生物学产量受加性效应(24.4、6.8)和显性效应(6.1、14.67)共同作用,株高以加性效应为主,单株生物学产量以显性效应为主;有效小穗数、千粒重和主茎穗长受加性效应(0.22、3.09、0.27)控制,穗粒数和单株粒重受显性效应(8.88、6.29)控制。 相似文献
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12.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
13.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
14.
Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.
The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).
The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors. 相似文献
15.
Yanhua Lu Chongwei Zhang Peter Bucheli Dongzhi Wei 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2006,61(2):55-63
Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China. 相似文献
16.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
17.
Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive.
Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated
seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk.
Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than
in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d. 相似文献
18.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):379-400
Summary Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems. 相似文献
19.
Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Youna Hemery Marc Chaurand Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Vieno Piironen Abdelkrim Sadoudi Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding. 相似文献
20.
Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant. 相似文献