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亚种间杂交稻籽粒充实度的遗传分析 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
利用PC311等粳型广亲和品种与扬稻4号等常规籼稻品种配组得到5个组合各18个世代的材料。测定其谷粒充实度并进行母体植株基因型和胚乳基因型联合加性-显性遗传模型分析。结果表明：1)组合之间的充实度差异明显。组合测03×扬稻4号和轮回422×3037亲本的充实度较高(平均为96.17)，杂交、回交后代的充实度也较高(平均数为95.93)，F1等世代充实不良的问题并不严重。组合02428×明恢63两亲本的充实度很低，但杂交、回交等世代的充实度很高，这表明在一定的遗传背景下，导入外源互补基因可提高充实度。两个充实度不高的亲本也可能获得充实度很高的杂种材料，这也说明除了“以饱攻饱”外，也存在其它提高亚种间杂种充实度的育种途径。低亲(PC311)和高亲(扬稻4号) 组合，F1代的充实度较低，其它世代的高低程度与遗传的加性模型较为吻合。低亲(PC311)×低亲(IR36)后代充实度大多数世代均较低。2)对各组合的谷粒充实度进行单个和联合的遗传分析表明，扬稻4号和测03的增效作用、IR36和PC311的减效作用比较明显，这种效应在较大程度上能为母体植株和胚乳基因型联合的加性-显性-细胞质效应模型所说明，遗传表达有较高的可信度。扬稻4号和PC311分别具有最强的增、减效基因。02428×明恢63后代的充实度表现主要由正向显性作用所致。组合PC311×IR36各世代谷粒充实度表现比较复杂，遗传决定系数较低(0.17)，非遗传的变异占有较大的成份。一些组合的遗传模型的离回归测验显著，表明除了基因的加性-显性作用外，还有一些因子对充实度有影响。 相似文献
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以4个人工合成甘蓝型油菜（Resynthesized rapeseed lines, RS）与4个栽培油菜（Brassica napus, BN）为亲本,按Grifings I 法进行完全双列杂交,将产生的56个F1组合分为人工合成种×人工合成种（RS×RS）、人工合成种与栽培油菜杂交种（NRF1）和栽培油菜×栽培油菜（BN×BN）三种类型,并系统分析NRF1农艺性状和产量性状的杂种优势。结果表明,与对照中双10号（ZS10）相比,NRF1在株高、分枝高、分枝长、分枝数和主花序长等农艺性状表现出较高的优势。32个NRF1组合的单株产量中,有7个表现正向对照优势,占22%,其中05R1×XY15的单株产量为24.47g,在所有参试材料中居第二位,说明人工合成甘蓝型油菜杂种优势具有利用可能性。产量组成因子分析结果表明,NRF1的平均单株角果数（436.96）极显著高于RS×RS（416.19）和BN×BN组合（370.89）;千粒重在三种类型组合中无显著差异;每角粒数则表现为BN×BN（17.35）> NR F1（11.58）>RS×RS（8.28）,说明每角粒数是NRF1杂种产量与产量杂种优势的主要限制因子。 相似文献
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利用１２个杂交组合对Ｔ型春性杂种小麦的株粒数，株粒重，株穗数，主穗小穗数，千粒重和穗长等６个主要性状进行了超标优势分析，结果表明，所有组合的株粒重，株穗数，千粒重和穗长４个性状具有明显的正向超标优势；株粒数，主穗小穗数两个性状的超标优势表现为正负优势间幅度较大，分别为－１９．２％～５６．５％和－２．１％～５．３％，采用配合力的同在归分析，克时９Ａ和克８２Ｒ２７特殊配合力最高，其次为克丰二Ａ×克８２ 相似文献
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10个热带、亚热带玉米群体配合力效应研究 总被引：24，自引：11，他引：24
以5个中国主要玉米自交系为测验种，采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计，对10个热带、亚热带玉米群体的配合力效应及利用潜力进行评价。两年研究结果表明，群体21、群体43和群体StayGreen的产量一般配合力依次最高，利用潜力较大；参试的50个顶交组合中，Mo17×群体43、自330×群体43、丹340×群体21和Mo17×群体StayGreen4个组合特殊配合力较大，产量最高，对照优势最大。根据单株产量特殊配合力结合一般配合力效应，将10个热带、亚热带玉米群体初步划分5群，其中Tuxpeno群、StayGreen群和P500群一般配合力较高，为我国温带玉米育种具有潜在利用价值的3个杂种优势群。研究结果为进一步利用这些外来种质提供了信息。 相似文献
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黄淮麦区杂交小麦亲本的杂种优势和配合力分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了研究黄淮麦区普通小麦品种间的杂种优势和配合力的关系并划分杂种优势群,用GriffingⅡ遗传交配设计对10个黄淮麦区普通小麦品种配制45个杂交组合,对亲本及杂交组合进行8个农艺性状的杂种优势和配合力效应分析,再根据亲本的一般配合力和性状表现划分杂种优势群。结果表明：(1)杂交小麦具有普遍的中亲优势和较强的对照优势, 多数性状的超亲优势不强。单株穗数、主穗粒数表现为负向优势,致使单株产量的对照优势下降,是目前制约杂交小麦产量优势发挥的主要限制因素。(2)周98165、小偃22、西农889、郑麦366和偃展4110的产量一般配合力较高。强优势组合有豫农202×郑麦366、周98165×小偃22、小偃22×豫农202、西农2611×小偃22、烟农19×郑麦366、豫农202×邯6172、小偃22×郑麦366、烟农19×周98165、周98165×邯6172。依据双亲之一GCA或双亲GCA之和较大的要求进行亲本选配,强优势组合出现的几率较高。(3)利用配合力分析法将供试亲本划分为5类,利用性状聚类法将供试亲本划分为4类。这两种方法划分杂种优势群都是可行的。 相似文献
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为了探讨黄淮南部和黄淮北部麦区小麦品种间的杂种优势以及主要农艺性状的遗传特性,以黄淮南部麦区的8个小麦品种和黄淮北部麦区的7个小麦品种为亲本配制56个不完全双列杂交组合,对亲本及杂交组合的9个农艺性状进行杂种优势、配合力及遗传特性分析。结果表明：（1）株高、千粒重和结实小穗数的平均中亲优势较高,单株粒数和穗粒数的平均中亲优势为负向优势,各性状均出现了中亲优势较高的组合,说明黄淮麦区不同生态区小麦品种间具有较强的杂种优势。（2）临Y8012、周麦27和邯生923单株粒重的一般配合力效应最高,其他农艺性状的一般配合力也基本上表现优秀,用作亲本可进一步提高组合的产量。单株粒重特殊配合力较高的组合为百农207×临Y8012、秋乐2122×邯生923、周麦27×济麦39、浚2016×冀麦181、周麦17×冀麦181。组合百农207×临Y8012、周麦27×邯生923和周麦27×济麦39两个亲本的一般配合力效应及特殊配合力效应均比较高,为本研究中的最优组合。（3）株高和千粒重的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力都较高,说明这两个性状加性效应较大且受环境影响较小,直接对这两个性状进行选择可取得良好的效果;单株粒重的广义遗传力较高,但其狭义遗传力较低,非加性方差成分占优势,因而对单株粒重直接选择效果不太显著,需要通过其他相关性状来辅助选择。 相似文献
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四川杂种小麦生产现状及其选配策略 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在杂种小麦应用于生产的认识基础上,经多年的研究,已探索出一种技术路线,对Ｔ型杂种小麦亲本改良的同时采用产量优势最强的“穗数型×重穗型”选配组合,其次是采用“穗数型×中间型”;利用化学杀雄生产杂种小麦,化杀杂种Ｆ２代用于生产,同时对杂种小麦的栽培技术进行了探索,这条技术路线不仅使小麦育种程序简明化,而且易于选配强势组合,充分发挥杂种小麦的产量优势,降低杂交种子成本,提高经济效益,加快杂交小麦应用于生 相似文献
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Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
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Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
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Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献
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M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
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Résumé
Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences
d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les
champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents
en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.
Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.
Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.相似文献