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采用不同的肥料类型、滴灌定额、滴灌时间、滴灌频次对橡胶树小筒苗进行水肥滴灌,结果表明:(1)固体肥难稀释,滴灌不均匀易产生肥害;液体肥易稀释,不堵塞滴管,营养均衡,安全可靠。(2)筛选出2组橡胶树小筒苗水肥滴灌处理:A、液体肥适量频施,即每3 d用45 m L农家沼液肥控制在60 min内滴灌于每株小筒苗;B、固体肥少量适施,即每6 d用0.5 g常规复合肥溶解稀释后控制在60 min内滴灌于每株小筒苗。(3)综合苗木接穗部的增长量、根部表现及叶片养分状况来看,农家沼液肥有较佳的水肥滴灌效果。 相似文献
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<正>核桃(Juglans regia Linn)是黄土高原乡土树种,是我国的重要木本油料及珍贵的用材树种.其核仁含各种营养成分及多种维生素,具有健脑等功效,近年来核桃价格一直呈上涨趋势,供不应求;其木材坚硬,不翘不裂,是制造高级器具的优良用材.核桃树冠扩张,截流量大,根系发达,有很强的固土能力,且适应性强,是我国北方地区脱贫致富、保持水土的优良树种.核桃品种繁多,为了改良其品种,促进提早结果,早期丰产,保持优良品种性状,实行嫁接繁殖是其良种化的重要途径. 相似文献
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用35焦耳/cm~2,27.5焦耳/cm~2钕玻璃激光照射性状稳定的桑接穗γ射线突变体"辐花77-1"、"辐转82-1",从中得到"辐激77-1"和"辐激82-1"两个新突变体。其特点是:叶片由多缩皱或畸形变平展,长势变旺,叶形变大,突变频率为1.1%。说明桑接穗γ射线突变体经激光处理后,能引起新的有益突变。 相似文献
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为探讨不同剂量~(60)Co-γ辐照对板栗花、叶形态以及果实品质的影响,并筛选适宜诱变剂量,以当地主栽板栗品种燕山早丰接穗为试验材料,分别使用0、15、20、25、30、35、40 Gy进行辐照处理,通过调查嫁接成活率、叶形指数、花形态,并测定叶片光合特性、果实品质、单粒重等指标,探究~(60)Co-γ射线辐照对板栗的生物效应。结果表明,随着辐照剂量的增加,嫁接成活率呈下降趋势,当辐照剂量高于30Gy时,板栗接穗嫁接成活率几乎为0。根据辐照剂量和成活率的拟合方程得出,~(60)Co-γ辐照板栗接穗的半致死剂量为20.26 Gy,经~(60)Co-γ射线辐照处理的板栗雄花数量增多,叶片面积增大,叶片卷曲,叶片光合速率增高,果实单粒重增大,且影响果实的品质,表现为脂肪、可溶性糖、蛋白质及直链淀粉含量增加。本研究结果为辐照诱变育种培育高光效和高品质板栗品种提供了一定的理论依据。 相似文献
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《土壤通报》2020,(1):144-151
以耐盐的101-14、耐盐中等的贝达、盐敏感的188-08和5C为砧木,以马瑟兰为接穗进行嫁接,测定Na Cl胁迫下的马瑟兰嫁接苗及自根苗盐害指数以及根系、叶片中Cl-、Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+等离子含量,探讨了不同砧穗组合酿酒葡萄品种马瑟兰幼苗离子吸收、分配和转运特性及其与耐盐性的关系。结果表明:70和100 mmol L-1NaCl处理后30 d,与101-14和贝达嫁接的马瑟兰叶片中Cl-含量与对照无显著差异,而与188-08、5C嫁接的幼苗及自根苗叶片Cl-含量比对照均有显著的增加;当NaCl处理浓度增加到130和160 mmol L-1时,所有嫁接组合幼苗叶片中Cl-含量均显著高于对照。随着NaCl处理浓度的增加,马瑟兰嫁接组合K+选择性运输系数(SK,Na)和Ca2+选择性运输系数(SCa,Na)均呈先升高后降低的趋势;处理浓度为70 mmol L-1时所有嫁接组合SK,Na和SCa,Na均显著高于对照,处理浓度增加至100 mmol L-1时马瑟兰/188-08和自根苗的SK,Na和SCa,Na显著低于对照,马瑟兰/5C的SCa,Na显著低于对照,浓度增加至130和160 mmol L-1时所有砧穗组合SK,Na和SCa,Na均显著低于对照。不同砧木嫁接的马瑟兰葡萄耐盐的阈值不同,耐盐性强的101-14和贝达嫁接的马瑟兰葡萄耐盐阈值均超过100 mmol L-1,显著高于耐盐性弱的188-08、5C嫁接苗及马瑟兰自根苗。在阈值范围内,马瑟兰嫁接组合K+、Ca2+选择性运输能力增强得以抵御盐害,一旦超过阈值,则K+、Ca2+选择性运输能力迅速下降。 相似文献
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柑橘高接换种是为了更换新品种或使树势复壮而采用的一种技术手段,相对于小苗新植,在大树上高接来得更为快捷便利。1柑橘高接的几个术语和定义 相似文献
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陈进友 《山西水土保持科技》2008,(2)
仁用杏是延安市的乡土树种,近年来发展迅猛.存在的主要问题是嫁接成活率低.根据经验,嵌芽接是仁用杏在延安市最适宜的嫁接方法之一,具有嫁接成活率高、嫁接速度快、嫁接期长等优点.从砧木培育、接穗采取与贮藏、具体嫁接、嫁接后抚育管理等方面介绍了嫁接技术. 相似文献
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The priming effect (PE) plays a critical role in the control of soil carbon (C) cycling and influences the alteration of soil organic C (SOC) decomposition by fresh C input.However,drivers of PE for the fast and slow SOC pools remain unclear because of the varying results from individual studies.Using meta-analysis in combination with boosted regression tree (BRT) analysis,we evaluated the relative contribution of multiple drivers of PE with substrate and their patterns across each driver gradient.The results showed that the variability of PE was larger for the fast SOC pool than for the slow SOC pool.Based on the BRT analysis,67%and 34%of the variation in PE were explained for the fast and slow SOC pools,respectively.There were seven determinants of PE for the fast SOC pool,with soil total nitrogen (N) content being the most important,followed by,in a descending order,substrate C:N ratio,soil moisture,soil clay content,soil pH,substrate addition rate,and SOC content.The directions of PE were negative when soil total N content and substrate C:N ratio were below 2 g kg~(-1)and 20,respectively,but the directions changed from negative to positive with increasing levels of this two factors.Soils with optimal water content (50%–70%of the water-holding capacity) or moderately low pH (5–6) were prone to producing a greater PE.For the slow SOC pool,soil p H and soil total N content substantially explained the variation in PE.The magnitude of PE was likely to decrease with increasing soil pH for the slow SOC pool.In addition,the magnitude of PE slightly fluctuated with soil N content for the slow SOC pool.Overall,this meta-analysis provided new insights into the distinctive PEs for different SOC pools and indicated knowledge gaps between PE and its regulating factors for the slow SOC pool. 相似文献
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The community structure of methanogenic archaea is relatively stable,i.e.,it is sustained at a high abundance with minimal changes in composition,in paddy field soils irrespective of submergence and drainage.In contrast,the abundance in non-methanogenic oxic soils is much lower than that in paddy field soils.This study aimed to describe methanogenic archaeal community development following the long-term submergence of non-methanogenic oxic upland field soils in pot and field experiments.In the pot experiment,a soil sample obtained from an upland field was incubated under submerged conditions for 275 d.Soil samples periodically collected were subjected to culture-dependent most probable number(MPN)enumeration,polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE)analysis of archaeal 16 S r RNA gene,and quantitative PCR analysis of the methyl-coenzyme M reductase alpha subunit gene(mcr A)of methanogenic archaea.The abundance of methanogenic archaea increased from 102 to 103 cells g-1 dry soil and 104 to 107 copies of mcr A gene g-1 dry soil after submergence.Although no methanogenic archaeon was detected prior to incubation by the DGGE analysis,members from Methanocellales,Methanosarcinaceae,and Methanosaetaceae proliferated in the soils,and the community structure was relatively stable once established.In the field experiment,the number of viable methanogenic archaea in a rice paddy field converted from meadow(reclaimed paddy field)was monitored by MPN enumeration over five annual cycles of field operations.Viability was also determined simultaneously in a paddy field where the plow layer soil from a farmer’s paddy field was dressed onto the meadow(dressed paddy field)and an upland crop field converted from the meadow(reclaimed upland field).The number of viable methanogenic archaea in the reclaimed paddy field was below the detection limit before the first cultivation of rice and in the reclaimed upland field.Then,the number gradually increased over five years and finally reached 103–104 cells g-1 dry soil,which was comparable to that in the dressed paddy field.These findings showed that the low abundance of autochthonous methanogenic archaea in the non-methanogenic oxic upland field soils steadily proliferated,and the community structure was developed following repeated and long-term submergence.These results suggest that habitats suitable for methanogenic archaea were established in soil following repeated and long-term submergence. 相似文献
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Iron and steel slags are smelting wastes, mainly including blast furnace slag(BFS) and steel slag(SS) produced in the iron and steel industry. Utilization of iron and steel slags as resources for solving the problem of slag disposals has attracted much attention with increasing iron and steel smelting slags in China. Because the iron and steel slags contain calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), phosphorus(P), and silicon(Si), some have tried to use them as Si-and P-fertilizers, for producing Ca-Mg-P fertilizers, or as soil amendments in agriculture. However, in the iron metallurgical process, several pollutants in iron ores can inevitably transfer into iron and steel slags, resulting in the enrichment of pollutants both in BFS(mainly nickel(Ni), copper(Cu), mercury, zinc(Zn),cadmium(Cd), chromium(Cr), arsenic, lead, selenium, fluorine(F), and chlorine(Cl)) and in SS(mainly Ni, Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, F, and Cl), in which some of pollutants(especially Cr, Ni, F, and Cl) exceed the limits of environmental quality standards for soils and groundwater. The elements of manganese, barium,and vanadium in iron and steel slags are higher than the background values of soil environment. In order to ensure soil health, food safety, and environmental quality, it is suggested that those industrial solid wastes, such as iron and steel slags, without any pretreatment for reducing harmful pollutants and with environmental safety risk, should not be allowed to use for soil remediation or conditioning directly in farmlands by solid waste disposal methods, to prevent pollutants from entering food chain and harming human health. 相似文献
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党参因产地及加工方法不同,有不同的商品名。巫溪称"大宁党"、巫山称"巫山党"、"单支党"、"条党"、"庙党",奉节称"条党"。巫溪所产党参是川党参(C.tangshen Oliv.)中的一种,即"大宁党",其名称来源于产地命名(巫溪县在明国时期为大宁县),在植物学分类上为"条党",即产于重庆、湖北、陕西交界处的党参,其形状多条状,故名"条党"。 相似文献
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The sorption of cadmium(Cd) is one of the most important chemical processes in soil, affecting its fate and mobility in both soil and water and ultimately controlling its bioavailability. In order to fundamentally understand the sorption/desorption of Cd in soil systems, X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy(XAFS) has been applied in numerous studies to provide molecular-level information that can be used to characterize the surface adsorption and precipitation reactions that Cd can undergo. This information greatly improves our current knowledge of the possible chemical reactions of Cd in soil. This paper critically reviews the mechanisms of Cd sorption/desorption at the mineral-water interface based on XAFS studies performed over the past twenty years. An introduction to the basic concepts of sorption processes is provided, followed by a detailed interpretation of XAFS theory and experimental data collection and processing,ending finally with a discussion of the atomic/molecular-scale Cd sorption mechanisms that occur at the soil mineral-water interface. Particular emphasis is placed on literature that discusses Cd adsorption and speciation when associated with iron, manganese, and aluminum oxides and aluminosilicate minerals.Multiple sorption mechanisms by which Cd is sorbed by these minerals have been found, spanning from outer-sphere to inner-sphere to surface precipitation,depending on mineral type, surface loading, and pH. In addition, the application of complementary techniques(e.g.,113 Cd nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and molecular dynamics simulation) for probing Cd sorption mechanisms is discussed. This review can help to develop appropriate strategies for the environmental remediation of Cd-contaminated soils. 相似文献
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Ralf CONRAD 《土壤圈》2020,30(1):25-39
Microbial methanogenesis is a major source of the greenhouse gas methane(CH4).It is the final step in the anaerobic degradation of organic matter when inorganic electron acceptors such as nitrate,ferric iron,or sulfate have been depleted.Knowledge of this degradation pathway is important for the creation of mechanistic models,prediction of future CH4 emission scenarios,and development of mitigation strategies.In most anoxic environments,CH4 is produced from either acetate(aceticlastic methanogenesis)or hydrogen(H2)plus carbon dioxide(CO2)(hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis).Hydrogen can be replaced by other CO2-type methanogenesis,using formate,carbon monoxide(CO),or alcohols as substrates.The ratio of these two pathways is tightly constrained by the stoichiometry of conversion processes.If the degradation of organic matter is complete(e.g.,degradation of straw in rice paddies),then fermentation eventually results in production of acetate and H2 at a ratio of>67%aceticlastic and<33%hydrogenotrophic methanogensis.However,acetate production can be favored when heterotrophic or chemolithotrophic acetogenesis is enhanced,and H2 production can be favored when syntrophic acetate oxidation is enhanced.This typically occurs at low and elevated temperatures,respectively.Thus,temperature can strongly influence the methanogenic pathway,which may range from 100%aceticlastic methanogenesis at low temperatures to 100%hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis at high temperatures.However,if the degradation of organic matter is not complete(e.g.,degradation of soil organic matter),the stoichiometry of fermentation is not tightly constrained,resulting,for example,in the preferential production of H2,followed by hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis.Preferential production of CH4 by either aceticlastic or hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis can also happen if one of the methanogenic substrates is not consumed by methanogens but is,instead,accumulated,volatilized,or utilized otherwise.Methylotrophic methanogens,which can use methanol as a substrate,are widespread,but it is unlikely that methanol is produced in similar quantities as acetate,CO2,and H2.Methylotrophic methanogenesis is important in saline environments,where compatible solutes are degraded to methyl compounds(trimethyl amine and dimethyl sulfide)and then serve as non-competitive substrates,while acetate and hydrogen are degraded by non-methanogenic processes,e.g.,sulfate reduction. 相似文献
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Md. Saiful ISLAM Md. Kawser AHMED Md. Habibullah Al-MAMUN Dennis Wayne EATON 《土壤圈》2020,30(2):201-213
Trace metal contamination in soil is of great concern owing to its long persistence in the environment and toxicity to humans and other organisms.Concentrations of six potentially toxic trace metals,Cr,Ni,Cu,As,Cd,and Pb,in urban soils were measured in Dhaka City,Bangladesh.Soils from different land-use types,namely,agricultural field,park,playground,petrol station,metal workshop,brick field,burning sites,disposal sites of household waste,garment waste,electronic waste,and tannery wast,and construction waste demolishing sites,were investigated.The concentration ranges of Cr,Ni,Cu,As,Pb,and Cd in soils were 2.4–1258,8.3–1044,9.7–823,8.7–277,1.8–80,and 13–842 mg kg^-1,respectively.The concentrations of metals were subsequently used to establish hazard quotients(HQs)for the adult population.The metal HQs decreased in the order of As>Cr>Pb>Cd>Ni>Cu.Ingestion was the most vital exposure pathway of studied metals from soils followed by dermal contact and inhalation.The range of pollution load index(PLI)was 0.96–17,indicating severe contamination of soil by trace metals.Considering the comprehensive potential ecological risk(PER),soils from all land-use types showed considerable to very high ecological risks.The findings of this study revealed that in the urban area studied,soils of some land-use types were severely contaminated with trace metals.Thus,it is suggested that more attention should be paid to the potential health risks to the local inhabitants and ecological risk to the surrounding ecosystems. 相似文献
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Combined application of a straw layer and flue gas desulphurization gypsum to reduce soil salinity and alkalinity 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Burying a straw layer and applying flue gas desulphurization(FGD)gypsum are effective practices to ameliorate soil salinization or alkalization and to increase crop yield;however,little information exists on the effects of such integration in saline-alkali soils.A soil column experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a straw layer plus FGD gypsum on soil salinity and alkalinity.We placed a straw layer(5 cm thick)at a depth of 30 cm and mixed FGD gypsum into the 0–20 cm soil layer at application rates of 7.5,15.0,22.5,and 30.0 t ha^-1,with no straw layer and FGD gypsum as a control(CK).The soil water content in the 0–30 cm soil layer was significantly higher(>7.8%)in the treated soil profiles after infiltration than in the CK,but decreased after evaporation.The electrical conductivity(EC)of the 10–30 cm soil layer was 230.2%and 104.9%higher in the treated soil profiles than in the CK after infiltration and evaporation,respectively,and increased with increasing rates of FGD gypsum application,with Ca^2+and SO4^2-being the main dissolved salts.Compared to those in the CK,the concentrations of Na^+,Cl^-,and HCO3-decreased in the treated soil profiles at depths above 55 cm,but the other soluble ions increased,after infiltration.A similar trend occurred after evaporation for all soluble ions except for HCO3-.The p H and exchangeable sodium percentage in the treated soil profiles were significantly lower than those in the CK over the entire profile,and decreased with increasing FGD gypsum application rates.Therefore,the incorporation of a straw layer plus FGD gypsum can reduce salinity and alkalinity,but the quantity of FGD gypsum should be controlled in saline-alkali soils. 相似文献