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1.
干旱季节渭北果园土壤水分时空变化特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对渭北旱塬干旱季节主要发生在春季到夏初,制约苹果早期生长发育的客观实际,对渭北旱塬苹果园和农田从3月初到5月底,0～100 cm土壤含水量时空变化进行了研究。结果表明:冬春季渭北果园土壤含水量明显高于农田,进入春季随着果树萌发并进入生长旺盛季节,果园土壤水分消耗较小麦农田更为明显,在0～100cm果园土壤耗水量显著,其中5月份0～60 cm土壤水分消耗更加明显。而农田土壤水分消耗层主要在0～30 cm。相对于农田而言,冬春季渭北果园土壤表现出极为明显的保墒性,有助于缓解春旱的威胁;而春季到夏初则表现为极为显著的土壤耗水性,土壤干燥化趋势明显,5月初为果园土壤水分管理的关键时期。 相似文献
2.
Menashe Horowitz 《Phytoparasitica》1996,24(4):305-320
Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) is a perennial grass, common and endemic in Israel. The expansion and intensification of agriculture which started in the region at the beginning of this century, induced severe infestation by bermudagrass, particularly in fruit orchards and irrigated fields. The characteristics of the weed are discussed. Methods for control of bermudagrass were developed gradually over the years by local farmers: from ‘bahar’ (manual removal of rhizomes from the soil) to deep plowing and serial cultivation. Since active herbicides became available in Israel (1960s) approximately 20 registered herbicides and mixtures have been used effectively against bermudagrass in most agricultural and industrial situations. Although herbicides are accepted at present for bermudagrass control by most farmers, it is important to re-assess alternative measures which were developed locally. 相似文献
3.
长武塬区苹果园和农田相互转换的深层土壤水环境效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究长武塬区苹果园和农田相互转换后0~1 000 cm土壤含水量特征，分析了苹果园土壤干燥化和苹果园转换为农田后土壤水分的恢复效应。结果表明：2、7、17、23、29 a苹果园200~1 000 cm的平均土壤含水量分别为22.8%、21.4%、16.8%、15.4%、14.9%。500~1 000 cm土层中，29 a苹果园平均土壤含水量（14.5%）高于23 a的果园（13.3%）；17~29 a的苹果园均表现为轻度干燥化；基于苹果园和农田转换后土壤水分变化情况估算，苹果园最大种植年限为21 a。苹果园转换为农田1、5、10 a后，农田200~1 000 cm土层土壤含水量分别为：15.3%、15.7%和16.2%，恢复到土壤稳定湿度以上的土层厚度分别为140 cm（1 a）、220 cm（5 a）和400 cm（10 a）。 相似文献
4.
A survey of Lolium rigidum populations in citrus orchards: Factors explaining infestation levels 
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下载免费PDF全文 Valentina Atanackovic Alejandro Juárez‐Escario Jordi Recasens Joel Torra 《Weed Biology and Management》2015,15(3):122-131
The presence of herbicide‐resistant Lolium rigidum in Mediterranean (Spanish) citrus orchards was reported in 2005 and it poses a serious threat to crop management. The main objective of this research was to investigate which components could be responsible for the persistence of annual ryegrass populations in Mediterranean mandarin and orange orchards. This is the first study regarding L. rigidum populations in Mediterranean citrus orchards. Surveys were conducted in 55 commercial citrus orchards in eastern Spain in 2013 by interviewing technicians who were working in cooperatives about crop management. The level of infestation by L. rigidum and the presence of harvester ants (Messor barbarus) then were estimated in the same orchards. The variables were subjected to a two‐dimensional analysis and both univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted for each of the three L. rigidum density levels that had been established. The multivariate models showed the significant factors that were associated with various L. rigidum densities: (i) at a low density, the herbicides that were applied, the number of applications in 2013 and the type of irrigation (flood or drip); (ii) at a medium density, the presence of harvester ants; and (iii) at a high density, the herbicides that were applied in 2013. The results indicated that drip irrigation and one application of glyphosate mixed with other herbicides (or herbicides other than glyphosate) were associated with a lower L. rigidum density. The alternative management options that are presented here should help farmers to reduce weed problems in Mediterranean citrus orchards. Future research is required to better understand the presence of herbicide‐resistant populations, as well as the possible beneficial presence of granivorous ant species. 相似文献
5.
Adsorption and degradation of chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl in soils from different depths 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Adsorption and degradation rates of chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl were measured in soil taken from depths of 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm at eight sites. Adsorption of both herbicides was negatively correlated with soil pH, and positively correlated with soil organic matter content. When two soils with very high organic matter were excluded from the calculations, the correlations with organic matter content were no longer statistically significant but those with soil pH were affected only slightly. Degradation rates of both herbicides generally decreased with increasing depth in the soil and were positively correlated with microbial biomass and negatively correlated with soil pH. The possible significance of the results to persistence of the herbicides in the field is discussed. 相似文献
6.
The effects of several herbicides used in pome fruit orchards on the germination of spores and growth of mycelia of Botrytis cinerea, Mucor piriformis and Penicillium expansum in vitro and the survival of propagules of these fungi in soil were studied. Diuron in agar at 4–128 μg ml?1 reduced germination of spores of B. cinerea and M. piriformis, and 2,4-D and paraquat at 32 μg ml?1 similarly affected B. cinerea and P. expansum. Several herbicides at 128 μg ml?1 in agar reduced growth of B. cinerea and M. piriformis but were ineffective against P. expansum. Propagule survival levels of the three fungi generally were lower in both autoclaved and non-autoclaved soil amended with herbicides than in non-amended soil. This effect was greatest in non-autoclaved soil, suggesting involvement of microbial antagonists. The most effective herbicides for reduction of fungal propagules in soil were 2,4-D, diuron, and paraquat. 相似文献
7.
8.
R. J. HANCE 《Weed Research》1976,16(5):317-321
Suspensions of wettable powders of metribuzin and simazine were sprayed onto samples of two soils of two particle size grades, > 2.5 mm and <0.5 mm. The soils were either air-dry or at a water content of 12%. After either 1 h or 1 week, water was added to give a soil to water ratio of 1:1. Samples of solution were analysed after 1, 24 and 48 h. With metribuzin the intial concentration for both soils after wetting was greater from the >2.5 mm samples than the <0.5 mm samples, following application to dry soil, but by 48 h the differences were negligible. With simazine WRO soil did not show this effect at all and with Kirton soil only small differences were seen. If the soil was wet at the time of application, particle size had no effect except with simazine in Kirton soil. Generally metribuzin concentrations were higher after application to wet than to dry soils for at least 24 h after wetting whereas simazine concentrations were higher from initially dry soils and the differences had virtually disappeared 24 h after wetting. With the WRO soil herbicide concentrations in soil water were higher if the soil was wetted 1 h after spraying than if left for 1 week but the differences rarely persisted for 48 h. No such trend was observed with Kirton soil. It is concluded that the differences observed in these experiments could be responsible for variations in the performance of soil-applied herbicides. 相似文献
9.
The relative movement and persistence in soil of chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl and triasulfuron 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Summary. Adsorption and degradation rates of triasulfuron in 8 different soils were negatively correlated with soil pH and were generally lower in subsoils than in soils from the plough layer. The half-life at 20°C varied from 33 days in a top soil at pH 5·8 to 120 days in a subsoil at pH 7·4. Adsorption distribution coefficients in these two soils were 0·55 and 0·19, respectively. Movement and persistence of residues of chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl were compared in a field experiment prepared in spring 1987. Triasulfuron was less mobile in the soil than the other two compounds. Residues of all three herbicides were largely confined to the upper 40–50 cm soil 148 days after application. With an initial dose of 32 g ha−1 , residues in the surface soil layers were sufficient to affect growth of lettuce and sugar-beet sown approximately one year after application. Laboratory adsorption and degradation data were used with appropriate weather data in a computer model of herbicide transport in soil. The model gave good predictions of total soil residues during the first five months following application, and also predicted successfully the maximum depth of penetration of the herbicides into the soil during this period. However, more herbicide was retained close to the soil surface than was predicted by the model. The model predicted extensive movement of the herbicides in the soil during winter but did not predict that residues sufficient to affect crop growth could be present in the upper 15–20 cm soil after one year. 相似文献
10.
The degradation of chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron was investigated in alkaline soils (pH 7.1–9.4) spiked at 40 μg a.i. kg–1 under laboratory conditions at 25 °C and a moisture content corresponding to 70% field capacity (–33 kPa), using high-performance liquid chromatography. Degradation data for the two herbicides did not follow first-order kinetics, and observed DT50 values in surface soils ranged from 19 to 42 days and from 3 to 24 days for chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron respectively. Disappearance of both chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron was faster in non-sterile than in sterile soil, demonstrating the importance of microbes in the breakdown process. The persistence of chlorsulfuron increased with increasing depth, which can be attributed to the decline in the microbial populations down the profile. The DT50 value for chlorsulfuron at 30–40 cm depth was nearly four times higher than that in the top-soil. The results obtained show that persistence of these herbicides in alkaline surface soils at 25 °C and at a moisture content of 70% field capacity is similar to those reported in other European and North American soils. The study shows that if these herbicides are contained in surface soil layers, the risk of residue carry-over under southern Australian conditions is small. However, the rate of their degradation in alkaline subsoils is very slow, and under conditions conducive to leaching their prolonged persistence in the soil profile is possible. 相似文献
11.
The long-term fate of the herbicide imazapyr [2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)nicotinic acid] applied to a Swedish railway embankment was studied. Imazapyr was applied at 750 and 1500 g ha(-1) by a spraying train used for full-scale herbicide treatment operations. Soil and groundwater were sampled twice a year for 8 years after application of the herbicide, and the dissipation of imazapyr was studied by HPLC analysis of the residues in soil and groundwater. A clean-up procedure including solid-phase extraction was performed prior to detection by HPLC. Recoveries of imazapyr from soil and water samples were 76-98% and 61-90%, respectively, and detection levels were 0.003 mg kg(-1) and 0.05 microg litre(-1), respectively. Sorption, desorption and microbial amount and activity were also measured at the two locations. The organic matter content correlated positively and the pH negatively to the adsorption of imazapyr on soil, and increasing organic matter contents decreased desorption. Apart from the 0-10-cm top layers of both sites, the microbial amount and activity were small. The main proportion of imazapyr was found in the upper 30 cm of the soil, and degraded with a half-life in the range 67-144 days. Small amounts were transported to lower soil layers and to the groundwater in proportion to the amounts applied. Traces of imazapyr were detected in the groundwater even 8years after application. It was concluded that environmental risks from the use of herbicides on railway embankments could be reduced by including adsorption layers in the embankment during their construction and by reducing the dose of the herbicide used. 相似文献
12.
Laitinen P Siimes K Eronen L Rämö S Welling L Oinonen S Mattsoff L Ruohonen-Lehto M 《Pest management science》2006,62(6):473-491
The fate of five herbicides (glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, phenmedipham, ethofumesate and metamitron) was studied in two Finnish sugar beet fields for 26 months. Soil types were sandy loam and clay. Two different herbicide-tolerant sugar beet cultivars and three different herbicide application schedules were used. Meteorological data were collected throughout the study and soil properties were thoroughly analysed. An extensive data set of herbicide residue concentrations in soil was collected. Five different soil depths were sampled. The study was carried out using common Finnish agricultural practices and represents typical sugar beet cultivation conditions in Finland. The overall observed order of persistence was ethofumesate > glyphosate > phenmedipham > metamitron > glufosinate-ammonium. Only ethofumesate and glyphosate persisted until the subsequent spring. Seasonal variation in herbicide dissipation was very high and dissipation ceased almost completely during winter. During the 2 year experiment no indication of potential groundwater pollution risk was obtained, but herbicides may cause surface water pollution. 相似文献
13.
Summary. An automated colorimetric method has been described for the determination of both total and unchanged herbicide residues of the urea herbicides fluometuron, metobromuron, chlorbromuron and chlortoluron. The method is based on the well-known Bratton-Marshall diazotization-coupling reaction for aromatic amines and is also applicable for other phenylureas as well as for N-phenylcarbamate and anilide herbicides. The procedure is especially useful when large series of soil samples have to be analysed, for instance in connection with leaching experiments. Manual work and working time have been reduced with this method by up to 50%. 相似文献
14.
Qing Li Ma Patrick T Holland Trevor K James Donald E McNaughton Anis Rahman 《Pest management science》2000,56(2):159-167
Rates of degradation and adsorption of acetochlor [2‐chloro‐N‐ethoxymethyl‐6′‐ethylaceto‐o‐ toluidide] and terbuthylazine [N 2‐tert‐butyl‐6‐chloro‐N4‐ethyl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine] in a Horotiu sandy loam soil (Typic Orthic Allophanic) were determined under controlled temperature and soil moisture regimes. These were then combined with site‐specific soil properties and climatic conditions in the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM‐3) to predict dissipation and leaching of the herbicides in the field. PRZM‐3 significantly under‐estimated dissipation of both herbicides in the field using parameters derived from the laboratory incubation studies. When these parameters were derived from the field trials, PRZM‐3 adequately predicted dissipation of both herbicides using a two‐rate dissipation sub‐model but under‐predicted the dissipation when a simpler single‐rate sub‐model was used. Earlier‐than‐expected appearance of both herbicides in sub‐soil layers were postulated to result from the non‐equilibrium adsorption/transport of the herbicides and preferential flow, which cannot be simulated by PRZM‐3. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
15.
气相色谱-电子捕获检测器同时测定瓜果类蔬菜中15种除草剂残留 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（GC-ECD）法建立了同时测定瓜果类蔬菜中15种除草剂（氟嘧磺隆、草毒死、敌草隆、氯草定、氟乐灵、炔苯酰草胺、乙草胺、甲草胺、异丙甲草胺、吡唑草胺、硝草胺、丁草胺、丙草胺、齅草酮、吡氟酰草胺）残留量的方法。供试番茄、黄瓜、青椒、茄子、西葫芦、马铃薯、芸豆及萝卜8种样品经乙酸乙酯与二氯甲烷混合溶剂提取,Florisil PR固相萃取柱净化,DM-1毛细管气相色谱柱（30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm）分离,GC-ECD测定,外标法定量。结果表明:在0.002~0.5 mg/kg的3个添加水平下,15种除草剂在8种蔬菜中的平均添加回收率为77%~113%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为3.5%~10.8%,定量限为0.001~0.1 mg/kg。采用所建立的方法对市售蔬菜样品进行测定,结果表明,15种除草剂的残留量均小于最大允许残留限量。该方法简单、快速,灵敏度高,适用于同时测定瓜果类蔬菜样品中15种除草剂的残留量。 相似文献
16.
ABSTRACT A series of samples were taken from mulched and unmulched trees starting at the surface of mulch or soil to a 15 cm soil depth, forming a vertical transect. Saprophytic fungi isolated from the soil samples on rose bengal medium and surveyed visually were most abundant in mulches and at the interface of mulch and soil (P < 0.05). Microbial activity as assayed by the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate was significantly greater in mulch layers than in soils. Cellulase and laminarinase enzyme activities were greatest in upper mulch layers and rapidly decreased in soil layers (P < 0.05). Enzyme activities against Phytophthora cinnamomi cell walls were significantly greater in mulch than in soil layers. When Phytophthora cinnamomi was incubated in situ at the various transect depths, it was most frequently lysed at the interface between soil and mulch (P < 0.001). Roots that grew in mulch layers were significantly less infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi than roots formed in soil layers. In mulched soil, roots were commonly formed at the mulch-soil interface where Phytophthora populations were reduced, whereas roots in unmulched soil were numerous at the 7.5 cm depth where Phytophthora cinnamomi was prevalent. Enzyme activities were significantly and positively correlated with each other, microbial activity, and saprophytic fungal populations, but significantly and negatively correlated with Phytophthora recovery. 相似文献
17.
咪唑啉酮类除草剂的应用及降解 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
咪唑啉酮类除草剂虽具有高效广谱的特点,但有较长的残留活性,长期使用会造成作物药害,并且会制约正常的作物轮作。因此,如何解决其残留问题已成为目前的重要课题。本文介绍了咪唑啉酮类除草剂的种类和特性,阐述了此类除草剂在杂草体内的作用方式、代谢机制、应用情况及其在土壤中的降解途径,并对该类除草剂的应用与降解研究进行了展望。 相似文献
18.
A newly developed chemical assay was used to determine the degradation in soil of two sulfonylurea herbicides, primisulfuron-methyl and metsulfuron-methyl, under both controlled and field conditions. The results from the chemical assay were compared with those from traditional bio-assays for determination of persistence in the field. Phytotoxic effects of these herbicides were not observed after 6 weeks following application to an acidic (pH 5.7) soil with high organic matter content (7.3% o.c). Half-lives of 13 to 29 days were measured for primisulfuron-methyl at different soil-water contents and temperatures while those for metsulfuron-methyl ranged from 8 to 36 days. The rate of degradation of metsulfuron-methyl was more sensitive to temperature than that of primisulfuron-methyl. Persistence in the field was shorter than expected considering the results from the controlled environment studies. However, determination of the persistence by both chemical assay and bioassay methods produced very similar results. 相似文献
19.
陕西省新老苹果产区果园土壤硝态氮累积特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以陕西省新、老果区（分别为洛川及礼泉）为研究对象,调查了两县各15个成龄果园的施肥现状,计算了果园氮素表观平衡,并测定了这15个果园的0~200 cm土壤剖面硝态氮含量,分析了树龄、施氮量与土壤剖面硝态氮累积量的关系。结果表明：新、老果区苹果园均过量施用氮肥,平均施氮量分别高达1 287±244 kg·hm-2（洛川）和1 193±300 kg·hm-2（礼泉）,导致土壤中盈余了大量的氮素。新、老果区土壤0~200 cm硝态氮累积量分别达2 724 kg·hm-2和5 226 kg·hm-2, 老果区土壤剖面硝态氮累积量显著高于新果区。相关分析表明,果园土壤剖面累积的硝态氮与树龄和施氮量呈正相关,与树龄的相关系数为0.641,与洛川、礼泉果园施氮量的相关系数分别为0.402和0.306。因此,建议研究区域采取措施控制果园施氮量,减少果园土壤硝态氮累积带来的资源浪费及环境污染。 相似文献
20.
Dynamics of post‐harvest pathogens Neofabraea spp. and Cadophora spp. in plant residues in Dutch apple and pear orchards 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 J. Köhl M. Wenneker B. H. Groenenboom‐de Haas R. Anbergen H. M. Goossen‐van de Geijn C. H. Lombaers‐van der Plas F. A. M. F. Pinto P. Kastelein 《Plant pathology》2018,67(6):1264-1277
Post‐harvest diseases of apple and pear cause significant losses. Neofabraea spp. and Cadophora spp. infect fruits during the growing season and remain quiescent until disease symptoms occur after several months in storage. Epidemiological knowledge of these diseases is limited. TaqMan PCR assays were developed for quantification of N. alba, N. perennans, C. malorum and C. luteo‐olivacea in environmental samples. Various host tissues, dead weeds and grasses, soil and applied composts were collected in 10 apple and 10 pear orchards in May 2012. Neofabraea alba was detected in 73% of samples from apple orchards and 48% from pear orchards. Neofabraea perennans was present in a few samples. Cadophora luteo‐olivacea was detected in 99% of samples from apple orchards and 93% from pear orchards, whilst C. malorum was not detected in any sample. In apple orchards, highest concentrations of N. alba were found in apple leaf litter, cankers and mummies, and of C. luteo‐olivacea in apple leaf litter, mummies and dead weeds. In pear orchards, N. alba and C. luteo‐olivacea were found in highest concentrations in pear leaf litter and in dead weeds. Substrate colonization varied considerably between orchards. The temporal dynamics of pathogens was followed in four apple orchards and four pear orchards. In apple orchards the colonization by pathogens decreased from April until August and increased from September until December. This pattern was less pronounced in pear. Knowledge on population dynamics is essential for the development of preventative measures to reduce risks of fruit infections during the growing season. 相似文献